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Revue Medicale Suisse Mar 2023The prevalence of alcohol consumption and obesity continues to increase. The aim of this literature review was to give an overview of the association between these two... (Review)
Review
The prevalence of alcohol consumption and obesity continues to increase. The aim of this literature review was to give an overview of the association between these two health and socioeconomic problems. Ethanol must be considered as an orexigenic molecule, acting on the cerebral regulation of hunger and satiety and on the mesolimbic reward system. Moreover, studies showed that alcohol blocks the fatty acid beta oxidation, promoting the storage of lipids. Observational and experimental studies struggle to find a solid correlation between the two entities, but they have several biases and limitations. Experts agree to consider ethanol ingestion as a potential contributing factor of the higher obesity rates observed in the last decades.
Topics: Humans; Ethanol; Alcohol Drinking; Hunger; Satiation; Obesity
PubMed: 36950784
DOI: 10.53738/REVMED.2023.19.819.552 -
Current Opinion in Psychiatry Nov 2019The present review aims to help specialists remain up-to-date on research from the past 2 years on epidemiology, risk factors, biological correlates, treatment, and... (Review)
Review
PURPOSE OF REVIEW
The present review aims to help specialists remain up-to-date on research from the past 2 years on epidemiology, risk factors, biological correlates, treatment, and outcomes for purging disorder, a DSM-5 other specified feeding and eating disorder.
RECENT FINDINGS
Purging disorder affects 2.5-4.8% of adolescent females in population-based samples, but purging disorder remains relatively rare in treatment settings. Higher premorbid body mass index, body dissatisfaction, and dieting prospectively predict purging disorder onset. In studies of biological correlates, women with purging disorder demonstrated significantly greater postprandial increases in the satiety peptide, peptide tyrosine tyrosine, compared to women with bulimia nervosa and controls, and these differences predicted greater gastrointestinal distress in purging disorder. Less than half of those with purging disorder are free from an eating disorder at the end of treatment and at one or more years of follow-up, supporting the need for improved interventions.
SUMMARY
Purging disorder may occupy a space that falls between anorexia and bulimia nervosa, making it 'not quite' anorexia and 'not quite' bulimia and difficult to reliably distinguish from each. Improved recognition and understanding of purging disorder requires more research specifically designed to test models of risk and maintenance factors to advance interventions for those who purge without binge eating.
Topics: Body Mass Index; Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders; Feeding and Eating Disorders; Humans; Risk Factors; Satiety Response
PubMed: 31306252
DOI: 10.1097/YCO.0000000000000541 -
Comprehensive Reviews in Food Science... Jul 2020All foods harbor unique length scale-dependent structural features that can influence the release, transport, and utilization of macro- or micronutrients in the human... (Review)
Review
All foods harbor unique length scale-dependent structural features that can influence the release, transport, and utilization of macro- or micronutrients in the human gastrointestinal tract. In this regard, food destructuring and restructuring processes during gastric passage significantly influence downstream nutrient assimilation and feelings of satiety. This review begins with a synopsis of the effects of oral processing on food structure. Then, stomach-centric factors that contribute to the efficacy of gastric digestion are discussed, and exemplified by comparing the intragastric de- and restructuring of a number of common foods. The mechanisms of how intragastric structuring influences gastric emptying and its relationship to human satiety are then discussed. Finally, recently developed, non-destructive instrumental approaches used to quantitively and qualitatively characterize food behavior during gastric destructuring and restructuring are described.
Topics: Digestion; Food Analysis; Gastric Emptying; Mastication; Satiation; Stomach
PubMed: 33337100
DOI: 10.1111/1541-4337.12558 -
Journal of Nutritional Science 2020This brief report summarises a framework for understanding satiety presented at the 13th European Nutrition Conference, FENS 2019 - Malnutrition in an Obese World:...
This brief report summarises a framework for understanding satiety presented at the 13th European Nutrition Conference, FENS 2019 - Malnutrition in an Obese World: European Perspectives. Aspects of satiety phenotyping and role of food hedonics in satiation are considered in the context of appetite control and obesity. Almonds are evaluated for their unique composition and structure which affect their behaviour in the human gastrointestinal tract. Their role in appetite control and management of satiety has been explored.
Topics: Appetite Regulation; Congresses as Topic; Europe; Humans; Malnutrition; Nutritional Requirements; Obesity; Satiation
PubMed: 33101661
DOI: 10.1017/jns.2020.32 -
The Nursing Clinics of North America Dec 2021Obesity is a disease with several potential causes and contributors. This article provides a focused overview of key known causes of obesity and factors that contribute... (Review)
Review
Obesity is a disease with several potential causes and contributors. This article provides a focused overview of key known causes of obesity and factors that contribute to obesity. Obesity ultimately results from impaired energy storage mechanisms, such as dysregulation of hunger, satiety, digestion, fat storage, and metabolic rate. In addition, myriad contributors promote its expression, including dietary factors, sleep quality and duration, psychological health and well-being, and tobacco cessation, among others. This article concludes with a discussion of the clinical relevance of causes and contributors in obesity prevention and treatment, which is paramount to providing effective, individualized clinical management.
Topics: Body Mass Index; Energy Intake; Feeding Behavior; Humans; Hunger; Obesity; Satiation; Sedentary Behavior
PubMed: 34749887
DOI: 10.1016/j.cnur.2021.07.007 -
Nutrients Apr 2021Sensory and motor functions of the stomach, including gastric emptying and accommodation, have significant effects on energy consumption and appetite. Obesity is... (Review)
Review
Sensory and motor functions of the stomach, including gastric emptying and accommodation, have significant effects on energy consumption and appetite. Obesity is characterized by energy imbalance; altered gastric functions, such as rapid gastric emptying and large fasting gastric volume in obesity, may result in increased food intake prior to reaching usual fullness and increased appetite. Thus, many different interventions for obesity, including different diets, anti-obesity medications, bariatric endoscopy, and surgery, alter gastric functions and gastrointestinal motility. In this review, we focus on the role of the gastric and intestinal functions in food intake, pathophysiology of obesity, and obesity management.
Topics: Energy Intake; Gastrointestinal Motility; Humans; Obesity; Satiation; Stomach
PubMed: 33915747
DOI: 10.3390/nu13041158 -
Neuron Jul 2019For thirsty animals, fluid intake provides both satiation and pleasure of drinking. How the brain processes these factors is currently unknown. Here, we identified...
For thirsty animals, fluid intake provides both satiation and pleasure of drinking. How the brain processes these factors is currently unknown. Here, we identified neural circuits underlying thirst satiation and examined their contribution to reward signals. We show that thirst-driving neurons receive temporally distinct satiation signals by liquid-gulping-induced oropharyngeal stimuli and gut osmolality sensing. We demonstrate that individual thirst satiation signals are mediated by anatomically distinct inhibitory neural circuits in the lamina terminalis. Moreover, we used an ultrafast dopamine (DA) sensor to examine whether thirst satiation itself stimulates the reward-related circuits. Interestingly, spontaneous drinking behavior but not thirst drive reduction triggered DA release. Importantly, chemogenetic stimulation of thirst satiation neurons did not activate DA neurons under water-restricted conditions. Together, this study dissected the thirst satiation circuit, the activity of which is functionally separable from reward-related brain activity.
Topics: Animals; Calcium; Dopamine; Drinking; Female; GABAergic Neurons; Glucagon-Like Peptide 1; Luminescent Proteins; Male; Mice; Mice, Inbred C57BL; Mice, Transgenic; Nerve Net; Neural Pathways; Nitric Oxide Synthase Type I; Optogenetics; Osmolar Concentration; Peptide Fragments; Physical Stimulation; Satiation; Stomach; Subfornical Organ
PubMed: 31153646
DOI: 10.1016/j.neuron.2019.04.039 -
The American Journal of Gastroenterology Aug 2022Cannabidiol (CBD), a CBR2 agonist with limited psychic effects, antagonizes CB1/CB2 receptors. Allelic variation CNR1 (gene for CBR1) rs806378 and FAAH rs324420 were... (Randomized Controlled Trial)
Randomized Controlled Trial
INTRODUCTION
Cannabidiol (CBD), a CBR2 agonist with limited psychic effects, antagonizes CB1/CB2 receptors. Allelic variation CNR1 (gene for CBR1) rs806378 and FAAH rs324420 were associated with altered gut motility and sensation. This study aimed to compare the pharmacodynamics and clinical effects of a 4-week treatment with pharmaceutical-grade CBD vs placebo and assess the interactions of FAAH and CNR1 gene variants on the effects of CBD in patients with functional dyspepsia (FD).
METHODS
We performed a randomized, double-blinded, placebo-controlled (1:1 ratio) study of CBD b.i.d. (20 mg/kg/d according to the US Food and Drug Administration escalation guidance) in FD patients with nondelayed gastric emptying (GE) at baseline. Symptoms were assessed by validated daily symptom diary (0-4 scale for upper abdominal pain, nausea, and bloating), weekly assessment of adequate relief, Leuven Postprandial Distress Scale (8 symptoms, adjectival scores rated 0-4 for severity), and quality of life (Short-Form Nepean Dyspepsia Index [average of 10 dimensions each on a 5-point scale]). After the 4-week treatment, all patients underwent measurements of GE of solids, gastric volumes, and Ensure nutrient satiation test. Statistical analysis compared 2 treatments for all endpoints and the effects of CBD in association with FAAH rs324420 and CNR1 rs806378.
RESULTS
CBD and placebo effects on physiological functions and patient response outcomes were not significantly different. There were borderline CBD treatment-by-genotype interactions: rs806378 CNR1 with Leuven Postprandial Distress Scale ( P = 0.06) and GE solids ( P = 0.12).
DISCUSSION
Approved doses of CBD used off-label do not relieve FD with normal baseline GE of solids or alter gastric motor functions and satiation. CBD treatment-by-gene interactions suggest potential benefits for postprandial distress with CNR1 rs806378 T allele.
Topics: Amidohydrolases; Cannabidiol; Double-Blind Method; Dyspepsia; Gastric Emptying; Humans; Quality of Life; Receptor, Cannabinoid, CB1; Satiation
PubMed: 35537858
DOI: 10.14309/ajg.0000000000001805 -
Critical Reviews in Food Science and... 2023Viscosity is a property of most foods. The consumption of the high-viscosity food is associated with a variety of physiological responses, one of which is their ability... (Review)
Review
Viscosity is a property of most foods. The consumption of the high-viscosity food is associated with a variety of physiological responses, one of which is their ability to regulate gastric emptying and modulate postprandial glycemic response. Gastric emptying has been proven to be a key step affecting the digestion and absorption of food, whereas, the relationship between viscosity and gastric emptying is still far away from being understood. Here, we reviewed the factors that influence food viscosity and food viscosity changes during digestion. Besides, the effect of food viscosity on gastric emptying and food-viscosity-physiological response were highlighted. Finally, "quantitative relationship" of viscosity and gastric emptying was discussed. This review can contribute to the understanding that how food viscosity affects gastric emptying, and help for developing foods that could control satiety and manage body weight for the specific populations.
Topics: Gastric Emptying; Viscosity; Food; Chemical Phenomena; Satiation
PubMed: 34985365
DOI: 10.1080/10408398.2021.2024132 -
Appetite Dec 2022Memory processes may have several roles in appetite regulation. Here we examine one such role, derived from the animal literature, in which satiety cues lead to the...
Memory processes may have several roles in appetite regulation. Here we examine one such role, derived from the animal literature, in which satiety cues lead to the inhibition of rewarding food-related memories. We tested this idea over three studies (n's of 58, 67, 50 respectively), by presenting participants with visual or verbal food cues, and asking them to describe what these foods were like to eat. This recollection task was undertaken hungry and sated. The resulting recollections were then coded and contrasted across state. Irrespective of state, participants took the same time to make their recollections, they were of similar length and included the same amount of sensory detail and affective content. However, in all three studies, sated recollections tended to include more reports about how filling a food would be. This increase in reports of food fillingness across state, was significantly correlated with increases in reports of stomach distension across state. While these results are consistent with the operation of memory inhibition, a further possibility is considered, whereby interoceptive satiety cues are integrated into food-related recollections (but not other recollections) to form a memory-inteorception-combination, thereby drawing attention to the consequences of eating when sated.
Topics: Animals; Cues; Food; Hunger; Reward; Satiation
PubMed: 36055461
DOI: 10.1016/j.appet.2022.106289