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Pediatric and Developmental Pathology :... 2023Congenital cystic pulmonary lesions (CCPLs) are represented by the following entities: congenital pulmonary airway malformation (CPAM), formerly congenital cystic... (Review)
Review
Congenital cystic pulmonary lesions (CCPLs) are represented by the following entities: congenital pulmonary airway malformation (CPAM), formerly congenital cystic adenomatoid malformation, extra- and intralobar sequestration (EIS), congenital lobar emphysema (overexpansion), and bronchogenic cyst. The developmental model of CPAM histogenesis by Stocker proposed perturbations designated as CPAM type 0 to type 4 without known or specific pathogenetic mechanisms along the airway from the bronchus to the alveolus. This review highlights mutational events either at the somatic level in KRAS (CPAM types 1 and possibly 3) or germline variants in congenital acinar dysplasia, formerly CPAM type 0, and pleuropulmonary blastoma (PPB), type I, formerly CPAM type 4. The potential for overt malignant progression exists in the case of PPB type I and CPAM type 1 in some cases to well-differentiated mucinous adenocarcinoma. On the other hand, CPAM type 2 is an acquired lesion resulting from interruption in lung development secondary to bronchial atresia. The latter is also regarded as the etiology of EIS whose pathologic features are similar, if not identical, to CPAM type 2. These observations have provided important insights into the pathogenetic mechanisms in the development of the CPAMs since the Stocker classification.
Topics: Humans; Cystic Adenomatoid Malformation of Lung, Congenital; Lung; Pulmonary Blastoma; Lung Neoplasms; Respiratory System Abnormalities; Bronchopulmonary Sequestration
PubMed: 37334833
DOI: 10.1177/10935266221146823 -
DICER1 tumor predisposition syndrome: an evolving story initiated with the pleuropulmonary blastoma.Modern Pathology : An Official Journal... Jan 2022DICER1 syndrome (OMIM 606241, 601200) is a rare autosomal dominant familial tumor predisposition disorder with a heterozygous DICER1 germline mutation. The most common... (Review)
Review
DICER1 syndrome (OMIM 606241, 601200) is a rare autosomal dominant familial tumor predisposition disorder with a heterozygous DICER1 germline mutation. The most common tumor seen clinically is the pleuropulmonary blastoma (PPB), a lung neoplasm of early childhood which is classified on its morphologic features into four types (IR, I, II and III) with tumor progression over time within the first 4-5 years of life from the prognostically favorable cystic type I to the unfavorable solid type III. Following the initial report of PPB, its association with other cystic neoplasms was demonstrated in family studies. The detection of the germline mutation in DICER1 provided the opportunity to identify and continue to recognize a number seemingly unrelated extrapulmonary neoplasms: Sertoli-Leydig cell tumor, gynandroblastoma, embryonal rhabdomyosarcomas of the cervix and other sites, multinodular goiter, differentiated and poorly differentiated thyroid carcinoma, cervical-thyroid teratoma, cystic nephroma-anaplastic sarcoma of kidney, nasal chondromesenchymal hamartoma, intestinal juvenile-like hamartomatous polyp, ciliary body medulloepithelioma, pituitary blastoma, pineoblastoma, primary central nervous system sarcoma, embryonal tumor with multilayered rosettes-like cerebellar tumor, PPB-like peritoneal sarcoma, DICER1-associated presacral malignant teratoid neoplasm and other non-neoplastic associations. Each of these neoplasms is characterized by a second somatic mutation in DICER1. In this review, we have summarized the salient clinicopathologic aspects of these tumors whose histopathologic features have several overlapping morphologic attributes particularly the primitive mesenchyme often with rhabdomyoblastic and chondroid differentiation and an uncommitted spindle cell pattern. Several of these tumors have an initial cystic stage from which there is progression to a high grade, complex patterned neoplasm. These pathologic findings in the appropriate clinical setting should serve to alert the pathologist to the possibility of a DICER1-associated neoplasm and initiate appropriate testing on the neoplasm and to alert the clinician about the concern for a DICER1 mutation.
Topics: Causality; Germ-Line Mutation; Humans; Lung Neoplasms; Pleural Neoplasms; Pulmonary Blastoma; Ribonuclease III; Syndrome
PubMed: 34599283
DOI: 10.1038/s41379-021-00905-8 -
Journal of Clinical Medicine Feb 2023Pleuropulmonary blastoma (PPB) is a tumor occurring almost exclusively in infants and young children. This is the most common primary-lung malignancy in childhood. There... (Review)
Review
Pleuropulmonary blastoma (PPB) is a tumor occurring almost exclusively in infants and young children. This is the most common primary-lung malignancy in childhood. There is age-associated progression through a distinctive sequence of pathologic changes, from a purely multicystic lesion type I to a high-grade sarcoma type II and III. While complete resection is the cornerstone treatment for type I PPB, aggressive chemotherapy with a less favorable prognosis is associated with type II and III. DICER1 germline mutation is positive in 70% of children with PPB. Diagnosis is challenging, as it resembles congenital pulmonary airway malformation (CPAM) in imaging. Although PPB is an extremely rare malignancy, over the past five years we have encountered several children diagnosed with PPB in our medical center. Herein, we present some of these children and discuss diagnostic, ethical, and therapeutic challenges.
PubMed: 36902703
DOI: 10.3390/jcm12051918 -
Turk Gogus Kalp Damar Cerrahisi Dergisi Jan 2024Pulmonary tumors in childhood are rare, but the majority are malignant. The histopathologic spectrum is quite diverse, including inflammatory myofibroblastic tumor,... (Review)
Review
Pulmonary tumors in childhood are rare, but the majority are malignant. The histopathologic spectrum is quite diverse, including inflammatory myofibroblastic tumor, hamartoma, primary pulmonary paraganglioma, carcinoid tumor, mucoepidermoid carcinoma, pleuropulmonary blastoma, adenocarcinoma, squamous cell carcinoma, and sarcomas. Nonspecific clinical and radiological findings result in late and incorrect diagnoses. Although surgical resection is the initial and proper treatment method, additional adjuvant therapy is dependent on both tumor stage and histopathologic type.
PubMed: 38584790
DOI: 10.5606/tgkdc.dergisi.2024.25863 -
Paediatric Anaesthesia Feb 2022Congenital lung lesions are numerous but rare in individual clinical practice. They do require close multidisciplinary collaboration between health care professionals.... (Review)
Review
Congenital lung lesions are numerous but rare in individual clinical practice. They do require close multidisciplinary collaboration between health care professionals. This educational review will focus on the pathophysiology, clinical manifestations, surgical approaches, and anesthetic management of congenital anomalies of the large intrathoracic airways: congenital tracheal stenosis, tracheal agenesis, tracheal diverticulum, bronchial anomalies (tracheal, esophageal, or bridging bronchus), congenital lung malformations, lung sequestrations and Scimitar syndrome, lobar emphysema, Williams-Campbell syndrome, and pleuropulmonary blastoma. In addition, this review will illustrate common pitfalls and challenges related to the anesthesia management with emphasis on ventilation and correct endotracheal tube positioning.
Topics: Bronchi; Humans; Lung; Lung Diseases; Pulmonary Blastoma; Trachea
PubMed: 34797930
DOI: 10.1111/pan.14339 -
The Journal of International Medical... Jun 2024Pulmonary blastoma (PB) is a rare, highly malignant tumor prone to distant metastasis and recurrence, and the prognosis of these patients is often poor. We report a case... (Review)
Review
Pulmonary blastoma (PB) is a rare, highly malignant tumor prone to distant metastasis and recurrence, and the prognosis of these patients is often poor. We report a case of metastatic PB with a good prognosis with the aim of providing data to support a clinical diagnosis and treatment. In December 2015, a 43-year-old male patient was admitted to our hospital because of a cough and blood-stained sputum. Positron emission-computed tomography showed massive high-density imaging in the lower lobe of the right lung, with a maximum cross-section of 76 × 58 mm. Thoracoscopic-assisted right lower lobectomy with lymph node dissection was performed. After 1 month, computed tomography showed a high possibility of metastasis. The patient then received docetaxel and cisplatin chemotherapy for a total of six courses. After chemotherapy, enhanced computed tomography showed considerable absorption of pleural effusion, and a left lobe pulmonary nodule was not detected. The postoperative pathological diagnosis was PB, and epithelial and mesenchymal differentiation components were observed. The patient continued to visit the hospital regularly for re-examination and imaging examinations. Currently, no signs of recurrence or distant metastasis have been detected.
Topics: Humans; Male; Adult; Pulmonary Blastoma; Lung Neoplasms; Prognosis; Tomography, X-Ray Computed; Positron Emission Tomography Computed Tomography; Cisplatin; Pneumonectomy; Docetaxel
PubMed: 38835107
DOI: 10.1177/03000605241254778 -
Advances in Respiratory Medicine 2021Pulmonary blastoma is a rare malignancy, accounting for less than 0.5% of primary lung tumors. It belongs to the group of pulmonary sarcomatoid carcinomas, and it is... (Review)
Review
INTRODUCTION
Pulmonary blastoma is a rare malignancy, accounting for less than 0.5% of primary lung tumors. It belongs to the group of pulmonary sarcomatoid carcinomas, and it is typically characterized by a biphasic pattern of an epithelial and a mesenchymal component. Only a few hundred cases have been reported worldwide. The aim of this study is to review and critically assess the literature regarding pulmonary blastoma.
MATERIAL AND METHODS
A narrative literature review of PubMed database from the inception of the database up to January 2021, limited to the English language, was conducted, using combinations of the following keywords: "pulmonary blastoma", "biphasic pulmonary blastoma", "sarcomatoid carcinoma".
RESULTS
Pulmonary blastoma is composed of an epithelial and a mesenchymal malignant component. Regarding pathogenesis, the origin of the biphasic cell population remains elusive. Characteristic immunohistochemical stains are supportive of diagnosis.Clinically, the symptomatology is non-specific, while 40% of the cases are asymptomatic. It is diagnosed at a younger agecompared to other types of lung cancer, and it is often non-metastatic at diagnosis allowing for surgical treatment. Data on management and survival are scarce and mainly come from isolated cases. Advances on targeted therapy may provide novel treatment options. Given the rarity of the cases, multicenter collaboration is needed in order to establish therapeutic guidelines.
Topics: Humans; Lung Neoplasms; Neoplasm Staging; Pulmonary Blastoma
PubMed: 34725809
DOI: 10.5603/ARM.a2021.0085 -
Journal of Pediatric Surgery Case... Aug 2020Primary pulmonary malignancies are rare in childhood. The most common, pleuropulmonary blastoma (PPB), has an incidence of 25-50 cases per year in the United States...
Primary pulmonary malignancies are rare in childhood. The most common, pleuropulmonary blastoma (PPB), has an incidence of 25-50 cases per year in the United States (Knight and et al., 2019) [1]. The majority of children are diagnosed with PPB before the age of four years. PPB is divided into subtypes I, Ir (type I-regressed), II, and III, which correlates to the age of diagnosis and patient prognosis [2,3]. Here we report an unusual presentation of PPB in a teen-aged female who presented with a one month history of a non-productive cough.
PubMed: 32699772
DOI: 10.1016/j.epsc.2020.101482