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BioFactors (Oxford, England) Jan 2021Specialized proresolving mediators (SPMs) are endogenous lipid metabolites of long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids that are involved in promoting the resolution of... (Review)
Review
Specialized proresolving mediators (SPMs) are endogenous lipid metabolites of long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids that are involved in promoting the resolution of inflammation. Many disease conditions characterized by excessive inflammation have impaired or altered SPM biosynthesis, which may lead to chronic, unresolved inflammation. Exogenous administration of SPMs in infectious conditions has been shown to be effective at improving infection clearance and survival in preclinical models. SPMs have also shown tremendous promise in the context of inflammatory lung conditions, such as acute respiratory distress syndrome and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, mostly in preclinical settings. To date, SPMs have not been studied in the context of the novel Coronavirus, severe acute respiratory syndrome Coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2), however their preclinical efficacy in combatting infections and improving acute respiratory distress suggest they may be a valuable resource in the fight against Coronavirus disease-19 (COVID-19). Overall, while the research on SPMs is still evolving, they may offer a novel therapeutic option for inflammatory conditions.
Topics: Anti-Inflammatory Agents; COVID-19; Docosahexaenoic Acids; Herpes Simplex; Humans; Influenza, Human; Lipoxins; Lung; Lung Injury; Periodontitis; Pulmonary Disease, Chronic Obstructive; Respiratory Distress Syndrome; SARS-CoV-2; Sepsis; Tuberculosis, Pulmonary; COVID-19 Drug Treatment
PubMed: 33249673
DOI: 10.1002/biof.1691 -
Frontiers in Cellular and Infection... 2023Resistance and tolerance are two important strategies employed by the host immune response to defend against pathogens. Multidrug-resistant bacteria affect the... (Review)
Review
Resistance and tolerance are two important strategies employed by the host immune response to defend against pathogens. Multidrug-resistant bacteria affect the resistance mechanisms involved in pathogen clearance. Disease tolerance, defined as the ability to reduce the negative impact of infection on the host, might be a new research direction for the treatment of infections. The lungs are highly susceptible to infections and thus are important for understanding host tolerance and its precise mechanisms. This review focuses on the factors that induce lung disease tolerance, cell and molecular mechanisms involved in tissue damage control, and the relationship between disease tolerance and sepsis immunoparalysis. Understanding the exact mechanism of lung disease tolerance could allow better assessment of the immune status of patients and provide new ideas for the treatment of infections.
Topics: Humans; Sepsis; Pneumonia; Lung; Lung Diseases; Disease Resistance; Immune Tolerance; Host-Pathogen Interactions
PubMed: 37207185
DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2023.1037850 -
Virulence Dec 2023(group A streptococcus; GAS) causes a variety of invasive diseases (iGAS) such as bacteremia, toxic shock syndrome, and pneumonia, which are associated with high...
(group A streptococcus; GAS) causes a variety of invasive diseases (iGAS) such as bacteremia, toxic shock syndrome, and pneumonia, which are associated with high mortality despite the susceptibility of the bacteria to penicillin . Epidemiologic studies indicate that respiratory influenza virus infection is associated with an increase in the frequency of iGAS diseases, including those not directly involving the lung. We modified a murine model of influenza A (IAV)-GAS superinfection to determine if viral pneumonia increased the susceptibility of mice subsequently infected with GAS in the peritoneum. The results showed that respiratory IAV infection increased the morbidity (weight loss) of mice infected intraperitoneally (i.p.) with GAS 3, 5, and 10 d after the initial viral infection. Mortality was also significantly increased when mice were infected with GAS 3 and 5 d after pulmonary IAV infection. Increased mortality among mice infected with virus 5 d prior to bacterial infection correlated with increased dissemination of GAS from the peritoneum to the blood, spleen, and lungs. The interval was also associated with a significant increase in the pro-inflammatory cytokines IFN-γ, IL-12, TNF-α, MCP-1 and IL-27 in sera. We conclude, using a murine model, that respiratory influenza virus infection increases the likelihood and severity of systemic iGAS disease, even when GAS infection does not originate in the respiratory tract.
Topics: Animals; Mice; Humans; Influenza, Human; Streptococcus pyogenes; Disease Models, Animal; Influenza A virus; Orthomyxoviridae Infections; Lung; Streptococcal Infections; Orthomyxoviridae; Coinfection
PubMed: 37772916
DOI: 10.1080/21505594.2023.2265063 -
Methods in Molecular Biology (Clifton,... 2020Emergent coronaviruses such as MERS-CoV and SARS-CoV can cause significant morbidity and mortality in infected individuals. Lung infection is a common clinical feature... (Review)
Review
Emergent coronaviruses such as MERS-CoV and SARS-CoV can cause significant morbidity and mortality in infected individuals. Lung infection is a common clinical feature and contributes to disease severity as well as viral transmission. Animal models are often required to study viral infections and therapies, especially during an initial outbreak. Histopathology studies allow for identification of lesions and affected cell types to better understand viral pathogenesis and clarify effective therapies. Use of immunostaining allows detection of presumed viral receptors and viral tropism for cells can be evaluated to correlate with lesions. In the lung, lesions and immunostaining can be qualitatively described to define the cell types, microanatomic location, and type of changes seen. These features are important and necessary, but this approach can have limitations when comparing treatment groups. Semiquantitative and quantitative tissue scores are more rigorous as these provide the ability to statistically compare groups and increase the reproducibility and rigor of the study. This review describes principles, approaches, and resources that can be useful to evaluate coronavirus lung infection, focusing on MER-CoV infection as the principal example.
Topics: Animals; Coronavirus Infections; Humans; Lung; Mice; Middle East Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus; Reproducibility of Results; Respiratory Tract Infections; Viral Tropism
PubMed: 31883098
DOI: 10.1007/978-1-0716-0211-9_16 -
Pediatric Radiology Apr 2024Pediatric lung infections continue to be a leading cause of pediatric morbidity and mortality. Although both pediatric and general radiologists are familiar with typical... (Review)
Review
Pediatric lung infections continue to be a leading cause of pediatric morbidity and mortality. Although both pediatric and general radiologists are familiar with typical lung infections and their imaging findings in children, relatively rare lung infections continue to present a diagnostic challenge. In addition, the advances in radiological imaging and emergence of several new lung infections in recent years facilitated the need for up-to-date knowledge on this topic. In this review article, we discuss the imaging findings of pediatric lung infections caused by unusual/uncommon and new pathogens. We review the epidemiological, clinical, and radiological imaging findings of viral (coronavirus disease 2019, Middle East respiratory syndrome, bird flu), bacterial (Streptococcus anginosus, Francisella tularensis, Chlamydia psittaci), and parasitic lung infections (echinococcosis, paragonimiasis, amoebiasis). Additional disorders whose clinical course and imaging findings may mimic lung infections in children (hypersensitivity pneumonitis, pulmonary hemorrhage, eosinophilic pneumonia) are also presented, to aid in differential diagnosis. As the clinical presentation of children with new and unusual lung infections is often non-specific, imaging evaluation plays an important role in initial detection, follow-up for disease progression, and assessment of potential complications.
Topics: Child; Humans; Lung; Pneumonia; COVID-19; Lung Diseases; Thorax
PubMed: 38097820
DOI: 10.1007/s00247-023-05818-z -
Physiological Research Dec 2021In this review, we discuss the role of pulmonary surfactant in the host defense against respiratory pathogens, including novel coronavirus SARS-CoV-2. In the lower... (Review)
Review
In this review, we discuss the role of pulmonary surfactant in the host defense against respiratory pathogens, including novel coronavirus SARS-CoV-2. In the lower respiratory system, the virus uses angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) receptor in conjunction with serine protease TMPRSS2, expressed by alveolar type II (ATII) cells as one of the SARS-CoV-2 target cells, to enter. ATII cells are the main source of surfactant. After their infection and the resulting damage, the consequences may be severe and may include injury to the alveolar-capillary barrier, lung edema, inflammation, ineffective gas exchange, impaired lung mechanics and reduced oxygenation, which resembles acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) of other etiology. The aim of this review is to highlight the key role of ATII cells and reduced surfactant in the pathogenesis of the respiratory form of COVID-19 and to emphasize the rational basis for exogenous surfactant therapy in COVID-19 ARDS patients.
Topics: Alveolar Epithelial Cells; Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme 2; Animals; COVID-19; Host-Pathogen Interactions; Humans; Lung; Pulmonary Surfactant-Associated Proteins; Pulmonary Surfactants; Receptors, Virus; SARS-CoV-2; Serine Endopeptidases; Virus Internalization; COVID-19 Drug Treatment
PubMed: 34913352
DOI: 10.33549/physiolres.934763 -
American Journal of Physiology. Lung... Mar 2024Early-life respiratory virus infections have been correlated with enhanced development of childhood asthma. In particular, significant numbers of respiratory syncytial...
Early-life respiratory virus infections have been correlated with enhanced development of childhood asthma. In particular, significant numbers of respiratory syncytial virus (RSV)-hospitalized infants go on to develop lung disease. It has been suggested that early-life viral infections may lead to altered lung development or repair that negatively impacts lung function later in life. Our data demonstrate that early-life RSV infection modifies lung structure, leading to decreased lung function. At 5 wk postneonatal RSV infection, significant defects are observed in baseline pulmonary function test (PFT) parameters consistent with decreased lung function as well as enlarged alveolar spaces. Lung function changes in the early-life RSV-infected group continue at 3 mo of age. The altered PFT and structural changes induced by early-life RSV were mitigated in mice that have previously been shown to have reduced immune cell accumulation associated with a persistent Th2 environment. Importantly, long-term effects were demonstrated using a secondary RSV infection 3 mo following the initial early-life RSV infection and led to significant additional defects in lung function, with severe mucus deposition within the airways, and consolidation of the alveolar spaces. These studies suggest that early-life respiratory viral infection leads to alterations in lung structure/repair that predispose to diminished lung function later in life. These studies outline a novel finding that early-life respiratory virus infection can alter lung structure and function long-term. Importantly, the data also indicate that there are critical links between inflammatory responses and subsequent events that produce a more severe pathogenic response later in life. The findings provide additional data to support that early-life infections during lung development can alter the trajectory of airway function.
Topics: Humans; Infant; Animals; Mice; Respiratory Syncytial Virus Infections; Lung; Pneumonia; Lung Diseases; Respiratory Syncytial Virus, Human; Mice, Inbred BALB C
PubMed: 38290164
DOI: 10.1152/ajplung.00300.2023 -
Turkish Journal of Medical Sciences Apr 2020COVID-19 pneumonia has high mortality rates. The symptoms are undiagnostic, the results of viral nucleic acid detection method (PCR) can delay, so that chest... (Review)
Review
COVID-19 pneumonia has high mortality rates. The symptoms are undiagnostic, the results of viral nucleic acid detection method (PCR) can delay, so that chest computerized tomography is often key diagnostic test in patients with possible COVID-19 pneumonia. In this review, we discussed the main radiological findings of this infection.
Topics: Betacoronavirus; COVID-19; COVID-19 Testing; Clinical Laboratory Techniques; Coronavirus Infections; Humans; Lung; Pandemics; Pneumonia, Viral; Radiography; SARS-CoV-2; Tomography, X-Ray Computed
PubMed: 32299200
DOI: 10.3906/sag-2004-160 -
Expert Review of Proteomics Nov 2021The outbreak of the newly discovered human coronavirus, severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), has disrupted the normal life of almost every... (Review)
Review
INTRODUCTION
The outbreak of the newly discovered human coronavirus, severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), has disrupted the normal life of almost every civilization worldwide. Studies have shown that the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) caused by the SARS-CoV-2 can affect multiple human organs and physiological systems, but the respiratory system remains the primary location for viral infection.
AREAS COVERED
We summarize how omics technologies are used in SARS-CoV-2 research and specifically review the current knowledge of COVID-19 from the aspect of human bronchial-pulmonary proteomics. Also, knowledge gaps in COVID-19 that can be fulfilled by proteomics are discussed.
EXPERT OPINION
Overall, human bronchial-pulmonary proteomics plays an important role in revealing the dynamics, functions, tropism, and pathogenicity of SARS-CoV-2, which is crucial for COVID-19 biomarker and therapeutic target discoveries. To more fully understand the impact of COVID-19, research from various angles using multi-omics approaches should also be conducted on the lungs as well as other organs.
Topics: Animals; Bronchi; COVID-19; Humans; Lung; Molecular Targeted Therapy; Pandemics; Proteomics; SARS-CoV-2
PubMed: 34812694
DOI: 10.1080/14789450.2021.2010549 -
Viruses Jan 2022Porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRSV) and porcine circovirus (PCVs) are two major viruses that affect pigs. Coinfections between PRRSV and PCV2 are...
Porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRSV) and porcine circovirus (PCVs) are two major viruses that affect pigs. Coinfections between PRRSV and PCV2 are frequently reported in most outbreaks, with clinical presentations involving dyspnea, fever, reduced feed intake, weight loss, and death in fattening pigs. The NADC30-like PRRSV and PCV2d are the main circulating virus strains found in China. This study determines the impact of NADC30-like PRRSV and PCV2d mono-infection and coinfection on the immune system, organ pathology, and viral shedding in five-week-old post-weaned pigs. Pigs were randomly divided into six groups: PBS, PRRSV, PCV2, PRRSV-PCV2 coinfection (co), and PRRSV-PCV2 or PCV2-PRRSV sequential infections. Fever, dyspnea, decreased feed intake, weight loss, and pig deaths occurred in groups infected with PRRSV, Co-PRRSV-PCV2, and PRRSV-PCV2. The viral load was higher in Co-PRRSV-PCV2, PRRSV-PCV2, and PCV2-PRRSV than those mono-infected with PRRSV or PCV2. Additionally, cytokines (IFN-γ, TNF-α, IL-4, and IL-10) produced by pigs under Co-PRRSV-PCV2 and PRRSV-PCV2 groups were more intense than the other groups. Necropsy findings showed hemorrhage, emphysema, and pulmonary adhesions in the lungs of pigs infected with PRRSV. Smaller alveoli and widened lung interstitium were found in the Co-PRRSV-PCV2 and PRRSV-PCV2 groups. In conclusion, PRRSV and PCV2 coinfection and sequential infection significantly increased viral pathogenicity and cytokine responses, resulting in severe clinical signs, lung pathology, and death.
Topics: Animals; China; Circoviridae Infections; Circovirus; Coinfection; Female; Interleukin-10; Interleukin-4; Lung; Male; Porcine Reproductive and Respiratory Syndrome; Porcine respiratory and reproductive syndrome virus; Swine; Virulence
PubMed: 35215787
DOI: 10.3390/v14020193