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Nutrients Jan 2023The objectives of this paper are to first present physiological and ecological aspects of the unique motivational state of sodium appetite, then to focus on systemic... (Review)
Review
The objectives of this paper are to first present physiological and ecological aspects of the unique motivational state of sodium appetite, then to focus on systemic physiology and brain mechanisms. I describe how laboratory protocols have been developed to allow the study of sodium appetite under controlled conditions, and focus on two such conditions specifically. The first of these is the presentation a sodium-deficient diet (SDD) for at least one week, and the second is accelerated sodium loss using SDD for 1-2 days coupled with the diuretic furosemide. The modality of consumption is also considered, ranging from a free intake of high concentration of sodium solution, to sodium-rich food or gels, and to operant protocols. I describe the pivotal role of angiotensin and aldosterone in these appetites and discuss whether the intakes or appetite are matched to the physiological need state. Several brain systems have been identified, most recently and microscopically using molecular biological methods. These include clusters in both the hindbrain and the forebrain. Satiation of sodium appetite is often studied using concentrated sodium solutions, but these can be consumed in apparent excess, and I suggest that future studies of satiation might emulate natural conditions in which excess consumption does not occur, using either SDD only as a stimulus, offering a sodium-rich food for the assessment of appetite, or a simple operant task.
Topics: Appetite; Sodium; Diuretics; Furosemide; Satiation; Sodium, Dietary
PubMed: 36771327
DOI: 10.3390/nu15030620 -
Neurogastroenterology and Motility Dec 2019Vagally dependent gastric functions, including motility, tone, compliance, and emptying rate, play an important role in the regulation of food intake and satiation.... (Review)
Review
Vagally dependent gastric functions, including motility, tone, compliance, and emptying rate, play an important role in the regulation of food intake and satiation. Vagal afferent fibers relay sensory information from the stomach, including meal-related information, centrally and initiate co-ordinated autonomic efferent responses that regulate upper gastrointestinal responses. The purpose of this mini-review is to highlight several recent studies which have uncovered the remarkable degree of neuroplasticity within gastric mechanosensitive vagal afferents and the recent study by Li et al, in this issue of Neurogastroenterology and Motility, who show that the mechanosensitivity of gastric vagal afferents is dysregulated in a murine model of chronic stress. The authors demonstrate that both gastric mucosal and tension afferents are hypersensitive following chronic stress, and responses to mucosal stroking and muscle stretch are enhanced significantly. As gastric distension and volumetric signaling is important in satiety signaling and meal termination, this may provide a mechanistic basis for the gastric hypersensitivity associated with stress-associated clinical problems such as functional dyspepsia.
Topics: Afferent Pathways; Animals; Dyspepsia; Eating; Female; Gastric Mucosa; Gastrointestinal Diseases; Humans; Male; Mechanoreceptors; Mice; Mice, Inbred C57BL; Models, Animal; Neuronal Plasticity; Satiety Response; Sex Characteristics; Stress, Psychological; Vagus Nerve
PubMed: 31736236
DOI: 10.1111/nmo.13758 -
Nutrients Feb 2020Leptin is a hormone released by adipose tissue that plays a key role in the control of energy homeostasis through its binding to leptin receptors (LepR), mainly... (Review)
Review
Leptin is a hormone released by adipose tissue that plays a key role in the control of energy homeostasis through its binding to leptin receptors (LepR), mainly expressed in the hypothalamus. Most scientific evidence points to leptin's satiating effect being due to its dual capacity to promote the expression of anorexigenic neuropeptides and to reduce orexigenic expression in the hypothalamus. However, it has also been demonstrated that leptin can stimulate (i) thermogenesis in brown adipose tissue (BAT) and (ii) the browning of white adipose tissue (WAT). Since the demonstration of the importance of BAT in humans 10 years ago, its study has aroused great interest, mainly in the improvement of obesity-associated metabolic disorders through the induction of thermogenesis. Consequently, several strategies targeting BAT activation (mainly in rodent models) have demonstrated great potential to improve hyperlipidemias, hepatic steatosis, insulin resistance and weight gain, leading to an overall healthier metabolic profile. Here, we review the potential therapeutic ability of leptin to correct obesity and other metabolic disorders, not only through its satiating effect, but by also utilizing its thermogenic properties.
Topics: Adipose Tissue, Brown; Adipose Tissue, White; Animals; Energy Metabolism; Humans; Hypothalamus; Leptin; Obesity; Receptors, Leptin; Satiation; Thermogenesis
PubMed: 32069871
DOI: 10.3390/nu12020472 -
Nature Reviews. Disease Primers Jul 2020
Topics: Anemia; Autoimmune Diseases; Disease Management; Dyspepsia; Gastritis, Atrophic; Humans; Satiety Response
PubMed: 32647157
DOI: 10.1038/s41572-020-0198-5 -
Cerebellum (London, England) Oct 2023Given the importance of the cerebellum in controlling movements, it might be expected that its main role in eating would be the control of motor elements such as chewing... (Review)
Review
Given the importance of the cerebellum in controlling movements, it might be expected that its main role in eating would be the control of motor elements such as chewing and swallowing. Whilst such functions are clearly important, there is more to eating than these actions, and more to the cerebellum than motor control. This review will present evidence that the cerebellum contributes to homeostatic, motor, rewarding and affective aspects of food consumption.Prediction and feedback underlie many elements of eating, as food consumption is influenced by expectation. For example, circadian clocks cause hunger in anticipation of a meal, and food consumption causes feedback signals which induce satiety. Similarly, the sight and smell of food generate an expectation of what that food will taste like, and its actual taste will generate an internal reward value which will be compared to that expectation. Cerebellar learning is widely thought to involve feed-forward predictions to compare expected outcomes to sensory feedback. We therefore propose that the overarching role of the cerebellum in eating is to respond to prediction errors arising across the homeostatic, motor, cognitive, and affective domains.
Topics: Feeding Behavior; Hunger; Satiation; Cerebellum; Learning; Eating
PubMed: 36121552
DOI: 10.1007/s12311-022-01476-3 -
Nutrients Oct 2021The prevalence of obesity, and its comorbidities, particularly type 2 diabetes, cardiovascular and hepatic disease and certain cancers, continues to rise at an alarming...
The prevalence of obesity, and its comorbidities, particularly type 2 diabetes, cardiovascular and hepatic disease and certain cancers, continues to rise at an alarming rate worldwide [...].
Topics: Appetite Regulation; Energy Intake; Gastrointestinal Tract; Humans; Obesity; Satiation
PubMed: 34684635
DOI: 10.3390/nu13103635 -
Journal of Neuroendocrinology Mar 2020Microglia have been known for decades as key immune cells that shape the central nervous system (CNS) during development and respond to brain pathogens and injury in... (Review)
Review
Microglia have been known for decades as key immune cells that shape the central nervous system (CNS) during development and respond to brain pathogens and injury in adult life. Recent findings now suggest that these cells also play a highly complex role in several other functions of the CNS. In this review, we provide a brief overview of the established microglial functions in development and disease. We also discuss emerging research suggesting that microglia are important for both cognitive function and the regulation of food intake. With respect to cognitive function, current data suggest microglia are not indispensable for neurogenesis, synaptogenesis or cognition in the healthy young adult, although they crucially modulate and support these functions. In doing so, they are likely important in supporting the balance between apoptosis and survival of newborn neurones and in orchestrating appropriate synaptic remodelling in response to a learning stimulus. We also explore the possibility of a role for microglia in feeding and satiety. Microglia have been implicated in both appetite suppression with sickness and obesity and in promoting feeding under some conditions and we discuss these findings here, highlighting the contribution of these cells to healthy brain function.
Topics: Animals; Brain; Cognition; Humans; Microglia; Neurons; Satiation
PubMed: 32097992
DOI: 10.1111/jne.12838 -
Nederlands Tijdschrift Voor Geneeskunde Jan 2021Obesity is a complex endocrine disease, mainly caused by environmental, behavioral and biological factors. Maintaining weight loss is extremely difficult due to the...
Obesity is a complex endocrine disease, mainly caused by environmental, behavioral and biological factors. Maintaining weight loss is extremely difficult due to the neuro-endocrine dysregulations that stimulate the body to return to the previous, increased, weight. Identifying underlying weight-gaining factors is needed, including medication-related, psychological and endocrine factors, as well as monogenic obesity. The cornerstone of treatment is optimization of lifestyle and all other contributing factors. Achieving at least 5% weight loss already has important health benefits. If combined lifestyle intervention (CLI) alone is not successful, pharmacotherapy or bariatric surgery can be added for patients with increased weight-related health risks. Recently, novel pharmacotherapy became available, among which, liraglutide 3 mg and the combination therapy naltrexone/bupropion, which leads to an additional 5-6% mean weight loss compared to CLI alone. For rare forms of obesity there are specific drugs that target defects in the regulation of hunger and satiety. Promising new pharmacotherapy for obesity is under development.
Topics: Anti-Obesity Agents; Bariatric Surgery; Bupropion; Combined Modality Therapy; Drug Combinations; Drug Therapy, Combination; Humans; Hunger; Life Style; Liraglutide; Naltrexone; Obesity; Satiation; Treatment Outcome; Weight Loss
PubMed: 33560612
DOI: No ID Found -
Nutrients Feb 2023Over several decades, the health benefits of consuming nuts have been investigated, resulting in a large body of evidence that nuts can reduce the risk of chronic... (Review)
Review
Over several decades, the health benefits of consuming nuts have been investigated, resulting in a large body of evidence that nuts can reduce the risk of chronic diseases. The consumption of nuts, being a higher-fat plant food, is restricted by some in order to minimize weight gain. In this review, we discuss several factors related to energy intake from nuts, including food matrix and its impact on digestibility, and the role of nuts in regulating appetite. We review the data from randomized controlled trials and observational studies conducted to examine the relationship between nut intake and body weight or body mass index. Consistently, the evidence from RCTs and observational cohorts indicates that higher nut consumption does not cause greater weight gain; rather, nuts may be beneficial for weight control and prevention of long-term weight gain. Multiple mechanisms likely contribute to these findings, including aspects of nut composition which affect nutrient and energy availability as well as satiety signaling.
Topics: Humans; Appetite; Body Weight; Energy Intake; Nuts; Satiation; Weight Gain; Randomized Controlled Trials as Topic; Observational Studies as Topic
PubMed: 36904160
DOI: 10.3390/nu15051162 -
Food & Function Apr 2020As the prevalence of being overweight and obesity has increased worldwide, there is an increasing concern about satiation/satiety that can be achieved by eating. The... (Review)
Review
As the prevalence of being overweight and obesity has increased worldwide, there is an increasing concern about satiation/satiety that can be achieved by eating. The ability of an individual to perceive tastes in the mouth is believed to be one of the many factors that influence food intake; the taste may affect appetite regulation and energy intake, playing an important role in promoting satiation/satiety. Satiation/satiety is actually induced by food and may be related to physiological and psychological factors such as several basic tastes, the exposure time of the taste and the cognition of different groups and individuals. This paper reviews the mechanism by which taste regulates satiation/satiety and demonstrates how taste and the taste perception of food prompt the brain to send satiation/satiety signals. Existing problems in taste and satiation/satiety and the prospective application of related research in the food industry are addressed, providing a scientific basis and theoretical guidance for the development and utilization of satiation/satiety from the perspective of taste.
Topics: Appetite; Choice Behavior; Diet; Eating; Food Preferences; Humans; Odorants; Satiation; Satiety Response; Taste; Taste Perception
PubMed: 32195512
DOI: 10.1039/c9fo02519g