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Canadian Medical Education Journal Nov 2023
Topics: Emotions; Behavior, Addictive; Heart Rate
PubMed: 38045083
DOI: 10.36834/cmej.78130 -
Journal of Medical Virology Jan 2023
Topics: Humans; COVID-19; Heart Rate; SARS-CoV-2
PubMed: 36203197
DOI: 10.1002/jmv.28194 -
Nigerian Journal of Clinical Practice Nov 2023The physical examination is a key part of a continuum that extends from the history of the present illness to the therapeutic outcome. An understanding of the... (Review)
Review
The physical examination is a key part of a continuum that extends from the history of the present illness to the therapeutic outcome. An understanding of the pathophysiological mechanism behind a physical sign is essential for arriving at the correct diagnosis. Early detection of deteriorating physical/vital signs and their appropriate interpretation is thus the key to achieve correct and timely management. By definition, vital signs are "the signs of life that may be monitored or measured, namely pulse rate, respiratory rate, body temperature, and blood pressure." Vital signs are the simplest, cheapest and probably the most inexpensive information gathered bedside in outpatient or hospitalized patients. The pulse oximeter was introduced in the 1980s. It is an accurate and non-invasive method for the measurement of arterial hemoglobin oxygen saturation (SaO2). Pulse oximetry-based arterial oxygen saturation can be effectively used bedside in in-hospital and ambulatory patients with diagnosed or suspected lung disease. The present pandemic of COVID-19 should be considered as a wake-up call. Articles related to arterial oxygen saturation and its importance as a vital sign in patient care were searched online especially in PubMed. Available studies were studied in full length and data was extracted. Discussion: A. Clinical Utility of Oxygen Saturation Monitoring: There are many studies reporting the clinical applicability and usefulness of pulse oximetry in the early detection of hypoxemic events during intraoperative and postoperative periods. B. Role of clinical expertise accompanied by knowledge of physiology: A diagnostic sign is useful only if it is interpreted accurately and applied appropriately while evaluating a patient. The World Health Organisation also appreciates these facts and published "The WHO Pulse Oximetry Training Manual." Understanding the physiology behind and overcoming limitations of the diagnostic sign by clinical expertise is important. While using pulse oximetry, a clinician needs to keep in mind the sigmoidal nature of the oxygen-Hb dissociation curve. Considering these benefits of SaO2 measurement, there have been several references in the past to consider oxygen saturation as the fifth vital sign. In the present pandemic oxygen saturation i.e., SpO2 (arterial oxygen saturation) measured by pulse oxymeter, has been the single most important warning and prognostic sign be it for households, offices, street vendors, hospitals or governments. Measurement of trends of SaO2 added with respiratory rate will provide clinicians with a holistic overview of respiratory functions and multidimensional conditions associated with hypoxemia.
Topics: Humans; Heart Rate; Hypoxia; Oximetry; Oxygen; Oxygen Saturation
PubMed: 38044759
DOI: 10.4103/njcp.njcp_2026_21 -
JAMA Jun 2022
Topics: Diagnostic Techniques, Cardiovascular; Heart Rate
PubMed: 35763006
DOI: 10.1001/jama.2021.17024 -
Advanced Materials (Deerfield Beach,... May 2022Cardiovascular diseases remain the leading cause of death worldwide. The rapid development of flexible sensing technologies and wearable pressure sensors have attracted... (Review)
Review
Cardiovascular diseases remain the leading cause of death worldwide. The rapid development of flexible sensing technologies and wearable pressure sensors have attracted keen research interest and have been widely used for long-term and real-time cardiovascular status monitoring. Owing to compelling characteristics, including light weight, wearing comfort, and high sensitivity to pulse pressures, physiological pulse waveforms can be precisely and continuously monitored by flexible pressure sensors for wearable health monitoring. Herein, an overview of wearable pressure sensors for human pulse wave monitoring is presented, with a focus on the transduction mechanism, microengineering structures, and related applications in pulse wave monitoring and cardiovascular condition assessment. The conceptualizations and methods for the acquisition of physiological and pathological information related to the cardiovascular system are outlined. The biomechanics of arterial pulse waves and the working mechanism of various wearable pressure sensors, including triboelectric, piezoelectric, magnetoelastic, piezoresistive, capacitive, and optical sensors, are also subject to systematic debate. Exemple applications of pulse wave measurement based on microengineering structured devices are then summarized. Finally, a discussion of the opportunities and challenges that wearable pressure sensors face, as well as their potential as a wearable intelligent system for personalized healthcare is given in conclusion.
Topics: Blood Pressure; Heart Rate; Humans; Monitoring, Physiologic; Pulse; Wearable Electronic Devices
PubMed: 35044014
DOI: 10.1002/adma.202109357 -
Einstein (Sao Paulo, Brazil) 2023The World Health Organization and Centers for Disease Control and Prevention recommend the use of face masks in public. This study aimed to evaluate the effects of face...
OBJECTIVE
The World Health Organization and Centers for Disease Control and Prevention recommend the use of face masks in public. This study aimed to evaluate the effects of face masks on pulse rate and partial blood oxygen saturation in patients without cardiorespiratory disorders.
METHODS
A total of 150 volunteers of both sexes were divided into three groups (n=50) according to age (children, young adults, and older adults). The partial blood oxygen saturation and pulse rate were measured for each volunteer using a digital oximeter while wearing a facial mask and remaining at rest. The masks were removed for two minutes, and partial blood oxygen saturation and pulse rate were remeasured. The materials and types of masks used were recorded. The t -test for paired samples was used to compare the mean values obtained before and after removing the masks.
RESULTS
The most frequently used mask was a two-layered cloth (64.7%). A decrease in pulse rate was observed after removing the face mask in males, particularly in children (p=0.006) and young adults (p=0.034). Partial blood oxygen saturation levels increased in young adult males after mask removal (p=0.01).
CONCLUSION
The two-layer cotton tissue face masks are associated with a higher pulse rate and reduced arterial blood oxygen saturation without associated clinical disorders, mainly in adult men with a lower tolerance to breathing and ear discomfort.
Topics: Male; Child; Female; Young Adult; Humans; Aged; Masks; Heart Rate; Lung; Oxygen
PubMed: 37970950
DOI: 10.31744/einstein_journal/2023AO0349 -
The Journal of Neuroscience : the... Jan 2022Previous studies have shown that timing of sensory stimulation during the cardiac cycle interacts with perception. Given the natural coupling of respiration and cardiac...
Previous studies have shown that timing of sensory stimulation during the cardiac cycle interacts with perception. Given the natural coupling of respiration and cardiac activity, we investigated here their joint effects on tactile perception. Forty-one healthy female and male human participants reported conscious perception of finger near-threshold electrical pulses (33% null trials) and decision confidence while electrocardiography, respiratory activity, and finger photoplethysmography were recorded. Participants adapted their respiratory cycle to expected stimulus onsets to preferentially occur during late inspiration/early expiration. This closely matched heart rate variation (sinus arrhythmia) across the respiratory cycle such that most frequent stimulation onsets occurred during the period of highest heart rate probably indicating highest alertness and cortical excitability. Tactile detection rate was highest during the first quadrant after expiration onset. Interindividually, stronger respiratory phase-locking to the task was associated with higher detection rates. Regarding the cardiac cycle, we confirmed previous findings that tactile detection rate was higher during diastole than systole and newly specified its minimum at 250-300 ms after the R-peak corresponding to the pulse wave arrival in the finger. Expectation of stimulation induced a transient heart deceleration which was more pronounced for unconfident decision ratings. Interindividually, stronger poststimulus modulations of heart rate were linked to higher detection rates. In summary, we demonstrate how tuning to the respiratory cycle and integration of respiratory-cardiac signals are used to optimize performance of a tactile detection task. Mechanistic studies on perception and cognition tend to focus on the brain neglecting contributions of the body. Here, we investigated how respiration and heartbeat influence tactile perception: respiration phase-locking to expected stimulus onsets corresponds to highest heart rate (and presumably alertness/cortical excitability) and correlates with detection performance. Tactile detection varies across the heart cycle with a minimum when the pulse reaches the finger and a maximum in diastole. Taken together with our previous finding of unchanged early event-related potentials across the cardiac cycle, we conclude that these effects are not a peripheral physiological artifact but a result of cognitive processes that model our body's internal state, make predictions to guide behavior, and might also tune respiration to serve the task.
Topics: Adult; Consciousness; Decision Making; Evoked Potentials, Somatosensory; Female; Heart Rate; Humans; Male; Photic Stimulation; Physical Stimulation; Respiratory Mechanics; Touch Perception; Young Adult
PubMed: 34853084
DOI: 10.1523/JNEUROSCI.0592-21.2021 -
IEEE Journal of Biomedical and Health... May 2021The main aim of this work is to identify alterations in the morphology of the pulse photoplethysmogram (PPG) signal, due to the exposure of the subjects to a hyperbaric...
The main aim of this work is to identify alterations in the morphology of the pulse photoplethysmogram (PPG) signal, due to the exposure of the subjects to a hyperbaric environment. Additionally, their Pulse Rate Variability (PRV) is analysed to characterise the response of their Autonomic Nervous System (ANS). To do that, 28 volunteers are introduced into a hyperbaric chamber and five sequential stages with different atmospheric pressures from 1 atm to 5 atm are performed. In this work, nineteen morphological parameters of the PPG signal are analysed: the pulse amplitude; eight parameters related to pulse width; eight parameters related to pulse area; and the two two pulse slopes. Also, classical time and frequency parameters of PRV are computed. Notable widening of the pulses width is observed in the stages analysed. The PPG area increases with pressure, with no significant changes when the initial pressure is recovered. These changes in PPG waveform may be caused by an increase in the systemic vascular resistance as a consequence of of vasoconstriction in the extremities, suggesting a sympathetic activation. However, the PRV results show an augmented parasympathetic activity and a reduction in the parameters that characterise the sympathetic response. So, only a sympathetic activation is detected in the peripheral region, as reflected by PPG morphology. The information regarding the ANS and the cardiovascular response that can be extracted from the PPG signal, as well as its compatibility with wet conditions make this signal the most suitable for studying the physiological response in hyperbaric environments.
Topics: Autonomic Nervous System; Extremities; Heart Rate; Humans; Photoplethysmography; Pulse; Signal Processing, Computer-Assisted; Vital Signs
PubMed: 32870804
DOI: 10.1109/JBHI.2020.3020743 -
Annual International Conference of the... Jul 2022Monitoring of heart rate in patients in the general ward is necessary to assess the clinical situation of the patient. Currently, this is done via spot-checks on pulse...
Monitoring of heart rate in patients in the general ward is necessary to assess the clinical situation of the patient. Currently, this is done via spot-checks on pulse rate manually or on heart rate using Electrocardiogram (ECG) by nurses. More frequent measurements would allow early detection of adverse cardiac events. In this work, we investigate a contactless measurement setup combined with a signal processing pipeline, which is based on speckle vibrometry (SV), to perform contactless heart rate monitoring of human subjects in a supine position, mimicking a resting scenario in the general ward. Our results demonstrate the feasibility of extracting heart rate with SV through varying textile thicknesses (i.e., 8 mm, 32 mm and 64 mm), with an error smaller than 3 beats per minute on average compared to the ground-truth heart rate derived from ECG.
Topics: Electrocardiography; Heart; Heart Rate; Humans; Monitoring, Physiologic; Signal Processing, Computer-Assisted
PubMed: 36086409
DOI: 10.1109/EMBC48229.2022.9871712 -
IEEE Reviews in Biomedical Engineering 2023Optical pulse detection 'photoplethysmography' (PPG) provides a means of low cost and unobtrusive physiological monitoring that is popular in many wearable devices.... (Review)
Review
Optical pulse detection 'photoplethysmography' (PPG) provides a means of low cost and unobtrusive physiological monitoring that is popular in many wearable devices. However, the accuracy, robustness and generalizability of single-wavelength PPG sensing are sensitive to biological characteristics as well as sensor configuration and placement; this is significant given the increasing adoption of single-wavelength wrist-worn PPG devices in clinical studies and healthcare. Since different wavelengths interact with the skin to varying degrees, researchers have explored the use of multi-wavelength PPG to improve sensing accuracy, robustness and generalizability. This paper contributes a novel and comprehensive state-of-the-art review of wearable multi-wavelength PPG sensing, encompassing motion artifact reduction and estimation of physiological parameters. The paper also encompasses theoretical details about multi-wavelength PPG sensing and the effects of biological characteristics. The review findings highlight the promising developments in motion artifact reduction using multi-wavelength approaches, the effects of skin temperature on PPG sensing, the need for improved diversity in PPG sensing studies and the lack of studies that investigate the combined effects of factors. Recommendations are made for the standardization and completeness of reporting in terms of study design, sensing technology and participant characteristics.
Topics: Humans; Wrist; Monitoring, Physiologic; Wearable Electronic Devices; Photoplethysmography; Heart Rate; Signal Processing, Computer-Assisted; Algorithms
PubMed: 34669577
DOI: 10.1109/RBME.2021.3121476