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International Archives of Occupational... Sep 2022The effects of electromagnetic fields of mobile phones on headaches have attracted researchers during the last decades. However, contradictory results have been... (Meta-Analysis)
Meta-Analysis
PURPOSE
The effects of electromagnetic fields of mobile phones on headaches have attracted researchers during the last decades. However, contradictory results have been reported so far.
METHODS
In this systematic review and meta-analysis, major databases including PubMed, Scopus and Web of Science were searched using suitable search terms and PRISMA guidelines to retrieve eligible studies for the effect of mobile phone use on headache. After the abstract and full-text screening, 33 studies were retrieved and the effect size in terms of odds ratio (OR) was extracted. Between-study heterogeneity was assessed using I statistic and Q test, while publication bias was evaluated by funnel plot and Egger's and Begg's tests.
RESULTS
Among 33 eligible studies, 30 eligible studies were included in the meta-analysis. When considering all studies, the pooled effect size of OR = 1.30(95% CI 1.21-1.39) was obtained, while the heterogeneity between studies was significant. Subgroup analyses by considering the age of participants and EMF exposure duration were performed to find the source of heterogeneity. The odds ratios when the age of participants was the variable were 1.33 (95% CI 1.14-1.53) and 1.29 (95% CI 1.20-1.37), for ages > 18 and age ≤ 18 years, respectively. When EMF exposure duration was considered, subgroup analysis obtained the pooled effect size of OR = 1.41(95% CI 1.22-1.61) and 1.23(95% CI 1.12-1.34), for EMF exposure duration > 100 and ≤ 100 minutes per week, respectively. The pooled effect sizes emphasized the effect of mobile phone use on headaches for all ages and exposure durations.
CONCLUSION
Results revealed that age and exposure duration (mainly call duration), both were the source of heterogeneity between studies. Furthermore, results showed that increasing call duration and mobile phone use in older individuals increased the risk of headache.
Topics: Adolescent; Aged; Cell Phone; Electromagnetic Fields; Electromagnetic Radiation; Headache; Humans
PubMed: 35064837
DOI: 10.1007/s00420-022-01835-x -
Expert Review of Hematology Jan 2021Electromagnetic waves play indispensable roles in life. Many studies addressed the outcomes of Electromagnetic field (EMF) on various biological functions such as cell... (Review)
Review
INTRODUCTION
Electromagnetic waves play indispensable roles in life. Many studies addressed the outcomes of Electromagnetic field (EMF) on various biological functions such as cell proliferation, gene expression, epigenetic alterations, genotoxic, and carcinogenic effects, and its therapeutic applications in medicine. The impact of EMF on bone marrow (BM) is of high importance; however, EMF effects on BM hematopoiesis are not well understood.
AREAS COVERED
Publications in English were searched in ISI Web of Knowledge and Google Scholar with no restriction on publication date. A literature review has been conducted on the consequences of EMF exposure on BM non-hematopoietic stem cells, mesenchymal stem cells, and the application of these waves in regenerative medicine. Human blood cells such as lymphocytes, red blood cells and their precursors are altered qualitatively and quantitatively following electromagnetic radiation. Therefore, studying the impact of EMF on related signaling pathways in hematopoiesis and hematopoietic stem cell (HSC) differentiation could give a better insight into its efficacy on hematopoiesis and its potential therapeutic usage.
EXPERT OPINION
In this review, authors evaluated the possible biologic consequences of EMF on the hematopoiesis process in addition to its probable application in the treatment of hematologic disorders.
Topics: Animals; Electromagnetic Radiation; Hematopoiesis; Hematopoietic Stem Cells; Humans; Magnetic Field Therapy; Signal Transduction
PubMed: 32951483
DOI: 10.1080/17474086.2020.1826301 -
Materials Horizons Apr 2022Photon upconversion in lanthanide-based materials has recently shown compelling advantages in a wide range of fields due to their exceptional anti-Stokes luminescence... (Review)
Review
Photon upconversion in lanthanide-based materials has recently shown compelling advantages in a wide range of fields due to their exceptional anti-Stokes luminescence performances and physicochemical properties. In particular, the latest breakthroughs in the optical manipulation of photon upconversion, such as the precise tuning of switchable emission profiles and lifetimes, open up new opportunities for diverse frontier applications from biological imaging to therapy, nanophotonics and three-dimensional displays. A summary and discussion on the recent progress can provide new insights into the fundamental understanding of luminescence mechanisms and also help to inspire new upconversion concepts and promote their frontier applications. Herein, we present a review on the state-of-the-art progress of lanthanide-based upconversion materials, focusing on the newly emerging approaches to the smart control of upconversion in aspects of light intensity, colors, and lifetimes, as well as new concepts. The emerging scientific and technological discoveries based on the well-designed upconversion materials are highlighted and discussed, along with the challenges and future perspectives. This review will contribute to the understanding of the fundamental research of photon upconversion and further promote the development of new classes of efficient upconversion materials towards diversities of frontier applications in the future.
Topics: Lanthanoid Series Elements; Luminescence; Nanoparticles; Photons
PubMed: 35084000
DOI: 10.1039/d1mh01654g -
Drug and Chemical Toxicology May 2022Radiofrequency radiation (RFR) is a type of non-ionizing electromagnetic radiation that includes radiowaves and microwaves with a frequency range between 3 KHz and...
Radiofrequency radiation (RFR) is a type of non-ionizing electromagnetic radiation that includes radiowaves and microwaves with a frequency range between 3 KHz and 300 GHz. Mobile phones operate with RFR and are used tremendously resulting in increased and continuous exposure of humans to these radiations. On the other hand, nanoparticles are also being used extensively in various fields. The increasing use of radiofrequency radiations and nanoparticles has become a concern to the general public. Not many studies have reported the cumulative effect of these stressors. Hence, the present investigation was aimed to find out their cumulative effect on the mammalian system. In this study manganese nanoparticles (MNPs) were synthesized and characterized. Adult male Wistar rats were exposed to MNPs and mobile phone radiation for 45 days and their separate, as well as cumulative impact, was investigated. The effect of the MNPs and RFR on liver, kidney, and reproductive parameters were studied. Histopathology as well as liver and kidney parameters were altered when exposed to MNPs and RFR separately. However, their combined treatment did not show a synergistic toxic response in liver and kidney functions which may be due to the fact that the radiation level is low, specific absorption rate (SAR) is subthermal (0.04 W/kg) and liver and kidney are located intra abdominally, hence they would absorb comparatively lesser radiation than the testicles. MNPs and RFR both caused a highly significant decrease in sperm count, which further decreased in the combined treatment (MNPs + RFR). These results indicate that the combined treatment of these stressors can have an additive toxic response to the male reproductive system.
Topics: Animals; Cell Phone; Male; Mammals; Manganese; Nanoparticles; Radio Waves; Rats; Rats, Wistar
PubMed: 33111595
DOI: 10.1080/01480545.2020.1833905 -
The New Zealand Medical Journal Aug 2019The issues of real or suspected health effects of radiofrequency fields, produced by cellphones, their base stations and many other devices, are complex and... (Review)
Review
The issues of real or suspected health effects of radiofrequency fields, produced by cellphones, their base stations and many other devices, are complex and controversial. We believe that the most balanced and valid assessments of these issues are given by the extensive reports produced by reputable, multidisciplinary, expert groups. These use the principles of a comprehensive review to assess all available published literature and form their conclusions by consideration of the strength of the evidence from the available studies. This paper provides links to several of these reports, and shows how others can be accessed. These reports are large and complex, but freely available on websites. We summarise the most recent New Zealand report, which itself refers to and summarises many other reports. The scientific literature on these issues is enormous, particularly in animal and laboratory studies. There are some comprehensive reviews of these, demonstrating that the quality of the studies is very variable, and that, for example, results claiming to show increased genetic damage or other biological effects are much more common in studies of low quality, whereas higher-quality studies predominantly show no significant effects. Thus, while there are many reports which in isolation suggest health effects, there is no consistent evidence supporting important health effects caused by low intensities of radiofrequencies similar to those experienced by the general population. There are certainly many unanswered questions, and new studies need to be assessed carefully and replicated where possible. Thus, expert groups in several countries including New Zealand need to continue to regularly review new studies.
Topics: Electromagnetic Radiation; Environmental Exposure; Humans; New Zealand; Public Health
PubMed: 31465329
DOI: No ID Found -
International Microbiology : the... Nov 2023The study of the effects of the magnetic field (MF) on living matter continues to be a dilemma. Until now, the interaction mechanisms of MF with living matter that...
The study of the effects of the magnetic field (MF) on living matter continues to be a dilemma. Until now, the interaction mechanisms of MF with living matter that explain the observed phenomena are unknown. Despite the existing literature and the multiple effects described to date, there are few published articles that study the combined effect of MF with other physical agents during the cellular aging process. In this sense, the aim of this work is to study whether low frequency and intensity pulsed and sinusoidal MF exposure produce alterations in the cell killing effect of ultraviolet C (UVC) radiation and thermal shock during the chronological aging of S. cerevisiae. Yeast cells were exposed to 2.45 mT (50 Hz) sinusoidal MF and 1.5 mT (25 Hz) pulsed MF, during 40 days of aging, in combination with UVC radiation (50 J/m) and/or thermal shock (52°C). Cell survival was evaluated by clonogenic assay. The exposure of yeast to pulsed MF produces an acceleration of aging, which is not observed in cells exposed to sinusoidal MF. The pulsed MF modifies the cellular response to damaging agents only in aged S. cerevisiae cells. In this sense, the pulsed MF applied increases the damage induced by UVC radiation and by thermal shock. In contrast, the sinusoidal MF used has no effect.
Topics: Saccharomyces cerevisiae; Magnetic Fields; Ultraviolet Rays; Cell Survival
PubMed: 36997813
DOI: 10.1007/s10123-023-00352-2 -
Annals of Agricultural and... Dec 2023Mobile phones and Wi-Fi are the most commonly used forms of telecommunications. Initiated with the first generation, the mobile telephony is currently in its fifth...
INTRODUCTION AND OBJECTIVE
Mobile phones and Wi-Fi are the most commonly used forms of telecommunications. Initiated with the first generation, the mobile telephony is currently in its fifth generation without being screened extensively for any biological effects that it may have on humans or on animals. Some studies indicate that high frequency electromagnetic radiation emitted by mobile phone and Wi-Fi connection can have a negative effect upon human health, and can cause cancer, including brain tumour.
OBJECTIVE
The aim of the study was to investigate the influence of 2.4 GHz radiofrequency electromagnetic field (RF-EMF) on the proliferation and morphology of normal (human embryonic kidney cell line Hek-293) and cancer cells (glioblastoma cell line U-118 MG).
MATERIAL AND METHODS
The cell cultures were incubated in RF-EMF at the frequency of 2.4 GHz, with or without dielectric screen, for 24, 48 and 72h. In order to analyse the influence of the electromagnetic field on cell lines, Cytotoxicity test Cell Counting Kit-8 was performed. To protect cells against emission of the electromagnetic field, a dielectric screen was used.
RESULTS
It was found that 2.4 GHz RF electromagnetic field exposure caused a significant decrease in viability of U-118 MG and Hek-293 cells. The impact of the electromagnetic field was strongest in the case of cancer cells, and the decrease in their survival was much greater compared to the healthy (normal) cells of the Hek-293 line.
CONCLUSIONS
Results of the study indicate that using a radio frequency electromagnetic field (2.4 GHz) has a clearly negative effect on the metabolic activity of glioblastoma cells. RF-EMF has much less impact on reducing the viability of normal cells (Hek -293) than cancer cells.
Topics: Animals; Humans; Electromagnetic Fields; Glioblastoma; Environmental Exposure; HEK293 Cells; Radio Waves
PubMed: 38153083
DOI: 10.26444/aaem/176405 -
Bioelectromagnetics Jan 2023Medical Physics Department (Medical School, University of Thessaly) participated in a Greek National EMF research program (EDBM34) with the scope to measure and evaluate...
Medical Physics Department (Medical School, University of Thessaly) participated in a Greek National EMF research program (EDBM34) with the scope to measure and evaluate radiofrequency (RF) exposure (27-3000 MHz) in areas of sensitive land use. A thousand (1000) measurements were carried out at two "metropolitan locations" (Athens and Thessaloniki: 624 points) and several rest urban/rural locations (376 points). SRM 3006 spectrum analyzer manufactured by Narda Safety Test Solutions was used. The broadband mean electric field in metropolitan areas was 0.41 V/m, while in the rest of Greece was 0.36 V/m. In metropolitan areas, the predominant RF source was the TV and Radio FM signals (36.2% mean contribution to the total RF exposure level). In the rest areas, the predominant source was the systems of the meteorological and military/defensive service (31.1%). The mobile sector contributed 14.9% in metropolitan areas versus 12.2% in the rest of Greece. The predominant mobile source was 900 MHz in both cases (4.5% in metropolitan areas vs. 3.3% in the rest of Greece). The total exposure from all RF sources complied with the International Commission on Non-Ionizing Radiation Protection (ICNIRP) 2020 safety guidelines [ICNIRP, 2020]. The maximum exposure level was 0.129% of the limit for the metropolitan areas vs. 0.110% for the rest of Greece. Nonremarkable differences between metropolitan areas' exposure and the rest of Greece. In most cases, new 5 G antennas will be added to the existing base stations. Thus, the total exposure may be increased, leading to higher safety distances. © 2023 Bioelectromagnetics Society.
Topics: Greece; Electromagnetic Fields; Environmental Exposure; Radio Waves; Electricity; Cell Phone
PubMed: 36786436
DOI: 10.1002/bem.22434 -
Small (Weinheim An Der Bergstrasse,... Mar 2021Upconversion nanoparticles (UCNPs) have gone beyond traditional fluorophores in a lot of fields due to the outstanding features such as sharp excitation and emission... (Review)
Review
Upconversion nanoparticles (UCNPs) have gone beyond traditional fluorophores in a lot of fields due to the outstanding features such as sharp excitation and emission bands, chemical and photo stability of high quality, low auto fluorescence, and high tissue permeation depth of the near-infrared irradiation light used for excitation. Conventional UCNPs carrying single/multiple emissions under a single excitation wavelength can be only employed in concurrent activation, orthogonal emissive upconversion nanoparticles (OUCNPs) with the emissions, a kind of luminescence reliant on excitation, in which by switching the external excitation different lanthanide activators can adopt independent way to control the emission, is more like an ideal UCNPs nanoplatform which can switch their activated emissions depending upon the different application for which it is used at the right time when necessary. This review summaries what has been achieved on the synthesis optimization of designed OUCNPs in recent years and sums up various applications including bioimaging, photo-switching, and programmable control process. And also, the limitations OUCNPs face, and the efforts that have been made to overcome these limitations are discussed.
Topics: Fluorescent Dyes; Infrared Rays; Lanthanoid Series Elements; Luminescence; Nanoparticles
PubMed: 33543556
DOI: 10.1002/smll.202004552 -
Journal of Hazardous Materials Feb 2022Effectively harnessing renewable and inexhaustible solar radiation for energy conversion has attracted significant research interest in the past decade. Solar thermal... (Review)
Review
Effectively harnessing renewable and inexhaustible solar radiation for energy conversion has attracted significant research interest in the past decade. Solar thermal conversion, as a ubiquitous phenomenon, can be implemented to evaporate water and concurrently boost photocatalytic performance for addressing freshwater scarcity and energy crisis. Most recently, solar water evaporation accompanied by photocatalytic degradation, sterilization, and hydrogen production has been proposed as a promising avenue to endow new vitality into the field of clean water and energy production. Driven by the advances of rationally designed solar-powered functional materials, a large variety of photothermal-coupled photocatalysis technologies have been exploited. In this context, it is imperative to summarize the recent progress and discuss the challenges in this multidisciplinary field. Herein, we overview photothermal materials based on various fundamental principles and highlight emerging applications in the areas of solar water evaporation, water purification, and solar-driven energy production. Furthermore, the challenges and perspectives toward both fundamental research and practical applications are also proposed. It is envisioned that this review can provide insightful suggestions to further advance the development of integrated solar thermal driven water evaporation and photocatalytic systems to fulfill concurrent energy conversion and environmental applications.
Topics: Fresh Water; Solar Energy; Sunlight; Water Purification
PubMed: 34534804
DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2021.127128