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Psychological Methods Jun 2023The last 25 years have shown a steady increase in attention for the Bayes factor as a tool for hypothesis evaluation and model selection. The present review highlights... (Review)
Review
The last 25 years have shown a steady increase in attention for the Bayes factor as a tool for hypothesis evaluation and model selection. The present review highlights the potential of the Bayes factor in psychological research. We discuss six types of applications: Bayesian evaluation of point null, interval, and informative hypotheses, Bayesian evidence synthesis, Bayesian variable selection and model averaging, and Bayesian evaluation of cognitive models. We elaborate what each application entails, give illustrative examples, and provide an overview of key references and software with links to other applications. The article is concluded with a discussion of the opportunities and pitfalls of Bayes factor applications and a sketch of corresponding future research lines. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2023 APA, all rights reserved).
Topics: Humans; Bayes Theorem; Behavioral Research; Psychology; Software; Research Design
PubMed: 35298215
DOI: 10.1037/met0000454 -
The American Psychologist 2023Robert M. Sellers, PhD, most known for his influential and highly cited Multidimensional Model of Racial Identity (MMRI), is one of the most prolific and foundational...
Robert M. Sellers, PhD, most known for his influential and highly cited Multidimensional Model of Racial Identity (MMRI), is one of the most prolific and foundational Black scholars in psychology. From racial identity theory development and measurement to conceptual and methodological innovations in studying the lived experiences of Black people, Sellers' scholarship centers on the lives of Black communities. Sellers' mentorship and contributions to the professional development of scholars and professionals of color have supported and catalyzed new intergenerational knowledge building by these scholars, ensuring a perpetuating and far-reaching legacy in psychology. In this article, we: (a) celebrate Sellers' enduring contribution to the racial identity literature and its profound impact on psychology as a discipline as well as numerous subfields of psychology, (b) outline his contributions to the racial socialization literature, (c) describe methodological innovations in racial identity and racial socialization research advanced through his scholarship, and (d) summarize his contributions in professional development and mentorship and his leadership roles. Sellers' scholarly contributions and mentorship have transformed the discipline of psychology and the social sciences broadly speaking, making him one of the most influential psychologists in the modern era. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2023 APA, all rights reserved).
Topics: Humans; Black People; Knowledge; Leadership; Mentors; Models, Psychological; Psychology; Racial Groups; Social Identification; Social Sciences; Socialization; Psychological Theory
PubMed: 37384499
DOI: 10.1037/amp0001129 -
British Journal of Health Psychology Sep 2020Purpose An oral history of the development of health psychology in the United Kingdom. Methods Standard oral history methods produced interviews with 53 UK health...
Purpose An oral history of the development of health psychology in the United Kingdom. Methods Standard oral history methods produced interviews with 53 UK health psychologists, averaging 92 min in length. All interviewees entered the field from the 1970s to the 2000s, representing all four countries in the United Kingdom. A reconstructive mode of analysis, along with the few existing sources, was used to create a narrative of the history of health psychology in the United Kingdom. Audio recordings and transcripts will be archived for use by future researchers. Findings In the 1970s, medical schools in London recruited psychologists to teach, while also conducting pragmatic research on issues in healthcare. At the same time, some clinical psychologists began to work with physical health conditions in general hospitals. Partly influenced by developments in the United States and Europe, an identity of 'health psychology' developed and spread to researchers and practitioners doing work in psychology and health. In the 1980s, the field continued to attract researchers, including social psychologists working with health behaviours and outcomes, and clinical psychologists working in health care settings. During this time, it became formalized as a scientific field with the creation of the BPS Health Psychology Section, courses, and journals. In the 1990s, the field moved towards professional practice, which was controversial with other BPS divisions. However, it continued to grow and develop through the 2000s and 2010s. Conclusion Reflections on the development of UK health psychology represent the first historical narrative produced from oral testimony of those who were present at the time. Statement of Contribution What is already known on this subject? Health psychology emerged in the 1970s, initially in the United States following an APA Task Force report. It developed from a range of precursor movements including psychosomatic medicine, while in the United Kingdom medical psychology was an additional precursor. The development of health psychology has been discussed for a range of countries including the United States and others, but historical scholarship relating to the United Kingdom has been limited. What does this study add? From an oral history project, a narrative of UK health psychology's development is built up. Influences included opportunities at medical schools from the 1970s onward. Growing interest in health behaviours as a test of social psychology theory was important. The experiences of clinical psychologists working in health care settings are demonstrated. Multidisciplinary influences on the emergence and shaping of health psychology are evident.
Topics: Behavioral Medicine; Europe; Female; Humans; London; Male; Psychology; United Kingdom; United States
PubMed: 32314477
DOI: 10.1111/bjhp.12418 -
Perspectives on Psychological Science :... Nov 2022How common are mental-health difficulties among applied psychologists? This question is paradoxically neglected, perhaps because disclosure and discussion of these...
How common are mental-health difficulties among applied psychologists? This question is paradoxically neglected, perhaps because disclosure and discussion of these experiences remain taboo within the field. This study documented high rates of mental-health difficulties (both diagnosed and undiagnosed) among faculty, graduate students, and others affiliated with accredited doctoral and internship programs in clinical, counseling, and school psychology. More than 80% of respondents ( = 1,395 of 1,692) reported a lifetime history mental-health difficulties, and nearly half (48%) reported a diagnosed mental disorder. Among those with diagnosed and undiagnosed mental-health difficulties, the most common reported concerns were depression, generalized anxiety disorder, and suicidal thoughts or behaviors. Participants who reported diagnosed mental disorders endorsed, on average, more specific mental-health difficulties and were more likely to report current difficulties than were undiagnosed participants. Graduate students were more likely to endorse both diagnosed and undiagnosed mental-health difficulties than were faculty, and they were more likely to report ongoing difficulties. Overall, rates of mental disorders within clinical, counseling, and school-psychology faculty and trainees were similar to or greater than those observed in the general population. We discuss the implications of these results and suggest specific directions for future research on this heretofore neglected topic.
Topics: Humans; Mental Health; Psychology, Educational; Faculty; Counseling; Schools; Psychology
PubMed: 35731143
DOI: 10.1177/17456916211071079 -
Perspectives on Psychological Science :... Mar 2022The apparent convergence of psychology and brain science has been the subject of both celebration and critique, but it has never been systematically charted. We examined...
The apparent convergence of psychology and brain science has been the subject of both celebration and critique, but it has never been systematically charted. We examined historical trends in the representation of neuroscientific concepts in a corpus of 798,402 psychology journal articles published over the past half century, from 1965 to 2016. A dictionary of 522 uniquely neuroscience-related terms was developed, and the percentage of article abstracts in which at least one term appeared was calculated for each year. This percentage grew from 9.15% to 16.45% over the study period, whereas the percentage containing a subset of 199 terms containing the prefix "neur-" rose much more steeply, from 2.30% to 10.06%. From the mid-1970s, the growing representation of neuroscience in psychology was linear. Proportions were highest among journals covering neuropsychology and physiological psychology and behavioral neuroscience, lowest in those covering social psychology and developmental and educational psychology, and intermediate in those covering experimental and cognitive psychology and clinical psychology. The steepest rises were found in social and clinical psychology journals. Changes in the most salient neuroscientific terms revealed historical shifts in technology, topic, and anatomical focus, which may contribute to our understanding of relationships among mind, brain, and behavior.
Topics: Brain; Humans; Neurosciences; Prevalence; Psychology; Psychology, Educational
PubMed: 34283670
DOI: 10.1177/1745691621991864 -
Clinical Child and Family Psychology... Dec 2023
Topics: Psychology; Publishing
PubMed: 37934360
DOI: 10.1007/s10567-023-00463-2 -
American Journal of Community Psychology Dec 2023When Seymour Sarason, the founder of American community psychology, looked back on his life and work, he singled out the importance of personal humility and of...
When Seymour Sarason, the founder of American community psychology, looked back on his life and work, he singled out the importance of personal humility and of developing collaborative learning relationships. He worried that humility was too lacking in psychology. To cultivate humility, we need to engage in an ongoing practice of critical self- and group-examination that enables us to understand more fully the effects of our positionalities, historical, and cultural contexts. Alongside this we need to try to understand the ecopsychosocial and historical contexts of those we have been invited to accompany. For those who are European descended, this requires a deepening realization of how we, as W. E. B. Du Bois would say, have been and are a "problem." Unawares, we have saturated psychology with our own cultural perspectives and ways of being. "White" people require their own pedagogy to become more conscious of their standpoints and to redress the harms created by their group. Our task is not to evangelize psychological theories and practices born from within our own particular cultural perspective, but to learn from the cultural workers and community members in the group we are working with. We must ask of ourselves questions that enable us to understand the broader historical, social, and ecological context of the issues that are presenting. To indicate this, I preface the term "accompaniment" with the adjective "ecopsychosocial." Ecopsychosocial accompaniment requires humility. It is humility that opens the door to being able to imagine and desire together, to cocreate, and cosustain the kinds of decolonial spaces, places, and ways of working and living with one another that are so desperately needed.
Topics: Male; Humans; United States; Psychology, Social; Psychological Theory
PubMed: 37957837
DOI: 10.1002/ajcp.12724 -
Diabetic Medicine : a Journal of the... Mar 2020
Topics: Anniversaries and Special Events; Behavioral Research; Biomedical Research; Diabetes Mellitus; Health Knowledge, Attitudes, Practice; History, 20th Century; History, 21st Century; Humans; Psychology
PubMed: 32056296
DOI: 10.1111/dme.14254 -
Perspectives on Psychological Science :... Mar 2022A debate surrounding modularity-the notion that the mind may be exclusively composed of distinct systems or modules-has held philosophers and psychologists captive for...
A debate surrounding modularity-the notion that the mind may be exclusively composed of distinct systems or modules-has held philosophers and psychologists captive for nearly 40 years. Concern about this thesis-which has come to be known as the serves as the primary grounds for skepticism of evolutionary psychology's claims about the mind. In this article we argue that the entirety of this debate, and the very notion of massive modularity itself, is ill-posed and confused. In particular, it is based on a confusion about the level of analysis (or reduction) at which one is approaching the mind. Here we provide a framework for clarifying at what level of analysis one is approaching the mind and explain how a systemic failure to distinguish between different levels of analysis has led to profound misunderstandings of not only evolutionary psychology but also of the entire cognitivist enterprise of approaching the mind at the level of the mechanism. We furthermore suggest that confusions between different levels of analysis are endemic throughout the psychological sciences-extending well beyond issues of modularity and evolutionary psychology. Therefore, researchers in all areas should take preventive measures to avoid this confusion in the future.
Topics: Biological Evolution; Humans; Psychology
PubMed: 34730453
DOI: 10.1177/1745691621997113 -
The Behavioral and Brain Sciences May 2022We endorse Cesario's call for more research into the complexities of "real-world" decisions and the comparative power of different causes of group disparities....
We endorse Cesario's call for more research into the complexities of "real-world" decisions and the comparative power of different causes of group disparities. Unfortunately, these reasonable suggestions are overshadowed by a barrage of non sequiturs, misdirected criticisms of methodology, and unsubstantiated claims about the assumptions and inferences of social psychologists.
Topics: Cognition; Humans; Psychology; Psychology, Social
PubMed: 35550213
DOI: 10.1017/S0140525X21000704