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The Journal of Poultry Science Oct 2021Glycation is a non-enzymatic reaction, and amino acids are glycated by glucose in vivo. Tryptophan is glycated with glucose to form two types of glycated compounds,...
Glycation is a non-enzymatic reaction, and amino acids are glycated by glucose in vivo. Tryptophan is glycated with glucose to form two types of glycated compounds, tryptophan-Amadori product and (1R, 3S)-1-(D-gluco-1, 2, 3, 4, 5-pentahydroxypentyl)-1, 2, 3, 4-tetrahydro--carboline-3-carboxylic acid (PHP-THC). Although PHP-THC can be incorporated into various chicken embryonic cells, the mechanism of its incorporation into intracellular fluids has not been clarified. In this study, we examined whether PHP-THC once incorporated into various chicken embryonic cells can combine with proteins. Embryonic cells from the breast muscle, liver, spleen, kidney, proventriculus, gizzard, and skin were prepared and H-PHP-THC was added to the culture medium at final concentrations of 0, 200, 400, 600, and 800 M to examine the incorporation of PHP-THC. After 18 h of incubation, radioactivity was measured in the whole-cell and protein fractions of the chicken embryonic cells. As PHP-THC concentration increased from 0 to 600 M, its accumulation in the whole-cell fractions of all types of chicken embryonic cells linearly increased and reached the maximum level. The saturated PHP-THC accumulation in the whole-cell fractions suggests that PHP-THC could be incorporated into intracellular fluids across cellular membranes by some transporter proteins. As PHP-THC concentration increased from 0 to 800 M, its accumulation in the protein fractions of all types of chicken embryonic cells increased in a linear manner and reached a maximum level in the 800 M PHPTHC treatment group. This is the first study to indicate that a part of PHP-THC incorporated into the whole-cell fraction was detected in the protein fraction of various chicken embryonic cells.
PubMed: 34899021
DOI: 10.2141/jpsa.0200076 -
Anatomia, Histologia, Embryologia May 2022The current investigation aimed to clarify the histomorphological features, scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and histochemistry of the proventriculus in the adult...
The current investigation aimed to clarify the histomorphological features, scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and histochemistry of the proventriculus in the adult hooded crow (Corvus cornix). Twenty-two adult birds of both sexes were collected from El-Fayoum and Beni-Suef governorates, Egypt; ten were used for anatomical investigation, two were scanned using SEM, and ten were subjected to routine histological technique. The obtained anatomical results revealed a small-sized spindle-shaped proventriculus obliquely located in the left ventral part of the body cavity with an average body weight, length and diameter of 1.689 ± 0.231 gm, 1.54 ± 0.383cm and 3.51 ± 0.416cm, respectively. The histological examination revealed a typical tubular organ. The mucosa exhibited several plicae and sulci that were lined with simple columnar cells. The lamina propria was composed of collagenous connective tissue infiltrated by lymphocytes, lymphatic aggregations and tubular glands. The submucosa consisted of collagenic fibres and compound tubuloalveolar glandular lobules lined with oxynticopeptic cells and enteroendocrine cells. The oxynticopeptic cells reacted negatively with PAS and Alcian Blue stains, whereas the ductal cells reacted positively with PAS only. Enteroendocrine cells were seen singly in the lamina epithelialis mucosae and were abundant in submucosal glands. The tunica musclaris was arranged in two layers covered by serosa. The proventricular glands' openings were noticed by SEM as raised tubes with regular circular outlines surrounded by anastomosed microscopic folds. The obtained histomorphological structure of the hooded crow's proventriculus revealed some shared morphological features with most species of birds and some variations that might be attributed to their diet and feeding behaviour.
Topics: Animals; Crows; Electrons; Female; Gizzard, Avian; Male; Microscopy, Electron, Scanning; Proventriculus
PubMed: 35201636
DOI: 10.1111/ahe.12798 -
Poultry Science Aug 2020It is generally accepted that domestic ducks are valuable protein sources for humans. The gastrointestinal ecosystem contains enormous and complicated microbes that have...
It is generally accepted that domestic ducks are valuable protein sources for humans. The gastrointestinal ecosystem contains enormous and complicated microbes that have a profound effect on the nutrition, immunity, health, and production of domestic ducks. To deeply understand the gastrointestinal microbial composition of domestic ducks, we investigated the microbiomes of 7 different gastrointestinal locations (proventriculus, gizzard, duodenum, jejunum, ileum, cecum, and rectum) and the short-chain fatty acids in 15 healthy muscovy ducks based on 16S rRNA gene sequencing, qPCR, and gas chromatography. As a result, 1 029 735 sequences were identified into 35 phyla and 359 genera. Firmicutes, Proteobacteria, Bacteroidetes, Cyanobacteria, and Actinobacteria were the major phyla, with Bacteroidetes being most abundant in the cecum. The population of the total bacteria and the representatives of the Firmicutes, Bacteroidetes, and Bacteroides groups increased from the proximal to the distal part of the GIT. Bacteroides was the most dominant group in the cecum. Acetate, propionate, and butytrate, as well as gene copies of butyryl-CoA including acetate-CoA transferase and butyrate kinase, were significantly higher in cecum than in other sections. Isobutyrate, valerate, and isovalerate were only found in the cecum. The differences of microbial composition and the short-chain fatty acids of their metabolites among these 7 intestinal locations might be correlated with differences in gut function. All these results provide a reference for the duck gastrointestinal microbiome and a foundation for understanding the types of bacteria that promote health and enhance growth performance and decrease instances of disease in duck breeding.
Topics: Animals; Bacteria; Ducks; Fatty Acids, Volatile; Gastrointestinal Microbiome; Gastrointestinal Tract; RNA, Ribosomal, 16S
PubMed: 32731989
DOI: 10.1016/j.psj.2020.03.040 -
Chemosphere Apr 2022Steel wool (SW) has a broad-spectrum of applicability, particularly as abrasives, cleaning household utensils and surfaces in general. However, when present in the...
Steel wool (SW) has a broad-spectrum of applicability, particularly as abrasives, cleaning household utensils and surfaces in general. However, when present in the natural environment, they can be ingested by animals, such as birds, and may represent a risk to the survival of individuals. Accordingly, in this study, we attempted the hypothesis that the ingestion of SW microfibers (SWMs) by Gallus gallus domesticus chicks (model system used) alters growth/development, induces redox imbalance and cholinesterasic effect, as well as promotes iron overload in different organs. For this, the animals received SWMs twice (within a 24-h interval) in an amount corresponding to 12% of their total stomach volume. At the end of the experiment, we observed less weight gain and less head growth, increased production of hydrogen peroxide (in the brain, liver, crop, and gizzard), nitrite (liver, crop, proventriculus and gizzard), malondialdehyde (brain, liver, muscle, proventriculus, and gizzard), along with increased superoxide dismutase activity in the liver, muscle and crop of animals exposed to SWMs. Such results were associated with iron overload observed in different organs, especially in liver, crop, and gizzard. Furthermore, we evidenced an anti-cholinesterasic effect in birds that ingested the SWMs, marked by a reduction in the acetylcholinesterase activity (in brain). Thus, our study sheds light on the (eco)toxicological potential of SWMs in avifauna, conceding us to associate their ingestion (despite ephemeral and occasional) with damage to the health of individuals, requiring a greater attention spotted to disposal of these materials in ecosystems.
Topics: Acetylcholinesterase; Animals; Chickens; Ecosystem; Iron Overload; Steel
PubMed: 35033516
DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2022.133632 -
Journal of Avian Medicine and Surgery Nov 2022A 2.5-year-old female kea () weighing 711 g was presented for acute lethargy, pelvic limb paraparesis, and decreased appetite. Results from a complete blood count...
A 2.5-year-old female kea () weighing 711 g was presented for acute lethargy, pelvic limb paraparesis, and decreased appetite. Results from a complete blood count revealed a leukocytosis (67540 cells/µL [reference interval 4200 - 37880 cells/µL]). Radiographic images revealed a mass effect within the mid coelom. The patient was provided supportive care that included antifungal medication (voriconazole 15 mg/kg PO q12h x 6 months and 10 days) and antibiotic therapy (enrofloxacin 20 mg/kg PO q12h x 27 days). A discrete 2.3 × 2.7 × 2.6 cm soft tissue mass adjacent to multiple organs was identified on contrast computed tomographic images (IsoVue 370 at 4 mL/kg IV over 2 minutes). The mass was medial and dorsal to the proventriculus, cranial to the ventriculus, caudal to the liver, and ventral to the cranial renal divisions. The mass had an irregular vascularized wall with a poorly vascularized center. Ten days after initial presentation, exploratory coeliotomy and mass removal via left lateral coeliotomy were performed. Bacterial (aerobic and anaerobic) and fungal cultures were negative. Fourteen days postsurgery, the leukocytosis was resolved. Microscopic review of the submitted tissue mass found multinucleated giant cells, macrophages, and brown fungal hyphae with irregular internal septations and some branching, leading to a diagnosis of phaeohyphomycosis. Panfungal polymerase chain reaction testing and sequencing were unsuccessful at speciation. Treatment with voriconazole was continued until behavioral, hematologic, and computed tomographic assessments indicated resolution of the problem 6 months postsurgery. No recurrence of disease has been reported 20 months following mass removal.
Topics: Animals; Female; Phaeohyphomycosis; Voriconazole; Leukocytosis; Parrots; Proventriculus
PubMed: 36468807
DOI: 10.1647/21-00048 -
Nucleus (Austin, Tex.) Dec 2020Lamins interact with the nuclear membrane and chromatin but the precise players and mechanisms of these interactions are unknown. Here, we tested whether the removal of...
Lamins interact with the nuclear membrane and chromatin but the precise players and mechanisms of these interactions are unknown. Here, we tested whether the removal of the CaaX motif from Lamin B disrupts its attachment to the nuclear membrane and affects chromatin distribution. We used homozygous mutants that lack the CaaX box. We found that the mutant Lamin B was not confined to the nuclear periphery but was distributed throughout the nuclear interior, colocalizing with chromosomes in salivary gland and proventriculus. The peripheral position of Lamin C, nuclear pore complex (NPC), heterochromatin protein 1a (HP1a), H3K9me2- and H3K27me3-associated chromatin remained intact. The fluorescence intensity of the DAPI-stained peripheral chromatin significantly decreased and that of the central chromatin significantly increased in the proventriculus nuclei of the mutantflies compared to wild-type. However, the mutation had little effect on chromatin radial distribution inside highly polytenized salivary gland nuclei.
Topics: Animals; Chromatin; Chromobox Protein Homolog 5; Chromosomal Proteins, Non-Histone; Drosophila Proteins; Drosophila melanogaster; Histones; Homozygote; Lamin Type B; Lamins; Mutation; Nuclear Pore
PubMed: 32960740
DOI: 10.1080/19491034.2020.1819704 -
Poultry Science Sep 2021Phosphatase and tensin homolog (PTEN), a tumor suppressor gene, functions in antiviral innate immunity and regulates the development and function of T cells and B cells....
Phosphatase and tensin homolog (PTEN), a tumor suppressor gene, functions in antiviral innate immunity and regulates the development and function of T cells and B cells. However, limited information about PTEN is available in poultry. In the present study, quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction and immunohistochemistry staining were used to study the tissue distribution and developmental changes of PTEN in the main immune organs of chicken. The effects of infectious bursal disease virus (IBDV) infection on PTEN mRNA expression in the bursa of Fabricius (BF) of chickens were also investigated. The results are as follows. 1) The order of PTEN mRNA expression levels at the 18th d of hatching (E18) was: muscle and immune organs (spleen and thymus) > visceral organs (heart, lung, kidney, and liver) > hypothalamus and digestive tracts (duodenum, jejunum, ileum, cecum, proventriculus, BF [originates from cloaca], and cecum tonsil [locates at the lamina propria of cecum]). However, at the 15th d of raising (D15), the PTEN mRNA expression in the heart was the highest among all the tissues, followed by those in the liver, proventriculus, and kidney. The PTEN mRNA expression levels in the rest tissues were very low and were only 1.20 to 19.47% as much as that in the heart (P < 0.05). 2) The changes in the expression of PTEN mRNA in the BF, spleen, and thymus from E15 to D15 had no obvious regularity. PTEN-immunopositive (PTEN-ip) cells in the BF were distributed in epithelium mucosa, bursal follicles and interfollicles before hatching, but only in bursal follicles after hatching. PTEN-ip cells in the spleen were expressed in the periarterial lymphatic sheath from E18 to D15. Most of PTEN-ip cells distributed in the thymic medulla and only a few distributed in the thymic cortex during the whole experiment. 3) Chicken with IBDV infection had a remarkable decrease in PTEN mRNA expression from 1 d postinfection (dpi) to 7 dpi. Although PTEN mRNA level was reversed at 7 dpi, it was still significantly lower than that at 0 dpi (P < 0.05). These findings suggest that the PTEN of chicken might play important roles in the development of embryos and T/B lymphocytes, and the downregulation of PTEN in chickens infected with IBDV might be a mechanism of IBDV evasion from host immunity. Strategies designed to restore PTEN expression may be a therapy for preventing chickens from IBDV infection.
Topics: Animals; Birnaviridae Infections; Bursa of Fabricius; Chickens; Infectious bursal disease virus; Poultry Diseases; Tissue Distribution
PubMed: 34358959
DOI: 10.1016/j.psj.2021.101356 -
Tropical Animal Health and Production Nov 2022This study aims to see how supplementing broiler chickens with Ficus exasperata leaf powder (FELP) and vitamin C affects carcass characteristics, brain and meat...
The impact of breed, Ficus exasperata leaf powder and vitamin C on carcass traits, brain and meat oxidative enzymes of broiler chickens raised under the tropical condition.
This study aims to see how supplementing broiler chickens with Ficus exasperata leaf powder (FELP) and vitamin C affects carcass characteristics, brain and meat oxidative enzymes and cholesterol levels in tropical conditions. Three hundred thirty-six-day-old chicks (comprising of 168 Cobb 500 breed chicks and 168 Arbor Acre breed chicks) of broiler chicks weighing 37.40 ± 0.45 g were assigned to 8 experimental diets of 7 replicates (6 birds/replicate; 42 birds/treatment). Diets 1 and 2 were not supplemented, while diets 3 and 4 had vitamin C (200 mg/kg of basal diet) supplementation. Then, diets 5 and 6 received 1 g FELP/kg of basal diet supplementation each while diets 7 and 8 had 1 g FELP/kg of basal diet + 200 mg of vitamin C. The breed and FELP affected (P < 0.05) the dressing percentage. The relative weights of the gizzard and heart were affected (P < 0.05) by the vitamin c and FELP, while the lung weight was affected by vitamin C. The proventriculus was affected by the breed, FELP and vitamin c. The brain catalase and glutathione peroxidase increased with vitamin c and FELP supplementation while catalase and glutathione peroxidases were higher in CO. Vitamin c and FELP reduced the meat lipid oxidation but increased the glutathione peroxidase and catalase. Conclusively, dietary supplementation with 200 mg/kg of vitamin C and 1% FELP could increase the brain's antioxidant capacity and improve the meat quality of broiler chickens.
Topics: Animals; Ascorbic Acid; Chickens; Powders; Ficus; Catalase; Glutathione Peroxidase; Tropical Climate; Plant Breeding; Vitamins; Meat; Brain; Plant Leaves; Oxidative Stress
PubMed: 36441345
DOI: 10.1007/s11250-022-03386-2 -
Animals : An Open Access Journal From... May 2021Early feeding post-hatching (EFPH) can impact the immune response and modify the immunity-related gene expression. Therefore, we aimed to examine the effects of EFPH...
Early Nutrition with Different Diets Composition versus Fasting on Immunity-Related Gene Expression and Histomorphology of Digestive and Lymphoid Organs of Layer-Type Chicks.
Early feeding post-hatching (EFPH) can impact the immune response and modify the immunity-related gene expression. Therefore, we aimed to examine the effects of EFPH with different diets composition versus fasting during the first 72 h of chick's life on the histomorphological structures of the liver, proventriculus, central and peripheral lymphoid organs, and immunity-related genes in layer-type chicks during the brooding period. A total of 400 chicks were randomly allotted into 4 groups with 4 replicates each. The experimental groups during the first 72 h of life were: feed and water deprivation (control, T1), feeding a starter layer diet (20% CP and 11.84 MJ/kg ME, T2), feeding a starter layer diet contained 3% molasses in its composition (20% CP and 11.81 MJ/kg ME; T3), and feeding a starter broiler diet (23% CP and 12.68 MJ/kg ME, T4). After the first 72 h of chick's life, all chicks were fed ad libitum the T2 diet. EFPH had no negative effect on the development of the lymphoid or digestive organs in chicks. Greater relative weights of the spleen and bursa of Fabricius ( < 0.05) were observed in the early fed chicks compared to control at day 14 of age. Histomorphological examination revealed an increase ( < 0.05) in thymus cortex and cortex:medulla in the T3 and T4 groups compared to the fasted ones at day 28 of age. Pelicae height, follicular width, cortex, and cortex:medulla of bursa were improved ( < 0.01) in the fed groups compared to fasted chicks, with resultant influences on the primary lymphoid organs. Compared to control, higher germinal center areas and white pulp of the spleen ( < 0.05) were recorded in the early fed chicks, implying augmented proliferation and maturation of B cells in the secondary lymphoid organs. In the liver, a strong positive reaction to Best's carmine stain in the early fed groups, indicating that the liver of these chicks had numerous glycogen granules or greater glycogen density in the cytoplasm of hepatocytes. There was a significant enhancement in the proventriculus mucosal and gland thickness, as well as fold height ( < 0.05) in the early fed chicks. The expression levels of splenic Toll-like receptor 2, interleukin 4, tumor necrosis factor α, and interferon gamma were up-regulated ( < 0.01) in most of the early fed chicks (T2, T3, and T4) compared to fasted ones at 14 day of age. In conclusion, EFPH could modify the splenic-immunity related genes and modulate the histomorphology of the digestive (liver and proventriculus) and lymphoid organs in layer-type chicks during the brooding period.
PubMed: 34072069
DOI: 10.3390/ani11061568 -
Veterinary Pathology May 2022Proventricular dilatation disease is a lethal disease of psittacine birds. In this study, we characterized the local cellular immune response in the brain,...
Proventricular dilatation disease is a lethal disease of psittacine birds. In this study, we characterized the local cellular immune response in the brain, proventriculus, and small intestine of 27 cockatiels () experimentally infected with parrot bornavirus 2 (PaBV-2). Perivascular cuffs in the brain were composed of CD3+ T-lymphocytes and Iba1+ macrophages/microglia in most cockatiels (n = 26). In the ganglia of the proventriculus, CD3+ T-lymphocytes (n = 17) and Iba1+ macrophages (n = 13) prevailed. The ganglia of the small intestine had a more homogeneous distribution of these leukocytes, including PAX5+ B-lymphocytes (n = 9), CD3+ T-lymphocytes (n = 8), and Iba1+ macrophages (n = 8). Our results indicate that perivascular cuffs in the brain and the inflammatory infiltrate in the proventriculus of PaBV-2-infected cockatiels is predominately composed of T-lymphocytes, while the inflammatory infiltrates in the ganglia of the small intestine are characterized by a mixed infiltrate composed of T-lymphocytes, B-lymphocytes, and macrophages.
Topics: Animals; Bird Diseases; Bornaviridae; Cockatoos; Enteric Nervous System; Mononegavirales Infections; Parrots
PubMed: 35001760
DOI: 10.1177/03009858211069166