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Avian Diseases Dec 2021Infectious bronchitis (IB) is an acute disease of chickens caused by a gammacoronavirus, infectious bronchitis virus (IBV). Infection of the nasal and tracheal mucosa...
Infectious bronchitis (IB) is an acute disease of chickens caused by a gammacoronavirus, infectious bronchitis virus (IBV). Infection of the nasal and tracheal mucosa causes a rapid loss of ciliated epithelium and impaired mucociliary clearance that predispose chickens to secondary bacterial infections. In poultry production, disease progression and severity are influenced by other live virus vaccines, immunosuppression, and coexisting pathogens. The digestive tract supports viral replication in the proventriculus, intestines, cloaca, and the bursa of Fabricius. Acute enteritis and stunted growth in young chickens are caused by an enterotropic IBV. IBV spreads systemically by infection of tracheal macrophages and blood monocytes, deep respiratory infections, and potentially ascending viral infection from the cloaca. Nephrotropic IBV causes severe disease in the kidney with necrosis of tubular epithelial cells, inflammation, and renal failure. Viral infection of the female reproductive tract in the first 2 weeks of life causes necrosis and scarring of the oviduct mucosa, resulting in a chronic cystic oviduct that precludes egg formation when the hen matures. Virus infection of mature hens causes necrosis and inflammation of the oviduct mucosa, leading to the deterioration of egg quality and transient interruption of egg production. In males, IBV infection of seminiferous tubules in the testicle and efferent ductules in the epididymis results in epididymitis and epididymal lithiasis, decreases in sperm production and fertility, and viral shed to semen, leading to venereal transmission. The role IBV in gastrointestinal and urogenital disease merits further study.
Topics: Animals; Bronchitis; Chickens; Coronavirus Infections; Female; Infectious bronchitis virus; Male; Poultry Diseases; Urogenital Diseases
PubMed: 35068104
DOI: 10.1637/aviandiseases-D-21-00096 -
Frontiers in Veterinary Science 2023Infectious bronchitis virus (IBV) is a vital pathogen in poultry farms, which can induce respiratory, nephropathogenic, oviduct, proventriculus, and intestinal diseases.... (Review)
Review
Infectious bronchitis virus (IBV) is a vital pathogen in poultry farms, which can induce respiratory, nephropathogenic, oviduct, proventriculus, and intestinal diseases. Based on the phylogenetic classification of the full-length S1 gene, IBV isolates have been categorized into nine genotypes comprising 38 lineages. GI (GI-1, GI-2, GI-3, GI-4, GI-5, GI-6, GI-7, GI-13, GI-16, GI-18, GI-19, GI-22, GI-28, and GI-29), GVI-1 and GVII-1 have been reported in China in the past 60 years. In this review, a brief history of IBV in China is described, and the current epidemic strains and licensed IBV vaccine strains, as well as IBV prevention and control strategies, are highlighted. In addition, this article presents unique viewpoints and recommendations for a more effective management of IBV. The recombinant Newcastle Disease virus (NDV) vector vaccine expressed S gene of IBV QX-like and 4/91 strains may be the dominant vaccine strains against NDV and IBV.
PubMed: 37215473
DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2023.1139089 -
Animals : An Open Access Journal From... Jul 2020Adult myogenesis is dependent on a population of precursor cells, located between the sarcolemma and the basal lamina of the muscle fiber. These satellite cells, usually...
Adult myogenesis is dependent on a population of precursor cells, located between the sarcolemma and the basal lamina of the muscle fiber. These satellite cells, usually present in a quiescent state, become activated in response to mechanical muscle strain, differentiating and fusing to add new nuclei to enlarging muscles. As their myogenic lineage commitment is induced on demand, muscle satellite cells exhibit a certain amount of plasticity, possibly being able to be directed to differentiate into non-myogenic fates. In this study, myosatellite cells were isolated from chicken muscle samples, characterized in vitro and introduced into developing blastoderms. They were further investigated using fluorescence microscopy, immunohistochemistry and PCR, to determine their location in embryos after three and eighteen days. The results of the in vitro analysis confirmed that the cells obtained from the are highly myogenic, based on the expression of Pax7, Myogenin, MyoD, Desmin and the myotube assay. Furthermore, the investigation of satellite cells within the embryo showed their migration to the regions of , heart, liver, gizzard, proventriculus, intestine and brain. Overall, the results of the study proved the high myogenicity of chicken cell isolates, as well as provided new information about their migration pathways following introduction into the blastocyst. The presence of the introduced LacZ or eGFP transgenes across the embryo, even 20 days after myosatellite cell injection, further supports the notion that satellite cells exhibit significant plasticity, potentially transdifferentiating into non-muscle lineages.
PubMed: 32751789
DOI: 10.3390/ani10081322 -
Veterinary Parasitology, Regional... Dec 2020An American white pelican migrating through Iowa, USA exhibited regurgitation and anorexia. At the time of necropsy, numerous nematodes were observed in the crop and...
An American white pelican migrating through Iowa, USA exhibited regurgitation and anorexia. At the time of necropsy, numerous nematodes were observed in the crop and proventriculus with evidence of proventriculitis. Nematodes were identified as Contracaecum spp. based on morphological features of the adult worms and eggs. Species level identification of C. fagerholmi were made using nucleotide sequence analysis of the partial cox2 gene. Contracaecum infections are highly prevalent in piscivorous birds that acquire the infection by ingesting fish infected with larval stages of the parasite. Considering the possible zoonotic nature of Contracaecum, humans whose diets include uncooked fresh-water and/or marine fish should handle fresh fish with care, as these may harbor immature stages of Contracaecum spp.
Topics: Animals; Ascaridida Infections; Ascaridoidea; Bird Diseases; Birds; Fishes; Larva; United States
PubMed: 33308733
DOI: 10.1016/j.vprsr.2020.100484 -
The Journal of Poultry Science Jan 2023The aim of this study was to determine whether Newcastle disease/infectious bronchitis (ND/IB) vaccination and yeast product diet supplementation modulate the expression...
The aim of this study was to determine whether Newcastle disease/infectious bronchitis (ND/IB) vaccination and yeast product diet supplementation modulate the expression of innate immune molecules in the proventriculus and ileum of broiler chicks. One-day-old male broiler chicks were divided into four groups (V-Y- (control), V-Y+, V+Y-, and V+Y+ groups, where V and Y represent vaccination and yeast product supplementation, respectively). Chicks in the V+Y- and V+Y+ groups were immunized with the live ND/IB vaccine, whereas chicks in the V-Y- and V-Y+ groups were not. Chicks in the V-Y+ and V+Y+ groups received feed containing yeast products from day 4, whereas chicks in the V-Y- and V+Y- groups did not. The proventriculus and ileum were collected on day 7 to analyze the expression of seven Toll-like receptors (TLRs) and Dectin-1. In the proventriculus, compared with those of the V-Y- control group, the TLR7 and TLR21 expression levels were higher in the V+Y- group; however, there were no differences in the expression levels of any TLR or Dectin-1 in the ileum. There were also no differences in the expression of avian β-defensins and cathelicidin-1 in the proventriculus and ileum between the control and treatment groups. The expression of granzyme in cytotoxic cells and interleukin (IL)-1B was upregulated by ND/IB vaccination in the proventriculus. Supplementation with yeast products upregulated only granzyme expression in the ileum and downregulated IL-6 expression in the proventriculus in chicks immunized with the ND/IB vaccine. Thus, we concluded that ND/IB vaccination is effective at enhancing the innate immune system in the proventriculus of chicks, at least until day 7 post-hatching, whereas the effects of diet supplementation with yeast products may be limited, at least under the present study conditions.
PubMed: 36756044
DOI: 10.2141/jpsa.2023005 -
Frontiers in Microbiology 202216S rRNA amplicon sequencing was used to investigate changes in the broiler gastrointestinal tract (GIT) microbiota throughout the rearing period and in combination with...
16S rRNA amplicon sequencing was used to investigate changes in the broiler gastrointestinal tract (GIT) microbiota throughout the rearing period and in combination with antibiotic treatment. Thirty birds (from a commercial flock) were removed at multiple points throughout the rearing period on days 13, 27, and 33, euthanised, and their GIT aseptically removed and divided into upper (the crop, proventriculus, and the gizzard), middle (the duodenum, jejunum, and ileum) and lower (the large intestine, the caeca, and the cloaca) sections. In a separate commercial flock, on the same farm with similar husbandry practices and feed, doxycycline (100 mg/ml per kg body weight) was administered in drinking water between day 8 and 12 (inclusive) of the production cycle. Birds were removed on days, 13, 27, and 33 and GIT samples prepared as above. The contents of three merged samples from each GIT section were pooled ( = 60), the DNA extracted and analysed by 16S rRNA amplicon metagenomic sequencing and analysed. Major changes in the broiler microbiota were observed as the birds aged particularly with the Firmicutes/Bacteroidetes ratio (F:B) of the lower GIT. Moreover, Chao1, ACE, and Shannon indices showed the antibiotic treatment significantly altered the microbiota, and this change persisted throughout the rearing period. Further research is required to investigate the effect of these changes on bird performance, susceptibility to infections and carriage.
PubMed: 35875529
DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2022.885862 -
Brazilian Journal of Biology = Revista... 2022Newcastle disease (ND) is an infectious, highly contagious and lethal disease of avian species. It is considered that ducks are natural reservoir or carrier for...
Newcastle disease (ND) is an infectious, highly contagious and lethal disease of avian species. It is considered that ducks are natural reservoir or carrier for Newcastle disease virus (NDV) and are resistant against different strains of NDV. Current study was designed to evaluate the pathogenesis of Newcastle disease in domestic ducks through histopathology, immunohistochemistry (IHC) and serum biochemical changes. For this purpose, eighty ducks were reared for 42 days and divided in two groups A and B. Ducks in group A were challenged with (NDV) at rate of 0.1 ml of ELD50 (virus titer 107.32/100µl) on second week of age, whereas Group B was control negative. Splenomegaly, atrophy of thymus and necrotic lesion in kidney were observed on 9th day of post infection. Hepatic degeneration and mononuclear cell infiltration were noticed in proventriculus and intestine in challenged ducks. Viral antigen detected in lungs, intestine, proventriculus and lymphoid organs of infected ducks through IHC. Albumin and total protein values were significantly low in infected groups A as compared to control group B. ALT, AST, and ALP values were significantly high in infected group A. On 5th and 7th day of post infection oropharyngeal swabs were negative for NDV and cloacal swabs were positive for NDV through Reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction. It is concluded that ducks are susceptible to NDV and virulent strain of NDV caused disease in ducks.
Topics: Animals; Ducks; Newcastle Disease; Newcastle disease virus
PubMed: 35043832
DOI: 10.1590/1519-6984.250607 -
Veterinary Medicine and Science May 2023In mynahs with foreign body ingestion, delayed diagnosis increases the risk of poor outcomes.
BACKGROUND
In mynahs with foreign body ingestion, delayed diagnosis increases the risk of poor outcomes.
OBJECTIVE
The aim of this study was to evaluate various radiologic features on plain and contrast radiographs in mynahs for assessing the presence of ingested foreign bodies.
METHODS
In our cross-sectional study, a total of 41 mynahs were included. The diagnosis was made by history, surgery, excision by forceps or excretion in the faeces. Overall, 21 mynahs were considered not to have a foreign body in their gastrointestinal tract. Plain and post-contrast [oral administration of barium sulphate colloidal suspension of 25% weight/volume (20 mg/kg)] lateral and ventrodorsal radiographs from the cervical and coelomic cavity were taken. Different parameters including oesophageal, proventricular, and small intestinal diameters and opacities were assessed. Image evaluation was performed by two national board-certified radiologists blinded to the final diagnoses.
RESULTS
The inter- and intra-observer reliabilities of the diagnostic features were significant (p < 0.001). The diagnosis of the foreign body was highly accurate [90.2% (95% CI: 76.9%, 92.3%)] with the sensitivity, specificity, and area under the representative characteristic curve of 90.0%, 90.5%, and 0.93%, respectively for plain radiographs. The size and opacity of the oesophagus, proventriculus, and intestinal loops as well as serosal details were significantly different between mynahs with and without foreign body intake (p < 0.05).
CONCLUSIONS
Lateral and ventrodorsal plain radiographs are highly reliable for diagnosing the presence of non-opaque obstructing objects in the gastrointestinal tract of mynahs. Attention should be paid to the size and opacity of the oesophagus, extension, and opacity of the proventriculus, segmental opacity of intestinal loops, and decrease in serosal details.
Topics: Animals; Starlings; Cross-Sectional Studies; Foreign Bodies; Eating
PubMed: 36626299
DOI: 10.1002/vms3.1079 -
Viruses Feb 2023Chicken anemia virus (CAV) and Gyrovirus homsa 1 (GyH1) are members of the Gyrovirus genus. The two viruses cause similar clinical manifestations in chickens, aplastic...
Chicken anemia virus (CAV) and Gyrovirus homsa 1 (GyH1) are members of the Gyrovirus genus. The two viruses cause similar clinical manifestations in chickens, aplastic anemia and immunosuppression. Our previous investigation displays that CAV and GyH1 often co-infect chickens. However, whether they have synergistic pathogenicity in chickens remains elusive. Here, we established a co-infection model of CAV and GyH1 in specific pathogen-free (SPF) chickens to explore the synergy between CAV and GyH1. We discovered that CAV and GyH1 significantly inhibited weight gain, increased mortality, and hindered erythropoiesis in co-infected chickens. Co-infected chickens exhibited severe immune organ atrophy and lymphocyte exhaustion. The proventriculus and gizzard had severe hemorrhagic necrosis and inflammation. We also discovered that the viral loads and shedding levels were higher and lasted longer in CAV and GyH1 co-infected chickens than in mono-infected chickens. Our results demonstrate that CAV and GyH1 synergistically promote immunosuppression, pathogenicity, and viral replication in co-infected chicken, highlighting the interaction between CAV and GyH1 in the disease process and increasing potential health risk in the poultry breeding industry, and needs further attention.
Topics: Animals; Chicken anemia virus; Gyrovirus; Chickens; Immunosuppression Therapy; Coinfection
PubMed: 36851729
DOI: 10.3390/v15020515 -
Proceedings of the National Academy of... Mar 2024The animal foregut is the first tissue to encounter ingested food, bacteria, and viruses. We characterized the adult Drosophila foregut using transcriptomics to better...
The animal foregut is the first tissue to encounter ingested food, bacteria, and viruses. We characterized the adult Drosophila foregut using transcriptomics to better understand how it triages consumed items for digestion or immune response and manages resources. Cell types were assigned and validated using GFP-tagged and Gal4 reporter lines. Foregut-associated neuroendocrine cells play a major integrative role by coordinating gut activity with nutrition, the microbiome, and circadian cycles; some express clock genes. Multiple epithelial cell types comprise the proventriculus, the central foregut organ that secretes the peritrophic matrix (PM) lining the gut. Analyzing cell types synthesizing individual PM layers revealed abundant mucin production close to enterocytes, similar to the mammalian intestinal mucosa. The esophagus and salivary gland express secreted proteins likely to line the esophageal surface, some of which may generate a foregut commensal niche housing specific gut microbiome species. Overall, our results imply that the foregut coordinates dietary sensing, hormonal regulation, and immunity in a manner that has been conserved during animal evolution.
Topics: Animals; Drosophila; Epithelial Cells; Cell Count; Nutritional Status; Body Fluids; Mammals
PubMed: 38442150
DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2318760121