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Revue Medicale de Liege Feb 2020Retinitis pigmentosa is the most frequent hereditary dystrophy of the retina, with a global prevalence of 1/4.000. The underlying mechanism involves progressive loss,...
Retinitis pigmentosa is the most frequent hereditary dystrophy of the retina, with a global prevalence of 1/4.000. The underlying mechanism involves progressive loss, first of the rod photoreceptor cells, followed by the cone photoreceptor cells. Finally, complete blindness may occur. Genetic transmission is known but most cases are sporadic. Few effective treatments exist nowadays and hence regular follow-up is required in a revalidation center.
Topics: Humans; Retina; Retinal Cone Photoreceptor Cells; Retinal Rod Photoreceptor Cells; Retinitis Pigmentosa
PubMed: 32030928
DOI: No ID Found -
American Journal of Ophthalmology Aug 2021To determine classification criteria for acute retinal necrosis (ARN).
PURPOSE
To determine classification criteria for acute retinal necrosis (ARN).
DESIGN
Machine learning of cases with ARN and 4 other infectious posterior uveitides / panuveitides.
METHODS
Cases of infectious posterior uveitides / panuveitides were collected in an informatics-designed preliminary database, and a final database was constructed of cases achieving supermajority agreement on diagnosis, using formal consensus techniques. Cases were split into a training set and a validation set. Machine learning using multinomial logistic regression was used on the training set to determine a parsimonious set of criteria that minimized the misclassification rate among the infectious posterior uveitides / panuveitides. The resulting criteria were evaluated on the validation set.
RESULTS
Eight hundred three cases of infectious posterior uveitides / panuveitides, including 186 cases of ARN, were evaluated by machine learning. Key criteria for ARN included (1) peripheral necrotizing retinitis and either (2) polymerase chain reaction assay of an intraocular fluid specimen positive for either herpes simplex virus or varicella zoster virus or (3) a characteristic clinical appearance with circumferential or confluent retinitis, retinal vascular sheathing and/or occlusion, and more than minimal vitritis. Overall accuracy for infectious posterior uveitides / panuveitides was 92.1% in the training set and 93.3% (95% confidence interval 88.2, 96.3) in the validation set. The misclassification rates for ARN were 15% in the training set and 11.5% in the validation set.
CONCLUSIONS
The criteria for ARN had a reasonably low misclassification rate and seemed to perform sufficiently well for use in clinical and translational research.
Topics: Adult; Female; Fluorescein Angiography; Fundus Oculi; Humans; Machine Learning; Male; Middle Aged; Retina; Retinal Necrosis Syndrome, Acute; Tomography, Optical Coherence
PubMed: 33845012
DOI: 10.1016/j.ajo.2021.03.057 -
Ocular Immunology and Inflammation Nov 2020To provide an overview of the current knowledge on the Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV)-associated retinopathies. (Review)
Review
PURPOSE
To provide an overview of the current knowledge on the Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV)-associated retinopathies.
METHODS
A PubMed search was performed, using the key terms "HIV Retinopathy OR Retinitis" and "HIV AND Retinitis" to find manuscripts published within the last ten years.
RESULTS
If left untreated, HIV infection causes a progressive immunodeficiency caused by depletion of CD4-positive T lymphocytes. Noninfectious HIV retinopathy, clinically manifested by cotton wool spots. Once the CD4 count drops below 200 c/μl, immunodeficiency creates a vulnerability for systemic opportunistic infections. Within the posterior segment of the eye, cytomegalovirus (CMV) retinitis has to be distinguished from infections with other members of the herpes virus family, as well as from toxoplasmosis, tuberculosis, and syphilis. Upon restoration of the immune system, immune recovery uveitis may manifest in one third of CMV affected eyes.
CONCLUSION
Targeted antiviral treatment and secondary recurrence prophylaxis prevent vision loss of the retina prior to immune recovery.
Topics: Antiviral Agents; Chorioretinitis; Cytomegalovirus Retinitis; Diagnostic Techniques, Ophthalmological; Eye Infections, Viral; HIV Infections; Humans; Retinal Necrosis Syndrome, Acute; Varicella Zoster Virus Infection
PubMed: 32966142
DOI: 10.1080/09273948.2020.1808225 -
International Journal of Molecular... Sep 2019Diabetic retinopathy (DR), a sight-threatening neurovasculopathy, is the leading cause of irreversible blindness in the developed world. DR arises as the result of... (Review)
Review
Diabetic retinopathy (DR), a sight-threatening neurovasculopathy, is the leading cause of irreversible blindness in the developed world. DR arises as the result of prolonged hyperglycemia and is characterized by leaky retinal vasculature, retinal ischemia, retinal inflammation, angiogenesis, and neovascularization. The number of DR patients is growing with an increase in the elderly population, and therapeutic approaches are limited, therefore, new therapies to prevent retinal injury and enhance repair are a critical unmet need. Besides vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF)-induced vascular proliferation, several other mechanisms are important in the pathogenesis of diabetic retinopathy, including vascular inflammation. Thus, combining anti-VEGF therapy with other new therapies targeting these pathophysiological pathways of DR may further optimize treatment outcomes. Technological advancements have allowed for high-throughput proteomic studies examining biofluids such as aqueous humor, vitreous humor, tear, and serum. Many DR biomarkers have been identified, especially proteins involved in retinal inflammatory processes. This review attempts to summarize the proteomic biomarkers of DR-associated retinal inflammation identified over the last several years.
Topics: Biomarkers; Body Fluids; Diabetic Retinopathy; Humans; Protein Processing, Post-Translational; Proteome; Proteomics; Retinitis
PubMed: 31557880
DOI: 10.3390/ijms20194755 -
Ocular Immunology and Inflammation Sep 2023To report and illustrate the main clinical presentations of posterior herpetic uveitis. (Review)
Review
PURPOSE
To report and illustrate the main clinical presentations of posterior herpetic uveitis.
METHODS
Narrative review.
RESULTS
The ocular manifestations of posterior herpetic uveitis include different clinical presentations. Herpes simplex and varicella zoster can cause acute retinal necrosis, progressive outer retinal necrosis, and non-necrotizing herpetic retinopathies. Cytomegalovirus has been associated with fulminant retinitis with confluent areas of retinal necrosis and retinal hemorrhages, indolent/granular retinitis, and frosted branch angiitis. These diverse clinical presentations are often associated with specific risk factors and different immunological profiles of the host.
CONCLUSIONS
Herpetic viruses can cause posterior uveitis, presenting various clinical findings. Specific ocular manifestations and the immunological status of the host can help to differentiate the various herpetic entities before laboratory tests confirm the diagnosis.
Topics: Humans; Herpesviridae Infections; Retinal Necrosis Syndrome, Acute; Retinitis; Retinal Diseases; Uveitis, Posterior; Necrosis
PubMed: 37364039
DOI: 10.1080/09273948.2023.2221338 -
International Journal of Molecular... Jan 2022Brain plasticity is a well-established concept designating the ability of central nervous system (CNS) neurons to rearrange as a result of learning, when adapting to... (Review)
Review
Brain plasticity is a well-established concept designating the ability of central nervous system (CNS) neurons to rearrange as a result of learning, when adapting to changeable environmental conditions or else while reacting to injurious factors. As a part of the CNS, the retina has been repeatedly probed for its possible ability to respond plastically to a variably altered environment or to pathological insults. However, numerous studies support the conclusion that the retina, outside the developmental stage, is endowed with only limited plasticity, exhibiting, instead, a remarkable ability to maintain a stable architectural and functional organization. Reviewed here are representative examples of hippocampal and cortical paradigms of plasticity and of retinal structural rearrangements found in organization and circuitry following altered developmental conditions or occurrence of genetic diseases leading to neuronal degeneration. The variable rate of plastic changes found in mammalian retinal neurons in different circumstances is discussed, focusing on structural plasticity. The likely adaptive value of maintaining a low level of plasticity in an organ subserving a sensory modality that is dominant for the human species and that requires elevated fidelity is discussed.
Topics: Animals; Cell Plasticity; Humans; Neuronal Plasticity; Retina; Retinal Neurons
PubMed: 35163059
DOI: 10.3390/ijms23031138 -
Journal of Neuroinflammation Dec 2021Glaucoma, the leading cause of irreversible blindness, is a retinal neurodegenerative disease, which results from progressive apoptotic death of retinal ganglion cells...
BACKGROUND
Glaucoma, the leading cause of irreversible blindness, is a retinal neurodegenerative disease, which results from progressive apoptotic death of retinal ganglion cells (RGCs). Although the mechanisms underlying RGC apoptosis in glaucoma are extremely complicated, an abnormal cross-talk between retinal glial cells and RGCs is generally thought to be involved. However, how interaction of Müller cells and microglia, two types of glial cells, contributes to RGC injury is largely unknown.
METHODS
A mouse chronic ocular hypertension (COH) experimental glaucoma model was produced. Western blotting, immunofluorescence, quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction (q-PCR), transwell co-culture of glial cells, flow cytometry assay, ELISA, Ca image, and terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase dUTP nick end labeling (TUNEL) techniques were employed to investigate the interaction of Müller cells and microglia, and its underlying mechanisms in COH retina.
RESULTS
We first showed that Müller cell activation in mice with COH induced microglia activation through the ATP/P2X7 receptor pathway. The activation of microglia resulted in a significant increase in mRNA and protein levels of pro-inflammatory factors, such as tumor necrosis factor-α and interleukin-6. These inflammatory factors in turn caused the up-regulation of mRNA expression of pro-inflammatory factors in Müller cells through a positive feedback manner.
CONCLUSIONS
These findings provide robust evidence, for the first time, that retinal inflammatory response may be aggravated by an interplay between activated two types of glial cells. These results also suggest that to reduce the interplay between Müller cells and microglia could be a potential effective strategy for preventing the loss of RGCs in glaucoma.
Topics: Adenosine Triphosphate; Animals; Coculture Techniques; Cytokines; Ependymoglial Cells; Glaucoma; Macrophage Activation; Mice; Mice, Inbred C57BL; Microglia; Ocular Hypertension; Receptors, Purinergic P2X7; Retinal Ganglion Cells; Retinitis; Signal Transduction
PubMed: 34952606
DOI: 10.1186/s12974-021-02366-x -
Medicina Clinica Apr 2022
Topics: Antiviral Agents; Cytomegalovirus Retinitis; Humans
PubMed: 34952713
DOI: 10.1016/j.medcli.2021.11.003 -
Journal of Neuro-ophthalmology : the... Dec 2023
Topics: Humans; Bartonella; Retinitis; Bartonella henselae; Cat-Scratch Disease
PubMed: 37651205
DOI: 10.1097/WNO.0000000000002000 -
Acta Ophthalmologica Nov 2019The relationship between ocular haemodynamics and retinitis pigmentosa (RP) has not been fully understood. Reductions in blood flow have been established in RP patients... (Review)
Review
The relationship between ocular haemodynamics and retinitis pigmentosa (RP) has not been fully understood. Reductions in blood flow have been established in RP patients by a variety of studies; however, questions have yet to be answered regarding the role of vascular dysfunction in photoreceptors (PR) degeneration, the causes of vascular dysfunction in RP, as well as the diagnostic, prognostic and perhaps therapeutic potential of measuring ocular haemodynamics in RP patients. While significant evidence supports the theory that vascular dysfunction is associated with but not the cause of PR death in retinitis pigmentosa, evidence suggests that vascular abnormalities in the foveal and parafoveal regions may exacerbate cone cell loss. Additional evidence demonstrates that vascular dysfunction likely results from changes in metabolic demand due to death of PR cells in the retina. Detection and monitoring of ocular blood flow, retinal oxygen saturation, endothelin-1 levels and vascular structural abnormalities could provide diagnostic, prognostic and therapeutic potential for patients with RP.
Topics: Humans; Prognosis; Retina; Retinal Vessels; Retinitis Pigmentosa; Tomography, Optical Coherence
PubMed: 31099494
DOI: 10.1111/aos.14138