-
Nihon Yakurigaku Zasshi. Folia... Jul 2024Primary cilia are immotile cilia assembled from the centriole-derived basal body, and they protrude on the cell surface in almost all cell types during the cell cycle G... (Review)
Review
Primary cilia are immotile cilia assembled from the centriole-derived basal body, and they protrude on the cell surface in almost all cell types during the cell cycle G phase. Due to the diffusion barrier at the ciliary base, cilia harbor selective G protein-coupled receptors, growth factor receptors, and ion channels on their membrane. Thus, cilia act as sensory organelles, regulating the proliferation and differentiation of the cells and promoting the formation and maturation of various organs including bone, brain, and kidney. It has been unveiled that malformation and dysregulation of cilia cause organ dysplasia, so-called ciliopathy, thus research on primary cilia has become active during the past 20 years. Research on the roles of cilia in bone formation and its regulatory mechanisms have also progressed. It is widely recognized that cilia of preosteoblasts receive hedgehog and promote differentiation of the cells to osteoblasts, resulting in the formation of skulls and long bones. Recently, it has been shown that a membrane-associated protein 4.1G is important in ciliogenesis, hedgehog signaling, and osteoblast differentiation in neonatal bone formation. In this review, we would like to summarize the roles of primary cilia in bone formation and their regulatory mechanisms including the contribution of 4.1G.
Topics: Cilia; Humans; Animals; Osteogenesis; Hedgehog Proteins; Cell Differentiation; Signal Transduction; Osteoblasts
PubMed: 38684398
DOI: 10.1254/fpj.23113 -
Zhejiang Da Xue Xue Bao. Yi Xue Ban =... Apr 2021The primary cilium, a sensory organelle that protrudes from the surface of most eukaryotic cells, receives and transduces various critical signals that are essential for...
The primary cilium, a sensory organelle that protrudes from the surface of most eukaryotic cells, receives and transduces various critical signals that are essential for normal development and homeostasis. Structural or functional disruption of primary cilia causes a number of human diseases, including cancer. Primary cilia has cross talks with cell cycle and it may act as a cell cycle checkpoint to suppress cancer development. Moreover, primary cilia has cross-regulation with autophagy, which may affect tumor progression. We then discuss the association of the primary cilia with several oncogenic signaling pathways, including Shh, Wnt, Notch and platelet-derived growth factor receptor (PDGFR). Since these signaling pathways are often over-activated in many types of human cancers, primary cilia are likely to play a role in the tumorigenesis by modulating these pathways. Finally, we summarize current progress on the role of cilia during tumorigenesis and the challenges that the cilia-cancer field faces.
Topics: Autophagy; Carcinogenesis; Cilia; Homeostasis; Humans; Signal Transduction
PubMed: 34137221
DOI: 10.3724/zdxbyxb-2021-0048 -
Journal of Biochemistry Sep 2021Primary cilia are evolutionarily conserved microtubule-based organelles that protrude from the surface of almost all cell types and decode a variety of extracellular... (Review)
Review
Primary cilia are evolutionarily conserved microtubule-based organelles that protrude from the surface of almost all cell types and decode a variety of extracellular stimuli. Ciliary dysfunction causes human diseases named ciliopathies, which span a wide range of symptoms, such as developmental and sensory abnormalities. The assembly, disassembly, maintenance and function of cilia rely on protein transport systems including intraflagellar transport (IFT) and lipidated protein intraflagellar targeting (LIFT). IFT is coordinated by three multisubunit protein complexes with molecular motors along the ciliary axoneme, while LIFT is mediated by specific chaperones that directly recognize lipid chains. Recently, it has become clear that several post-translational modification enzymes play crucial roles in the regulation of IFT and LIFT. Here, we review our current understanding of the roles of these post-translational modification enzymes in the regulation of ciliary protein trafficking as well as their regulatory mechanisms, physiological significance and involvement in human diseases.
Topics: Animals; Biological Transport; Cilia; Enzymes; Flagella; Humans; Protein Processing, Post-Translational; Proteins
PubMed: 33681987
DOI: 10.1093/jb/mvab024 -
Cureus Jul 2021Atraumatic limb pain in a child raises concerns in a medical setting. That is how a typical case of Brodie's abscess presents, having pain without any other symptoms of...
Atraumatic limb pain in a child raises concerns in a medical setting. That is how a typical case of Brodie's abscess presents, having pain without any other symptoms of systemic illness. Assessment and investigations might also not reveal anything significant unless adequate imaging is done. Although Brodie's abscess has a very low rate of complications and morbidity/disability, it is important that such a presentation is assessed clinically with a diagnosis of Brodie's abscess in mind to ensure an uneventful and good outcome. We illustrate in this case report a similar presentation of an 11-year-old girl who had multiple visits to primary care. She was then assessed through radiological imaging. By the time of her diagnosis, her abscess had protruded through the skin. Thankfully management was done swiftly after identification and the final outcome was good with complete recovery.
PubMed: 34422465
DOI: 10.7759/cureus.16426 -
The FEBS Journal Jun 2021Cells possess a variety of organelles with characteristic structure and subcellular localization intimately linked to their specific function. While most are... (Review)
Review
Cells possess a variety of organelles with characteristic structure and subcellular localization intimately linked to their specific function. While most are intracellular and found in virtually all eukaryotic cells, there is a small group of organelles of elongated cylindrical shapes in highly specialized cells that protrude into the extracellular space, such as cilia, flagella, and microvilli. The ATP required by intracellular organelles is amply available in the cytosol, largely generated by mitochondria. However, such is not the case for cilia and flagella, whose slender structures cannot accommodate mitochondria. These organelles consume massive amounts of ATP to carry out high energy-demanding functions, such as sensory transduction or motility. ATP from the nearest mitochondria or other reactions within the cell body is severely limited by diffusion and generally insufficient to fuel the entire length of cilia and flagella. These organelles overcome this fuel restriction by local generation of ATP, using mechanisms that vary depending on the nutrients that are available in their particular external environment. Here, we review, with emphasis in mammals, the remarkable adaptations that cilia and flagella use to fuel their metabolic needs. Additionally, we discuss how a decrease in nutrients surrounding olfactory cilia might impair olfaction in COVID-19 patients.
Topics: Adenosine Triphosphate; Animals; COVID-19; Cilia; Flagella; Humans; Mitochondria; Models, Biological; Organelles; SARS-CoV-2
PubMed: 33142020
DOI: 10.1111/febs.15620 -
Foot & Ankle International Aug 2023The morphology of foot joints is widely accepted as a significant factor in the development of various foot disorders. Nevertheless, the role of the first...
BACKGROUND
The morphology of foot joints is widely accepted as a significant factor in the development of various foot disorders. Nevertheless, the role of the first tarsometatarsal joint (TMT1) morphology in hallux valgus (HV) remains unclear, and its impact on TMT1 instability has not been fully explored. This study aimed to investigate the TMT1 morphology and its potential correlation with HV and TMT1 instability.
METHODS
Weightbearing computed tomography (WBCT) scans of 82 consecutive feet with HV and 79 controls were reviewed in this case-control study. Three-dimensional (3D) models of TMT1 were constructed using Mimics software and WBCT scans. The height of the TMT1 facet (FH) and the superior, middle, and inferior facet width (SFW, MFW, and IFW) were measured on anteroposterior view of the first metatarsal base. On the lateral view, the inferior lateral facet height and angle (ILFH and ILFA) were measured. TMT1 instability was evaluated using the TMT1 angle.
RESULTS
Compared with the control group, the HV group had a significantly wider MFW (9.9 mm in HV, 8.7 mm in control), lower ILFH (1.7 mm in HV, 2.5 mm in control), smaller ILFA (16.3 degrees in HV, 24.5 degrees in control), and larger TMT1 angle (1.9 degrees in HV, 0.9 degrees in control) (all < .05). No significant differences were found between the 2 groups in FH, SFW, and IFW (all > .05). The study identified 4 types of TMT1 morphology: continuous-flat, separated-flat, continuous-protruded, and separated-protruded. The continuous-flat type possessed significantly larger HVA, IMA, and TMT1 angles compared with other types (all < .001).
CONCLUSION
This study indicates a potential association between TMT1 morphology and the severity of HV and identifies 4 TMT1 types. Notably, the continuous-flat type is found to be associated with more severe HV and TMT1 instability.
LEVEL OF EVIDENCE
Level III, retrospective comparative study.
Topics: Humans; Hallux Valgus; Case-Control Studies; Retrospective Studies; Bunion; Foot Joints; Metatarsal Bones
PubMed: 37392055
DOI: 10.1177/10711007231175846 -
Psychonomic Bulletin & Review Dec 2023Facial muscle activity contributes to singing and to articulation: in articulation, mouth shape can alter vowel identity; and in singing, facial movement correlates with...
Facial muscle activity contributes to singing and to articulation: in articulation, mouth shape can alter vowel identity; and in singing, facial movement correlates with pitch changes. Here, we examine whether mouth posture causally influences pitch during singing imagery. Based on perception-action theories and embodied cognition theories, we predict that mouth posture influences pitch judgments even when no overt utterances are produced. In two experiments (total N = 160), mouth posture was manipulated to resemble the articulation of either /i/ (as in English meet; retracted lips) or /o/ (as in French rose; protruded lips). Holding this mouth posture, participants were instructed to mentally "sing" given songs (which were all positive in valence) while listening with their inner ear and, afterwards, to assess the pitch of their mental chant. As predicted, compared to the o-posture, the i-posture led to higher pitch in mental singing. Thus, bodily states can shape experiential qualities, such as pitch, during imagery. This extends embodied music cognition and demonstrates a new link between language and music.
Topics: Humans; Singing; Pitch Perception; Music; Cognition; Posture
PubMed: 37221280
DOI: 10.3758/s13423-023-02306-1 -
Journal of Biomechanics Jan 2020The inadequate landing zone during thoracic endovascular aortic repair (TEVAR) could be resolved by fenestration technology. The fenestration structure consists of a...
The inadequate landing zone during thoracic endovascular aortic repair (TEVAR) could be resolved by fenestration technology. The fenestration structure consists of a main endograft and a left subclavian artery (LSA) stent-graft. The purpose of this study is to assess the biomechanical implications of the protruding segment (PS) of the LSA stent-graft after TEVAR with in situ fenestration (ISF-TEVAR). The PS is characterized by the protruding length and centerline angle between the LSA and PS. An idealized three-dimensional geometric model of the human aorta was constructed as the reference benchmark. We designed nine postoperative aortic geometries with different protruding lengths (5, 10, 15 mm) and centerline angles (-20°, 0°, +20°). The blood was assumed to be non-Newtonian and the three-element Windkessel model was applied to reproduce physiological pressure waveforms. The interaction between the blood and vessel wall was captured by a two-way fluid-structure method. We also considered the impact of the fenestration structure on the vessel wall. Long protruding length (15 mm) and the retrograde angle (+20°) result in a markedly reduced LSA flow ratio (1.3%). There is a pressure difference between the inner and outer walls of the PS. The region around the PS is more prone to thrombosis. The flow stability and turbulence intensity of downstream blood of the PS gradually deteriorate. The largest deformed region moves from the aortic arch to the ascending aorta after ISF-TEVAR. The postoperative hemodynamics largely depends on the protruding length and angle of the LSA stent-graft. The configurations should be carefully controlled during ISF-TEVAR.
Topics: Aged; Aorta, Thoracic; Endovascular Procedures; Female; Hemodynamics; Humans; Male; Mechanical Phenomena; Middle Aged; Prosthesis Design; Stents; Treatment Outcome
PubMed: 31706561
DOI: 10.1016/j.jbiomech.2019.109478 -
The Journal of General Virology Mar 2020The family includes viruses that replicate in hyperthermophilic archaea from the genus . The non-enveloped, hollow, cylindrical virions are formed from a coiling fibre...
The family includes viruses that replicate in hyperthermophilic archaea from the genus . The non-enveloped, hollow, cylindrical virions are formed from a coiling fibre that consists of two intertwining halves of a single circular nucleoprotein filament. A short appendage protrudes from each end of the cylindrical virion. The genome is circular, positive-sense, single-stranded DNA of 24 893 nucleotides. This is a summary of the International Committee on Taxonomy of Viruses (ICTV) report on the family , which is available at ictv.global/report/spiraviridae.
Topics: Aeropyrum; DNA Viruses; DNA, Single-Stranded; DNA, Viral; Genome, Viral; Nucleoproteins; Open Reading Frames; Virion; Virus Replication
PubMed: 31961791
DOI: 10.1099/jgv.0.001385 -
The International Journal of... 2022Intraflagellar transport (IFT) is an essential condition for ciliogenesis. The primary cilia protrude like antennae and act as chemical or mechanical sensory organelles... (Review)
Review
Intraflagellar transport (IFT) is an essential condition for ciliogenesis. The primary cilia protrude like antennae and act as chemical or mechanical sensory organelles that coordinate specific receptor localization and signal transduction. IFT20 is the smallest molecule in IFT complex B, which is located in both the cilia and the Golgi complex. Recent studies have shown that IFT20 is a key molecule in multiple signaling pathways. Importantly, in the function of IFT20, signal transduction is not restricted to cilia, but is also involved in non-ciliary functions. Here we summarize current knowledge regarding IFT20-mediated signaling pathways and their relationship with cell development and tissue homeostasis, and analyse the cilia-dependent and cilia-independent mechanisms of IFT20 coordinated signaling pathways and potential crosstalk between the mechanisms. This review provides a comprehensive perspective on IFT20 coordinates signaling mechanisms in cell development and tissue homeostasis.
Topics: Biological Transport; Carrier Proteins; Cilia; Homeostasis; Signal Transduction
PubMed: 35980193
DOI: 10.1387/ijdb.220072fj