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European Journal of Pharmaceutics and... Sep 2019Saliva is a multifaceted bodily fluid that is often taken for granted but is indispensable for oral health and overall well-being in humans. Although mainly comprised of... (Review)
Review
Saliva is a multifaceted bodily fluid that is often taken for granted but is indispensable for oral health and overall well-being in humans. Although mainly comprised of water (99.5%), proteins, ions and enzymes turn saliva into a viscoelastic solution that performs a variety of vital tasks. This review article gives a brief overview of the salivary gland system, as well as the composition, output and functions of saliva. It also addresses the current applications of saliva for diagnostic purposes, the clinical relevance of saliva in oral diseases as well as current treatment options.
Topics: Body Fluids; Humans; Mouth Diseases; Oral Health; Saliva; Salivary Glands
PubMed: 31220573
DOI: 10.1016/j.ejpb.2019.06.016 -
Clinical and Experimental Rheumatology Dec 2023Primary Sjögren's syndrome (pSS) is a chronic, systemic, inflammatory autoimmune disease characterised by lymphocyte proliferation and progressive damage to exocrine... (Review)
Review
Primary Sjögren's syndrome (pSS) is a chronic, systemic, inflammatory autoimmune disease characterised by lymphocyte proliferation and progressive damage to exocrine glands. Salivary gland histopathology based on salivary gland biopsy is relevant for the diagnosis of pSS and therefore broadly applied in clinical practice. Tissue can be obtained from labial salivary glands (LSG) biopsy or from major salivary glands (MSG) biopsy, namely the parotid; in this latter scenario, the procedure can be either an open surgical biopsy or a US guided core needle biopsy.In this review we will: i) present the histopathological findings that may be encountered by pathologists on biopsies from pSS patients; ii) discuss the advantages and disadvantages of the surgical and/or imaging guided procedures to obtain tissues from LSG or MSG; iii) describe the histopathological features of lymphoma of MSG in pSS patients.
Topics: Humans; Sjogren's Syndrome; Salivary Glands; Parotid Gland; Salivary Glands, Minor; Lymphoma; Biopsy
PubMed: 38079343
DOI: 10.55563/clinexprheumatol/fcjoqx -
Otolaryngologic Clinics of North America Dec 2020There are numerous salivary gland pathologies for which robotic surgery can provide benefit. This article reviews the primary indications for use of transoral robotic... (Review)
Review
There are numerous salivary gland pathologies for which robotic surgery can provide benefit. This article reviews the primary indications for use of transoral robotic surgery for salivary gland neoplasms. It also discusses transoral and retroauricular robotic approaches for pathology of the submandibular gland and prestyloid parapharyngeal space. These approaches have the advantage of avoiding a visible scar and are additionally minimally invasive in other ways as well. Robotic surgery offers advantages in several different modules of salivary gland surgery, similar to those it offers for oropharyngeal cancer, including improved optics, manual dexterity, and teamwork.
Topics: Humans; Mouth Floor; Robotic Surgical Procedures; Salivary Gland Neoplasms; Submandibular Gland
PubMed: 32951897
DOI: 10.1016/j.otc.2020.07.013 -
Otolaryngologic Clinics of North America Jun 2021
Topics: Humans; Salivary Gland Diseases; Salivary Glands
PubMed: 34024494
DOI: 10.1016/j.otc.2021.03.004 -
The Surgical Clinics of North America Apr 2022Salivary cancers are rare tumors that arise in major and minor salivary glands. Workup almost always includes fine-needle aspiration or core needle biopsy in select... (Review)
Review
Salivary cancers are rare tumors that arise in major and minor salivary glands. Workup almost always includes fine-needle aspiration or core needle biopsy in select cases. Imaging with ultrasound, computed tomography, or MRI is also helpful, particularly with MRI to assess facial nerve involvement or skull base involvement. Preserving function of the facial nerve is of paramount importance, and the standard of care is to not sacrifice facial nerve except in instances of gross encasement and inability to dissect tumor off of the nerve. Adjuvant radiation and chemotherapy offer survival advantages for select patients.
Topics: Biopsy, Fine-Needle; Humans; Magnetic Resonance Imaging; Salivary Gland Neoplasms; Salivary Glands; Tomography, X-Ray Computed
PubMed: 35344700
DOI: 10.1016/j.suc.2021.12.008 -
Cells Jun 2020The main role of salivary glands (SG) is the production and secretion of saliva, in which aquaporins (AQPs) play a key role by ensuring water flow. The AQPs are... (Review)
Review
The main role of salivary glands (SG) is the production and secretion of saliva, in which aquaporins (AQPs) play a key role by ensuring water flow. The AQPs are transmembrane channel proteins permeable to water to allow water transport across cell membranes according to osmotic gradient. This review gives an insight into SG AQPs. Indeed, it gives a summary of the expression and localization of AQPs in adult human, rat and mouse SG, as well as of their physiological role in SG function. Furthermore, the review provides a comprehensive view of the involvement of AQPs in pathological conditions affecting SG, including Sjögren's syndrome, diabetes, agedness, head and neck cancer radiotherapy and SG cancer. These conditions are characterized by salivary hypofunction resulting in xerostomia. A specific focus is given on current and future therapeutic strategies aiming at AQPs to treat xerostomia. A deeper understanding of the AQPs involvement in molecular mechanisms of saliva secretion and diseases offered new avenues for therapeutic approaches, including drugs, gene therapy and tissue engineering. As such, AQP5 represents a potential therapeutic target in different strategies for the treatment of xerostomia.
Topics: Animals; Aquaporins; Humans; Rats; Regenerative Medicine; Salivary Glands
PubMed: 32630469
DOI: 10.3390/cells9061547 -
Methods in Molecular Biology (Clifton,... 2022Salivary glands are branching organs which develop by bud and cleft formation to create an organ with a large surface area. The epithelium and mesenchyme signal back and...
Salivary glands are branching organs which develop by bud and cleft formation to create an organ with a large surface area. The epithelium and mesenchyme signal back and forth to control this branching process, with additional cues provided by the parasympathetic nerves and blood vessels that surround the developing branches. This branching morphogenesis can be recapitulated successfully in organ culture , allowing access to the tissue to follow development and manipulate the tissue interactions, and signals. To culture glands, the filter-grid method has been widely used, allowing the development of salivary glands cultured as a whole organ, or the gland epithelium in isolation, or with the surrounding craniofacial tissue in a cranial slice. Here, we describe the methods for each approach and show the applicability of culturing glands from a wide variety of species: mouse , snake, and human. The resulting samples and data from these cultures can be employed for morphological and molecular analysis, with some examples described in this chapter, bringing valuable knowledge to our understanding of branching morphogenesis.
Topics: Animals; Epithelial Cells; Epithelium; Mesoderm; Mice; Morphogenesis; Organ Culture Techniques; Salivary Glands; Submandibular Gland
PubMed: 34913130
DOI: 10.1007/978-1-0716-1847-9_19 -
PloS One 2022The salivary gland can be permanently impaired by radiation treatment for head and neck cancers. Efforts at tissue regeneration have focused on saliva-producing acinar...
The salivary gland can be permanently impaired by radiation treatment for head and neck cancers. Efforts at tissue regeneration have focused on saliva-producing acinar cells. However, myoepithelial cells are also critical to gland function, but mechanisms that regulate their differentiation are poorly defined. To study myoepithelial differentiation, we employed mSG-PAC1 murine salivary gland epithelial cells. We demonstrate that mSG-PAC1 spheroids exhibit phenotypic plasticity between pro-acinar and myoepithelial cell fates. Increased expression of pro-acinar/acinar or myoepithelial RNAs was identified from spheroids cultured under different media conditions by microarray followed by gene-set enrichment analysis. Spheroids cultured with different medium components expressed proteins typical of either acinar or myoepithelial cells, as detected by immunocytochemistry. We demonstrate that the pattern of TAZ expression in the epithelial compartment of the differentiating murine salivary gland correlates with the expression of the myoepithelial marker alpha-SMA, as is the case for TAZ expression in mSG-PAC1 spheroids. Our analysis also indicates that YAP/TAZ target genes are upregulated together with myoepithelial markers. Importantly, siRNA targeting of TAZ expression in mSG-PAC1 spheroids diminished the expression of myoepithelial markers. Our results in this in vitro cell model implicate TAZ signaling in myoepithelial differentiation.
Topics: Animals; Mice; Acinar Cells; Cell Differentiation; Epithelial Cells; Salivary Glands
PubMed: 35617216
DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0268668 -
Journal of Dental Research Mar 2024The oral cavity is an epidemiologically relevant route of viral transmission due to the shedding of viruses in saliva. With advancements in salivary diagnostics, an... (Review)
Review
The oral cavity is an epidemiologically relevant route of viral transmission due to the shedding of viruses in saliva. With advancements in salivary diagnostics, an increasing number of viruses have been detected. However, the anatomic source of virus in saliva is still largely unknown. Some viruses have a well-established tropism for the salivary glands (SGs), and recent studies have emphasized the importance of the glands as potential reservoirs for infectious viruses. Viral infections of the SGs have been linked to acute and chronic SG pathology and may be associated with SG dysfunction, with phenotypes similar to those seen in SjÖgren's disease (SjD), an autoimmune condition that affects the salivary and lacrimal glands. Understanding the breadth of viruses that infect the SG and the conserved or distinct host responses to these infections may provide insights into the pathogenesis of virus-mediated SG diseases. There is a need for further research to fully understand the molecular mechanisms by which viruses enter and replicate in the glands, their physiologic impact on SG function, and whether the SGs can serve as a long-term reservoir for infectious viral particles. The purpose of this review is to highlight a group of viruses that infect the salivary gland: hepatitis C virus, hepatitis D virus, severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2, enteric viruses, human T-cell leukemia virus type I, human immunodeficiency virus, human cytomegalovirus, and BK polyomavirus. We focus on the effects of viral infection on salivary gland (SG) inflammation, function, and its association with SjD.
Topics: Humans; Salivary Glands; Sjogren's Syndrome; Saliva; Inflammation
PubMed: 38344753
DOI: 10.1177/00220345231222871 -
Journal of Prosthodontics : Official... Dec 2023To provide a detailed overview of the fundamentals of saliva constituents and production. The review outlines the clinical manifestations as a consequence of salivary... (Review)
Review
PURPOSE
To provide a detailed overview of the fundamentals of saliva constituents and production. The review outlines the clinical manifestations as a consequence of salivary gland dysfunction and management strategies for patients with salivary gland dysfunction. Prosthodontic implications of saliva and salivary gland dysfunction are presented.
MATERIALS AND METHODS
English-language literature relating to saliva constituents, physiologic saliva production, clinical manifestations secondary to salivary gland dysfunction, salivary biomarkers, and management strategies were retrieved via electronic search. Relevant articles were summarized for this manuscript with a view toward providing pragmatic information.
RESULTS
Saliva is produced by three pairs of major and minor salivary glands. The major salivary glands, namely, the parotid, submandibular, and sublingual glands, contribute approximately 90% of saliva production. Saliva contains serous and mucinous secretions produced by different types of cells within salivary glands. Parasympathetic and sympathetic fibers innervate the major salivary glands, and upon stimulation, the parasympathetic innervation increases serous secretions, while the sympathetic innervation increases protein secretion. Stimulated saliva is mainly derived from the parotid glands which are composed of serous acini, while unstimulated saliva is mainly derived from the submandibular glands which are composed of mixed seromucous acini. As major salivary glands contribute the most to salivary flow, local or systemic factors influencing those glands can disrupt saliva production resulting in clinically significant oral manifestations.
CONCLUSION
This review provides a fundamental overview of saliva production. In addition, the review highlights the various clinical manifestations secondary to salivary gland dysfunction, explores salivary biomarkers for screening of systemic diseases, discusses management strategies for patients with salivary gland dysfunction, and outlines the prosthodontic implications of saliva and salivary gland dysfunction.
Topics: Humans; Saliva; Prosthodontics; Salivary Glands; Parotid Gland; Biomarkers
PubMed: 37302138
DOI: 10.1111/jopr.13725