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Zhonghua Yi Xue Za Zhi Aug 2023Rabies is a severe infectious disease caused by the rabies virus, which seriously damages the central nervous system. Once it occurs, the fatality rate is close to 100%....
Rabies is a severe infectious disease caused by the rabies virus, which seriously damages the central nervous system. Once it occurs, the fatality rate is close to 100%. The World Health Organization's position paper on rabies vaccines recognizes that rabies immunoglobulin (RIG) should be used for post-exposure prophylaxis (PEP) in all category Ⅲ exposure for the first time, as well as in category Ⅱ exposure that suffer from severe immune deficiency, long-term massive use of immunosuppressants, and head and face exposure. The anti-rabies virus monoclonal antibody has high purity and specific activity, can be produced on a sustainable scale, and has no risk of blood source virus contamination. Preclinical pharmacodynamic studies and clinical trial results of the anti-rabies virus monoclonal antibody preparation have confirmed that the preparation has a broad-spectrum neutralization effect on the rabies virus. Additionally, its combined application with the vaccine has little impact on the active immunity of the vaccine. Therefore, the anti-rabies virus monoclonal antibody preparation shows great potential for clinical application in PEP.
Topics: Humans; Rabies; Rabies virus; Rabies Vaccines; Immunosuppressive Agents; Antibodies, Monoclonal; Antibodies, Viral
PubMed: 37491162
DOI: 10.3760/cma.j.cn112137-20230307-00341 -
BMC Infectious Diseases Mar 2020Rabies is a deadly preventable viral disease that affects all warm-blooded animals and widespread in many regions including Africa. The disease remains of major public...
BACKGROUND
Rabies is a deadly preventable viral disease that affects all warm-blooded animals and widespread in many regions including Africa. The disease remains of major public health importance in Uganda. The purpose of this study was to establish Knowledge, Attitude, Practice (KAP) of Rabies in Moyo and Ntoroko districts and to characterize Rabies virus (RABV) strains from seven districts of Uganda with consistent prevalence of rabies.
METHODS
KAP survey data were collected based on animal biting history by interviewing the head of the veterinary departments, the medical centers and selected households from the study sites. Data were obtained from 84 households in Ntoroko and Moyo districts. Thirty-five (35) brain samples were collected from bovine, dogs, goats, foxes, jackals ad sheep between 2011 and 2013. Samples were tested using fluorescent antibody test (FAT), One step RT-PCR (following RNA extraction) and partial RABV N gene was sequenced by Sanger method before phylogenetic and phylogeographic analyses of sequences.
RESULTS
Scarcity of post-exposure prophylaxis services in the health centers was noted. Poor attitude of wound washing and deficiency of knowledge on how to handle wounds related to dog bites and the significance among household participants lacked. There is a high risk of rabies infection due to a limited dog's vaccination. Dog biting episodes in humans were of 75.00 and 62.50% in Moyo and Ntoroko districts respectively. Twenty-seven (27) samples tested positive for rabies by FAT and PCR. Ugandan sequences were closely related (97% nucleotide id) to the rabies virus sequences from Tanzania, Rwanda, Burundi, Nigeria, Central African Republic and Sudan with both the "Africa 1A" and "Africa 1B" RABV clades represented. A putative new clade 1D was also detected.
CONCLUSIONS
Rabies remains a public health hazard in Uganda. There is urgent need to establish advocacy programs in both schools and communities to curtail the spread of rabies. Increasing the knowledge regarding wound washing, post-exposure prophylaxis and dogs vaccination would enhance prevention of rabies. A strong collaboration between medical and veterinary sectors under a one health platform is required to ensure sufficient preventative services to the communities.
Topics: Adolescent; Adult; Animals; Bites and Stings; Brain; Child; Dog Diseases; Dogs; Female; Health Knowledge, Attitudes, Practice; Humans; Male; Phylogeny; Phylogeography; Post-Exposure Prophylaxis; RNA, Viral; Rabies; Rabies virus; Uganda; Young Adult
PubMed: 32143593
DOI: 10.1186/s12879-020-4934-y -
Biotechnology and Applied Biochemistry Aug 2022Rabies virus as a neurotropic agent causes rabies in humans and animals. Rabies virus transmission usually occurs through direct contact with saliva of rabid animals.... (Review)
Review
Rabies virus as a neurotropic agent causes rabies in humans and animals. Rabies virus transmission usually occurs through direct contact with saliva of rabid animals. However, serological and molecular tests commonly are used in diagnosing rabies but all the detection methods of rabies have some limitations. It is necessary to develop a rapid, effective, and low-cost biosensor as an alternative tool to detect rabies virus. In this review, we studied related biosensor researches to rabies virus detection for comparing it with other detection test including serological and molecular methods. Given that very limited studies have been conducted in this field, biosensors as quick, effective, and high sensitivity tools can be used in diagnostic of rabies as an alternative tool instead of other detection methods. According to the important role of rapid detection of rabies in the control of infection and public health measures, development of a biosensor as a quick tool can be very significant in the diagnosis of rabies.
Topics: Animals; Biosensing Techniques; Humans; Rabies; Rabies virus
PubMed: 34056785
DOI: 10.1002/bab.2207 -
Transboundary and Emerging Diseases Jul 2022Dog-mediated rabies is responsible for approximately 60,000 human deaths annually worldwide. Although dog slaughter for human consumption and its potential risk for...
Dog-mediated rabies is responsible for approximately 60,000 human deaths annually worldwide. Although dog slaughter for human consumption and its potential risk for rabies transmission has been reported, mainly in some parts of Western Africa and South-East Asia, more information on this and factors that influence dog meat consumption is required for a better understanding from places like Ghana where the practice is common. We tested 144 brain tissues from apparently healthy dogs slaughtered for human consumption for the presence of rabies viruses using a Lyssavirus-specific real-Time RT-PCR. Positive samples were confirmed by virus genome sequencing. We also administered questionnaires to 541 dog owners from three regions in Ghana and evaluated factors that could influence dog meat consumption. We interacted with butchers and observed slaughtering and meat preparation procedures. Three out of 144 (2.1%) brain tissues from apparently healthy dogs tested positive for rabies virus RNA. Two of the viruses with complete genomes were distinct from one another, but both belonged to the Africa 2 lineage. The third virus with a partial genome fragment had high sequence identity to the other two and also belonged to the Africa 2 lineage. Almost half of the study participants practiced dog consumption [49% (265/541)]. Males were almost twice (cOR = 1.72, 95% CI (1.17-2.52), p-value = .006) as likely to consume dog meat compared to females. Likewise, the Frafra tribe from northern Ghana [cOR = 825.1, 95% CI (185.3-3672.9), p-value < .0001] and those with non-specific tribes [cOR = 47.05, 95% CI (10.18-217.41), p-value < .0001] presented with higher odds of dog consumption compared to Ewes. The butchers used bare hands in meat preparation. This study demonstrates the presence of rabies virus RNA in apparently healthy dogs slaughtered for human consumption in Ghana and suggests a potential risk for rabies transmission. Veterinary departments and local assemblies are recommended to monitor and regulate this practice.
Topics: Animals; Dog Diseases; Dogs; Female; Ghana; Humans; Male; Meat; RNA; Rabies; Rabies virus; Sheep; Sheep Diseases
PubMed: 34331389
DOI: 10.1111/tbed.14266 -
Viruses Jan 2022A specialized and fine-tuned immune response of bats upon infection with viruses is believed to provide the basis for a "friendly" coexistence with these pathogens,... (Review)
Review
A specialized and fine-tuned immune response of bats upon infection with viruses is believed to provide the basis for a "friendly" coexistence with these pathogens, which are often lethal for humans and other mammals. First insights into the immunity of bats suggest that bats have evolved to possess their own strategies to cope with viral infections. Yet, the molecular details for this innocuous coexistence remain poorly described and bat infection models are the key to unveiling these secrets. In Jamaican fruit bats , a New World bat species, infection experiments with its (putative) natural viral pathogens Tacaribe virus (TCRV), rabies virus (RABV), and the bat influenza A virus (IAV) H18N11, have contributed to an accurate, though still incomplete, representation of the bat-imposed immunity. Surprisingly, though many aspects of their innate and adaptive immune responses differ from that of the human immune response, such as a contraction of the IFN locus and reduction in the number of immunoglobulin subclasses, variations could also be observed between Jamaican fruit bats and other bat species.
Topics: Adaptive Immunity; Animals; Arenaviridae Infections; Arenaviruses, New World; Chiroptera; Immunity, Innate; Influenza A virus; Orthomyxoviridae Infections; Rabies; Rabies virus; Virome; Virus Diseases
PubMed: 35215832
DOI: 10.3390/v14020238 -
Archives of Virology Nov 2019Rabies remains a public health threat in China, and most transmissions are dog-mediated. In this study, we studied 31 clinically diagnosed human rabies patients that had...
Rabies remains a public health threat in China, and most transmissions are dog-mediated. In this study, we studied 31 clinically diagnosed human rabies patients that had been scratched or bitten by dogs. Real-time reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-qPCR) and nested RT-PCR were performed on saliva samples or cerebrospinal fluid, and samples from 28 patients tested positive for rabies virus. A total of one near-complete genome sequence, 15 complete glycoprotein (G) gene sequences, and five partial G gene sequences were determined. Phylogenetic analysis was performed, based on complete G gene sequences, using the maximum-likelihood method. The results indicated that the isolates belonged to the lyssavirus genotype I lineage and China I lineage. The Chinese rabies virus can be divided into six major lineages. The China I lineage was the dominant clade and could be divided into four subclades. Isolates 17HN19, 17HN75, and 18HN162 fell within clade IC subgroup, and the other isolates were assigned to the clade IA subgroup. This study provides epidemiological and genetic information on rabies incidence in humans.
Topics: Adolescent; Adult; Aged; Animals; Cerebrospinal Fluid; Child; China; Dog Diseases; Dogs; Female; Genome, Viral; Humans; Male; Middle Aged; Phylogeny; Rabies; Rabies virus; Saliva; Young Adult
PubMed: 31471723
DOI: 10.1007/s00705-019-04388-6 -
Viruses Nov 2020As countries with endemic canine rabies progress towards elimination by 2030, it will become necessary to employ techniques to help plan, monitor, and confirm canine...
As countries with endemic canine rabies progress towards elimination by 2030, it will become necessary to employ techniques to help plan, monitor, and confirm canine rabies elimination. Sequencing can provide critical information to inform control and vaccination strategies by identifying genetically distinct virus variants that may have different host reservoir species or geographic distributions. However, many rabies testing laboratories lack the resources or expertise for sequencing, especially in remote or rural areas where human rabies deaths are highest. We developed a low-cost, high throughput rabies virus sequencing method using the Oxford Nanopore MinION portable sequencer. A total of 259 sequences were generated from diverse rabies virus isolates in public health laboratories lacking rabies virus sequencing capacity in Guatemala, India, Kenya, and Vietnam. Phylogenetic analysis provided valuable insight into rabies virus diversity and distribution in these countries and identified a new rabies virus lineage in Kenya, the first published canine rabies virus sequence from Guatemala, evidence of rabies spread across an international border in Vietnam, and importation of a rabid dog into a state working to become rabies-free in India. Taken together, our evaluation highlights the MinION's potential for low-cost, high volume sequencing of pathogens in locations with limited resources.
Topics: Animals; Diagnostic Equipment; Dog Diseases; Dogs; Endemic Diseases; Guatemala; Humans; India; Kenya; Nanopores; Phylogeny; Public Health; Rabies; Rabies virus; Sequence Analysis, DNA; Vietnam
PubMed: 33158200
DOI: 10.3390/v12111255 -
Journal of Chemical Neuroanatomy Dec 2019Monosynaptic tracing using deletion-mutant rabies virus allows whole-brain mapping of neurons that are directly presynaptic to a targeted population of neurons. The most...
Monosynaptic tracing using deletion-mutant rabies virus allows whole-brain mapping of neurons that are directly presynaptic to a targeted population of neurons. The most common and robust way of implementing it is to use Cre mouse lines in combination with Cre-dependent adeno-associated viral vectors for expression of the required genes in the targeted neurons before subsequent injection of the rabies virus. Here we present a step-by-step protocol for performing such experiments using first-generation (ΔG) rabies viral vectors.
Topics: Brain; Neuroanatomical Tract-Tracing Techniques; Neuronal Tract-Tracers; Neurons; Rabies virus
PubMed: 31408693
DOI: 10.1016/j.jchemneu.2019.101661 -
Journal of Zoo and Wildlife Medicine :... Jan 2023Rabies has rarely been described in Xenarthra, and rabies vaccine response has not been documented. A southern tamandua () presented with nonspecific clinical signs and...
Rabies has rarely been described in Xenarthra, and rabies vaccine response has not been documented. A southern tamandua () presented with nonspecific clinical signs and was euthanatized. Subsequently, immunohistochemistry and RT-PCR confirmed a rabies diagnosis. Following these tests, a group of eight captive tamanduas were vaccinated with a killed rabies vaccine, and titers were measured at the time of vaccination and 23 d later. One animal had day 0 titers suggestive of previous vaccination or exposure. All animals had detectable neutralizing rabies virus antibody titers after vaccination, but one animal failed to meet the World Organization for Animal Health's definition for adequate vaccination (≥0.5 IU/ml), and two other animals had low antibody titers (0.56 and 0.6 IU/ml). Rabies should be considered as a possible cause of illness in tamanduas, and rabies vaccination may be a useful preventative measure when anthropic interaction through medical care or ambassador roles is occurring.
Topics: Animals; Rabies; Rabies Vaccines; Vermilingua; Antibodies, Neutralizing; Vaccination; Xenarthra; Vaccines, Inactivated; Antibodies, Viral; Rabies virus
PubMed: 36640082
DOI: 10.1638/2022-0017 -
Vector Borne and Zoonotic Diseases... Sep 2023Australian bat lyssavirus (ABLV) is a negative-sense, single-stranded RNA rhabdovirus capable of causing fatal acute encephalitis in humans with similar pathogenesis to... (Review)
Review
Australian bat lyssavirus (ABLV) is a negative-sense, single-stranded RNA rhabdovirus capable of causing fatal acute encephalitis in humans with similar pathogenesis to its closest serologic relative, rabies virus (RABV). In this review, we describe emergence and classification of ABLV, its known virology, reservoirs, and hosts, as well as both the pathogenesis and treatment approaches currently employed for presumed infections. ABLV was first identified in New South Wales, Australia in 1996 and emerged in humans months later in Queensland, Australia. Only five known bat reservoirs, all of which fall within the and genera, have been identified to date. Although ABLV antigens have been identified in bats located outside of Australia, the three known human ABLV infections to date have occurred within Australia. As such, there remains a potential for ABLV to expand its presence within and beyond Australia. ABLV infections are currently treated as if they were RABV infections by administering neutralizing antibodies against RABV at the site of the wound and employing the rabies vaccine upon possible exposures. Due to its recent emergence, there is still much left unknown about ABLV, posing concerns with how to safely and effectively address current and future ABLV infections.
Topics: Humans; Animals; Australia; Rhabdoviridae Infections; Lyssavirus; Rabies virus; Tropism; Chiroptera
PubMed: 37335942
DOI: 10.1089/vbz.2022.0089