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Anatomia, Histologia, Embryologia Jan 2020The histological and histochemical structures of the proventriculus of starling (Sturnus vulgaris) were examined using haematoxylin and eosin and special staining, that...
The histological and histochemical structures of the proventriculus of starling (Sturnus vulgaris) were examined using haematoxylin and eosin and special staining, that is periodic acid schiff (PAS), Masson's trichrome, Alcian blue, Orcein and Reticulin. All three cranial, middle and caudal parts of the proventriculus were also studied. The study results showed that the wall of the proventriculus consisted of mucosal, submucosal, muscular and serosal tunics. The mucosal tunic presented folds and sulci on its luminal surface. In the first third of the proventriculus, the tunica mucosa characterized by presence of folds lined by stratified squamous epithelium and presence of simple tubular glands in the lamina propria. In the middle and caudal thirds of the proventriculus, the surface was covered by a columnar epithelium, and the branched tubular glands were extended through the lamina propria. From the base of the branched tubular glands, the deep proventricular glands were observed that were compound tubuloalveolar lobules. The surface epithelium of the tunica mucosa and the cells lining the proventricular glands showed a positive reaction to PAS and Alcian blue stainings. In addition, the epithelial cells of the tubular and branched tubular glands showed Masson's trichrome-positive reaction. The submucosal tunic was thin in the proventricular wall. The tunica muscularis was formed by a thin inner layer of longitudinal smooth muscle fibres and a thick outer layer of circular fibres. The serosa consisted of loose connective tissue, rich in blood vessels and covered by mesothelium.
Topics: Animals; Feeding Behavior; Female; Gastrointestinal Tract; Gizzard, Avian; Male; Proventriculus; Starlings
PubMed: 31509272
DOI: 10.1111/ahe.12495 -
Research in Veterinary Science May 2021This study investigated the pathogenesis of infectious bronchitis virus (Gammacoronavirus) strain Q1 in two commercial broiler chicken lines, and the host immune...
This study investigated the pathogenesis of infectious bronchitis virus (Gammacoronavirus) strain Q1 in two commercial broiler chicken lines, and the host immune response to infection. Chicks from each line were grouped into either infected or control. Following Q1 infection at day-old, fast (Line-A) and slow (Line-B) growing chicks were monitored for clinical signs and body weights. At 3, 7, 9, 14, 21 and 28 days post infection (dpi), five birds were humanely euthanised, and trachea, kidney and proventriculus tissues were collected for quantitative RT-PCR and histopathology. Blood was collected weekly to determine IBV-specific ELISA antibody titres. Q1 infection significantly reduced the body weights of Line-A chicks at 14 and 21 dpi, but there were no significant differences in Line-B. Through qRT-PCR, significantly higher viral loads were found in the trachea, proventriculus and kidney tissues of Line-A chicks at 7-9 dpi. At day-old and at 28 dpi, the mean antibody titre in Line-B was notably higher than Line-A. Significant IFN-α mRNA expression was noted in the trachea and kidneys of Line-A, whereas no change occurred in Line-B. Chicks in Line-B, compared to those in Line-A, demonstrated a tissue-dependent increase of IFN-β, TLR3, IL-1β and IL-6 and LITAF gene transcription responses to IBV Q1. It appears that the level of maternal antibodies, growth rates, and other inherent host genetic factors could have influenced the differences in viral loads and immune responses.
Topics: Animals; Chickens; Coronavirus Infections; Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay; Immunity; Infectious bronchitis virus; Poultry Diseases; Viral Load
PubMed: 33892367
DOI: 10.1016/j.rvsc.2021.04.020 -
Poultry Science Oct 2023Exhaustive understanding of intestinal physiological characteristics is the critical precondition for the improvement of intestinal health and growth performance of...
Exhaustive understanding of intestinal physiological characteristics is the critical precondition for the improvement of intestinal health and growth performance of yellow-feather broilers (YFB). As a vital part of gastrointestinal tract, the symbiotic, complex, and variable microbiota have a profound effect on the nutrition, immunity, health, and production of broilers. Hence, the development status of proventriculus, jejunum, and cecum, and spatial heterogeneity of bacterial community in crop, proventriculus, gizzard, jejunum, cecum, and rectum of adult YFB were detected in our study. The results revealed that proventriculus, jejunum, and cecum of broilers are well-developed based on morphological observation. The Chao and Shannon indexes in cecum and rectum are notably higher than other sections and their microbiota structure is also distinct from foregut. Firmicutes and Lactobacillus are the predominant phylum and genus in all gastrointestinal sections, respectively. As feature species of crop, Lactobacillus spp. mainly settle in foregut, whereas some Clostridia species (unclassified Lachnospiraceae, Faecalibacterium, Romboutsia and so on) are characteristic and more abundant in cecum and rectum. Interestingly, there are 2 Ruminococcus torques strains positively and negatively correlated with cecum development, respectively. In a whole, our findings reveal the specialized digestive physiology and regional distribution of intestinal microbiota in YFB, which provides a reference for the future study on the improvement of growth performance and intestinal development through microbiota manipulation in yellow-feather broilers.
Topics: Animals; Gastrointestinal Microbiome; Chickens; Feathers; Gastrointestinal Tract; Cecum; Lactobacillus; Animal Feed; Diet
PubMed: 37579647
DOI: 10.1016/j.psj.2023.102844 -
Poultry Science Apr 2022This study aimed to determine whether the innate immune system in the proventriculus of broiler chicks responds to lipopolysaccharide (LPS) and whether this response is...
Modulation of the innate immune system by lipopolysaccharide in the proventriculus of chicks inoculated with or without Newcastle disease and infectious bronchitis vaccine.
This study aimed to determine whether the innate immune system in the proventriculus of broiler chicks responds to lipopolysaccharide (LPS) and whether this response is affected by Newcastle disease and infectious bronchitis (ND/IB) vaccination. Chicks were divided into 4 groups: nonvaccinated and injected with PBS or LPS (V-L- and V-L+), and vaccinated and injected with PBS or LPS (V+L- and V+L+). Vaccination was performed on d 1, and LPS was intraperitoneally injected on d 11 of age. The gene expression and protein levels of immune molecules, including toll-like receptors (TLRs), antimicrobial peptides, interleukin-1β (IL-1B), and immunoglobulin A (IgA) in the proventriculus and serum were analyzed. The results showed that the expression levels of TLR21 were higher in vaccinated (V+L-) group than in nonvaccinated (V-L-) group. Gene expression levels of avian β-defensin (AvBDs) and cathelicidin1 (Cath1) were not different among the 4 groups. However, the results of LC/MS analysis showed that the levels of AvBD2, 6, and 7 significantly increased after the LPS challenge in nonvaccinated and vaccinated chicks; the levels were higher in V-L+ and V+L+ than in V-L- and V+L-, respectively. Immunohistochemistry analysis revealed the localization of AvBD1 protein in the epithelial cells of the surface glands and AvBD2 and CATH1 in the heterophil-like cells in the lamina propria of surface glands. Although IL-1B gene expression and protein concentration in the proventriculus tissues were not different among the 4 groups, serum IL-1B levels were upregulated by LPS in both the nonvaccinated and vaccinated groups (V-L- vs. V-L+, V+L- vs. V+L+). Moreover, IgA levels in the proventriculus and serum were not affected by vaccination or LPS challenge. Taken together, we conclude that LPS derived from gram-negative bacteria upregulates the innate immune system, including antimicrobial peptide synthesis in the proventriculus. ND/IB vaccination may not significantly affect antimicrobial peptide synthesis in response to LPS; however, TLR21 expression is upregulated by that vaccination. The antimicrobial peptides synthesized in the proventriculus probably prevent pathogenic microbes from entering the intestine.
Topics: Animals; Bronchitis; Chickens; Immune System; Immunoglobulin A; Lipopolysaccharides; Newcastle Disease; Proventriculus; Viral Vaccines
PubMed: 35247652
DOI: 10.1016/j.psj.2022.101719 -
Scientific Reports Sep 2022Aquatic bird bornavirus (ABBV-1), an avian bornavirus, has been reported in wild waterfowl from North America and Europe that presented with neurological signs and...
Aquatic bird bornavirus (ABBV-1), an avian bornavirus, has been reported in wild waterfowl from North America and Europe that presented with neurological signs and inflammation of the central and peripheral nervous systems. The potential of ABBV-1to infect and cause lesions in commercial waterfowl species is unknown. The aim of this study was to determine the ability of ABBV-1 to infect and cause disease in day-old Muscovy ducks (n = 174), selected as a representative domestic waterfowl. Ducklings became infected with ABBV-1 through both intracranial and intramuscular, but not oral, infection routes. Upon intramuscular infection, the virus spread centripetally to the central nervous system (brain and spinal cord), while intracranial infection led to virus spread to the spinal cord, kidneys, proventriculus, and gonads (centrifugal spread). Infected birds developed both encephalitis and myelitis by 4 weeks post infection (wpi), which progressively subsided by 8 and 12 wpi. Despite development of microscopic lesions, clinical signs were not observed. Only five birds had choanal and/or cloacal swabs positive for ABBV-1, suggesting a low potential of Muscovy ducks to shed the virus. This is the first study to document the pathogenesis of ABBV-1 in poultry species, and confirms the ability of ABBV-1 to infect commercial waterfowl.
Topics: Animals; Bird Diseases; Birds; Bornaviridae; Ducks; Influenza in Birds; Poultry
PubMed: 36180525
DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-20418-x -
Avian Diseases Jun 2023The carcass of a 4-mo-old, female, mixed-breed backyard chicken was submitted for postmortem evaluation and diagnostic workup. The bird was previously presented to a...
The carcass of a 4-mo-old, female, mixed-breed backyard chicken was submitted for postmortem evaluation and diagnostic workup. The bird was previously presented to a veterinary clinic because of chronic weight loss and loose stool, and was euthanized before submission to the California Animal Health and Food Safety, Turlock lab. On gross examination, the proventriculus, gizzard, and duodenum were markedly distended and impacted with a mixture of fibrous plant material, cereal grain, and litter material. The koilin layer of the gizzard was eroded. There were multifocal to coalescing, 0.2-1-cm diameter white nodules on the serosal surface of the duodenal loop and lesions extended into the distal jejunum. The duodenum had multifocal, transmural, umbilicated, and ulcerated mucosal lesions, which were covered with a white pseudomembrane. Microscopically, there was segmental, transmural necrosis of the intestinal wall with diffuse sloughing of villi epithelium and accumulation of fibrino-hemorrhagic exudate with numerous bacterial colonies in the lumen. The gross and microscopic findings were indicative of gastrointestinal impaction and necrotic enteritis. Proliferation of within the intestine was demonstrated by anaerobic bacterial culture, intestinal gram stains, and immunohistochemistry. The isolate was type F (encoding the gene for alpha toxin - and for enterotoxin -) by PCR toxinotyping. Overgrowth of was likely exacerbated by the rough fibrous forage and highly fermentable grain diet. To our knowledge, gastrointestinal impaction concurrent with necrotic enteritis has not been described in backyard chickens. In addition, to our knowledge, type F has not been associated with necrotic enteritis in chickens.
Topics: Animals; Clostridium Infections; Chickens; Enteritis; Poultry Diseases; Clostridium perfringens; Necrosis
PubMed: 37556299
DOI: 10.1637/aviandiseases-D-23-00006 -
Veterinary Medicine and Science May 2023In mynahs with foreign body ingestion, delayed diagnosis increases the risk of poor outcomes.
BACKGROUND
In mynahs with foreign body ingestion, delayed diagnosis increases the risk of poor outcomes.
OBJECTIVE
The aim of this study was to evaluate various radiologic features on plain and contrast radiographs in mynahs for assessing the presence of ingested foreign bodies.
METHODS
In our cross-sectional study, a total of 41 mynahs were included. The diagnosis was made by history, surgery, excision by forceps or excretion in the faeces. Overall, 21 mynahs were considered not to have a foreign body in their gastrointestinal tract. Plain and post-contrast [oral administration of barium sulphate colloidal suspension of 25% weight/volume (20 mg/kg)] lateral and ventrodorsal radiographs from the cervical and coelomic cavity were taken. Different parameters including oesophageal, proventricular, and small intestinal diameters and opacities were assessed. Image evaluation was performed by two national board-certified radiologists blinded to the final diagnoses.
RESULTS
The inter- and intra-observer reliabilities of the diagnostic features were significant (p < 0.001). The diagnosis of the foreign body was highly accurate [90.2% (95% CI: 76.9%, 92.3%)] with the sensitivity, specificity, and area under the representative characteristic curve of 90.0%, 90.5%, and 0.93%, respectively for plain radiographs. The size and opacity of the oesophagus, proventriculus, and intestinal loops as well as serosal details were significantly different between mynahs with and without foreign body intake (p < 0.05).
CONCLUSIONS
Lateral and ventrodorsal plain radiographs are highly reliable for diagnosing the presence of non-opaque obstructing objects in the gastrointestinal tract of mynahs. Attention should be paid to the size and opacity of the oesophagus, extension, and opacity of the proventriculus, segmental opacity of intestinal loops, and decrease in serosal details.
Topics: Animals; Starlings; Cross-Sectional Studies; Foreign Bodies; Eating
PubMed: 36626299
DOI: 10.1002/vms3.1079 -
Morphologie : Bulletin de L'Association... Mar 2020This study was carried out on 40 chick embryos collected from incubated eggs of Dandarawi chicken (Gallus gallus domesticus) on the 5th to 19th incubation day (27 to 45...
This study was carried out on 40 chick embryos collected from incubated eggs of Dandarawi chicken (Gallus gallus domesticus) on the 5th to 19th incubation day (27 to 45 Hamburger and Hamilton, H&H stages). In addition, 15 chicks were collected on the day of hatching (stage 46 H&H), one week and two weeks post-hatching to demonstrate the histological, histochemical, and electron microscopic developmental changes of the proventriculus (of the digestive tract). Histologically, the proventriculus was observed as a narrow tube at 27 H&H stage. It was lined by pseudostratified columnar epithelium through 27-39 H&H stages and from the stage 43 till post-hatching, it was lined by simple columnar epithelium. The Lamina muscularis mucosa could be identified at stage 43. The proventricular glands were detected firstly at stage 31 and branching at stage 35. Histochemically, the surface epithelium and proventricular glands reacted positively to PAS, alcian blue and bromophenol blue from stage 31 till maturity. The glands displayed an apocrine mode of secretion at stage 39 and their cytoplasm contained abundant mitochondria, RER, secretory granules, and lipid droplets. Enteroendocrine cells could be observed among the glandular and surface epithelium at stage 45 H&H. The interstitial tissue contained fibroblasts and telocytes. The telocytes were firstly detected at stage 35 H&H and composed of a cell body and two long cell processes called telopodes. The tunica muscularis differentiated into three layers of smooth muscle fibers at stage 37 H&H. The cellular and stromal organizations of the proventriculus and their relations to the development and function were discussed.
Topics: Animals; Chick Embryo; Chickens; Enteroendocrine Cells; Gastric Mucosa; Microscopy, Electron; Proventriculus
PubMed: 31587839
DOI: 10.1016/j.morpho.2019.09.006 -
Poultry Science May 2023Changle goose in Fujian, China is a rare genetic resource and in urgent need to be protected. Understanding the characteristics of digestive physiology and spatial...
Changle goose in Fujian, China is a rare genetic resource and in urgent need to be protected. Understanding the characteristics of digestive physiology and spatial variation of gastrointestinal microbiota is crucial for developing nutritional intervention strategies to improve intestinal health and production performance of goose. Hence, histomorphological assay was used for observing development status of proventriculus, jejunum, and cecum in 70-day-old Changle geese, whereas digesta from 6 alimentary canal locations (crop, proventriculus, gizzard, jejunum, cecum, and rectum) were collected for 16S rRNA gene sequencing and short chain fatty acids (SCFAs) quantitative analysis. The histomorphological observation indicated that the jejunum and cecum of Changle goose were well developed. The alpha diversity analysis revealed that, except rectum, microbiota in other noncecum sections were in high diversity as cecum. The Nonmetric MultiDimensional Scaling (NMDS) analysis showed that microbial community of proventriculus, gizzard, and jejunum formed a cluster, which distinctly discrete with the microbiota of the other gastrointestinal locations. Additionally, the proportions of Proteobacteria, Bacteroidota, and Campilobacterota at the phylum level and Lactobacillus, Streptococcus, Helicobacter, and Subdoligranulum at the genus level exhibited tremendous alternations among different gastrointestinal locations. The characteristic bacterial composition in each section was further disclosed by analyzing the core and feature Amplicon Sequence Variants (ASVs) and SCFAs pattern. Importantly, 7 body-weight-associated ASVs and 2 cecum-development-related ASVs were identified via correlation analysis. In a whole, our findings provided the first insights into the specialized digestive physiology of Changle geese and distinctive regional distribution of gastrointestinal microbiota, which laid the important foundation for improving growth performance through microbiota manipulation in geese.
Topics: Animals; Gastrointestinal Microbiome; Geese; RNA, Ribosomal, 16S; Chickens; Digestive System Physiological Phenomena
PubMed: 36933526
DOI: 10.1016/j.psj.2023.102588 -
Animals : An Open Access Journal From... Dec 2021Proventricular dilatation disease (PDD) is a life-threatening neurological disease caused by parrot bornaviruses (PaBVs) that affects several species worldwide. PDD can... (Review)
Review
Proventricular dilatation disease (PDD) is a life-threatening neurological disease caused by parrot bornaviruses (PaBVs) that affects several species worldwide. PDD can be clinically manifested as either a central nervous system condition or a gastrointestinal condition if the nerves and ganglia of the gastrointestinal tract are compromised. We intend to provide a concise review for veterinary clinicians and diagnosticians with focus on the main tools available for PDD diagnosis, including gross and histopathology, immunohistochemistry, molecular techniques and serology. We suggest that a combination of different strategies can increase the success of diagnostic outcomes, as tools such as reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) can be implemented for identification of bornaviral infections in live patients, and gross pathology, histopathology, immunohistochemistry and RT-PCR can provide reliable results for postmortem diagnosis of PDD.
PubMed: 34944332
DOI: 10.3390/ani11123558