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Biochimica Et Biophysica Acta. Reviews... Sep 2022Hedgehog signaling (Hh) plays a critical role in embryogenesis. On the other hand, its overactivity may cause basal cell carcinoma (BCC), the most common human cancer.... (Review)
Review
Hedgehog signaling (Hh) plays a critical role in embryogenesis. On the other hand, its overactivity may cause basal cell carcinoma (BCC), the most common human cancer. Further, epidermal and hair follicle homeostases may have a key role in the development of BCC. This article describes the importance of different signaling pathways in the different stages of the two processes. The description of the homeostases brought up the importance of the Notch signaling along with the sonic hedgehog (Shh) and the Wnt pathways. Loss of the Notch signaling adversely affects the late stages of hair follicle formation and allows the bulge cells in the hair follicles to take the fate of the keratinocytes in the interfollicular epidermis. Further, the loss of Notch activity upregulates the Shh and Wnt activities, adversely affecting the homeostases. Notably, the Notch signaling is suppressed in BCC, and the peripheral BCC cells, which have low Notch activity, show drug resistance in comparison to the interior suprabasal BCC cells, which have high Notch activity.
Topics: Carcinoma, Basal Cell; Epidermis; Hair Follicle; Hedgehog Proteins; Homeostasis; Humans; Skin Neoplasms
PubMed: 36089203
DOI: 10.1016/j.bbcan.2022.188795 -
Laryngo- Rhino- Otologie Jan 2024
Topics: Humans; Skin; Carcinoma, Squamous Cell
PubMed: 38181777
DOI: 10.1055/a-2213-9571 -
Cellular and Molecular Life Sciences :... Nov 2020Long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs) are a largely uncharacterized group of non-coding RNAs with diverse regulatory roles in various biological processes. Recent observations... (Review)
Review
Long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs) are a largely uncharacterized group of non-coding RNAs with diverse regulatory roles in various biological processes. Recent observations have elucidated the functional roles of lncRNAs in cutaneous biology, e.g. in proliferation and differentiation of epidermal keratinocytes and in cutaneous wound repair. Furthermore, the role of lncRNAs in keratinocyte-derived skin cancers is emerging, especially in cutaneous squamous cell carcinoma (cSCC), which presents a significant burden to health care services worldwide and causes high mortality as metastatic disease. Elucidation of the functions of keratinocyte-specific lncRNAs will improve understanding of the molecular pathogenesis of epidermal disorders and skin cancers and can be exploited in development of new diagnostic and therapeutic applications for keratinocyte carcinomas. In this review, we summarize the current evidence of functionally important lncRNAs in cutaneous biology and in keratinocyte carcinomas.
Topics: Animals; Carcinoma, Squamous Cell; Epidermis; Humans; Keratinocytes; RNA, Long Noncoding; Skin; Skin Neoplasms
PubMed: 32462404
DOI: 10.1007/s00018-020-03554-3 -
International Journal of Dermatology Apr 2023Cutaneous squamous cell carcinoma (cSCC) is the second most common nonmelanoma skin cancer, accounting for 20% of all skin cancers. The risk of the disease continues to... (Review)
Review
Cutaneous squamous cell carcinoma (cSCC) is the second most common nonmelanoma skin cancer, accounting for 20% of all skin cancers. The risk of the disease continues to rise annually with an estimated 50-200% increase in incidence within the last three decades. Although cSCC is one of the most common skin cancers, reported having 1 million cases per year in the United States, there is inconsistency with its reported metastatic rate. Research exploring cSCC metastasis found an overall rate of 1.2-5% but this range varies, and some dermatologists are finding cSCC's ability to spread more worrisome. This allows for clinical variation in the appropriate treatments and follow-up guidelines when diagnosing a patient with cSCC. Poor prognosis in patients with a high metastatic potential makes cSCC clinically problematic. Clinician emphasis should be put on risk factors, anatomical site, tumor presentation, and histological features when evaluating cSCC's metastatic potential. In this review, specific skin conditions that predispose to cSCC and discrepancies in its reported metastatic potential will be discussed.
Topics: Humans; United States; Carcinoma, Squamous Cell; Skin Neoplasms; Skin; Risk Factors
PubMed: 35324009
DOI: 10.1111/ijd.16164 -
Journal Der Deutschen Dermatologischen... Nov 2023Actinic keratosis (AK) are common lesions in light-skinned individuals that can potentially progress to cutaneous squamous cell carcinoma (cSCC). Both conditions may be...
S3 guideline "actinic keratosis and cutaneous squamous cell carcinoma" - update 2023, part 2: epidemiology and etiology, diagnostics, surgical and systemic treatment of cutaneous squamous cell carcinoma (cSCC), surveillance and prevention.
Actinic keratosis (AK) are common lesions in light-skinned individuals that can potentially progress to cutaneous squamous cell carcinoma (cSCC). Both conditions may be associated with significant morbidity and constitute a major disease burden, especially among the elderly. To establish an evidence-based framework for clinical decision making, the guideline "actinic keratosis and cutaneous squamous cell carcinoma" was updated and expanded by the topics cutaneous squamous cell carcinoma in situ (Bowen's disease) and actinic cheilitis. The guideline is aimed at dermatologists, general practitioners, ear nose and throat specialists, surgeons, oncologists, radiologists and radiation oncologists in hospitals and office-based settings, as well as other medical specialties, policy makers and insurance funds involved in the diagnosis and treatment of patients with AK and cSCC. A separate guideline exists for patients and their relatives. In this part, we will address aspects relating to epidemiology and etiology, diagnostics, surgical and systemic treatment of cutaneous squamous cell carcinoma (cSCC), surveillance and prevention.
Topics: Humans; Aged; Carcinoma, Squamous Cell; Keratosis, Actinic; Skin Neoplasms; Bowen's Disease; Skin
PubMed: 37840404
DOI: 10.1111/ddg.15256 -
IEEE Transactions on Bio-medical... Feb 2023This paper aims to characterize Non-Melanoma malignancies and their corresponding benign conditions in ex-vivo/in-vivo tissue environments to study the feasibility of...
OBJECTIVE
This paper aims to characterize Non-Melanoma malignancies and their corresponding benign conditions in ex-vivo/in-vivo tissue environments to study the feasibility of microwave techniques for skin cancer detection.
METHODS
The dielectric dataset is developed across the frequency band 1 to 14 GHz using Keysight slim-form and RG405 probe characterization systems. The acquired reflection data captured by the systems is converted to dielectric values using the Open-Water-Short and Open-Water-Liquid calibration methods, respectively. Furthermore, the impact of anaesthesia application during skin excision procedure on ex-vivo dielectric data is investigated.
RESULTS
The observations suggest that the dielectric properties (DPs) of excised skin lesions may not accurately represent actual tissue properties as they vary significantly (Dielectric Constant Contrast = 30.7%, Loss-Factor Contrast = 66.6%) compared to pre-excision conditions. In-vivo dielectric data analysis indicates that when compared to healthy skin, malignant Basal Cell Carcinoma presents increased DPs (dielectric constant & loss factor) of (24.8 & 38.6 %), respectively. On the other hand, for malignant Squamous Cell Carcinoma and pre-malignant Actinic Keratosis, the measured results show decreased DPs (dielectric constant & loss factor) accordingly by (19.4 & 18.2 %) and (19.2 & 27.9 %). The corresponding benign lesions have less than 13 % dielectric contrast compared to healthy skin across the tested band.
CONCLUSION
The significant contrasts between in-vivo healthy and cancerous skin DPs strongly suggest the viability of the microwave band for skin cancer detection.
SIGNIFICANCE
The research finding of this study would be critical in developing a portable electromagnetic system for skin cancer detection.
Topics: Humans; Skin Neoplasms; Carcinoma, Basal Cell; Skin; Electromagnetic Phenomena; Water
PubMed: 35969564
DOI: 10.1109/TBME.2022.3199094 -
The American Journal of Dermatopathology Apr 2022Squamoid eccrine ductal carcinoma (SEDC) represents a subtype of eccrine carcinomas that are diagnostically challenging for both clinicians and dermatopathologists. (Review)
Review
BACKGROUND
Squamoid eccrine ductal carcinoma (SEDC) represents a subtype of eccrine carcinomas that are diagnostically challenging for both clinicians and dermatopathologists.
OBJECTIVE
To provide an updated review of SEDC and examine patient outcomes with different treatment modalities.
METHODS
A review of Ovid MEDLINE was performed to review the English language medical literature of SEDC.
RESULTS
A comprehensive review of clinical presentation, histologic findings, rates of lymphovascular and metastatic disease, treatment modalities and recurrence rates are reviewed.
LIMITATIONS
There is a limitation on available data because of the rare incidence.
CONCLUSIONS
SEDC is a rare adnexal neoplasm with a relatively high rate of local recurrence, lymphovascular invasion, perineural invasion, and metastases. Clinicians should be aware of this entity as close follow-up is essential to detect recurrence and metastatic disease. Mohs micrographic surgery seems to result in superior patient outcomes.
Topics: Aged; Carcinoma, Ductal; Carcinoma, Squamous Cell; Cheek; Diagnosis, Differential; Eccrine Glands; Humans; Male; Mohs Surgery; Sweat Gland Neoplasms
PubMed: 35287138
DOI: 10.1097/DAD.0000000000002072 -
Wiadomosci Lekarskie (Warsaw, Poland :... 2022The aim is to identify age, gender, clinical and morphological features of seborrheic keratosis.
OBJECTIVE
The aim is to identify age, gender, clinical and morphological features of seborrheic keratosis.
PATIENTS AND METHODS
Material and methods: The study used biopsy material from 196 patients with a clinical diagnosis of "Seborrheic keratosis". In all cases, when studying directions for pathohistological examination, the authors analyzed gender and age characteristics, as well as localization of seborrheic keratosis. The resulting material was fixed in a 10% solution of neutral formalin (ph 7.4) for 24-48 hours. The procedure was carried out according to the generally accepted technique and the material was embedded in paraffin. Sections of 4-5×10-6m thick were made from paraffin blocks for staining with hematoxylin and eosin. The microspecimens were examined using an Olympus BX-41 microscope (Japan).
RESULTS
Results: The study revealed a modern feature of seborrheic keratosis -"rejuvenation" of this tumor, as evidenced by its predominant development in patients aged 31 to 50 years. Seborrheic keratosis is more common in men, and is localized mainly on the skin of the face, scalp, neck and back. When diagnosing seborrheic keratosis, the author notes a significant discrepancy between clinical and morphological diagnoses, which actualizes the problem of improving the available clinical research methods and emphasizes the importance of morphological research. Hyperkeratotic and acanthotic histological variants of seborrheic keratosis are the most common. The case of seborrheic keratosis with malignancy and transformation into squamous cell carcinoma, identified by the author, should develop oncological alertness in doctors and patients.
CONCLUSION
Conclusions: The study revealed age, gender, clinical and morphological features of seborrheic keratosis, which will contribute to a better understanding of this pathology by the doctors of various specialties, and improve the treatment and diagnostic process.
Topics: Adult; Biopsy; Carcinoma, Squamous Cell; Humans; Keratosis, Seborrheic; Male; Middle Aged; Skin; Skin Neoplasms
PubMed: 35182117
DOI: No ID Found -
Archives of Dermatological Research Jan 2023Primary cutaneous cribriform apocrine carcinoma (PCCAC) is an exceedingly rare sweat gland carcinoma. Clinically, it most often presents as a singular, asymptomatic... (Review)
Review
Primary cutaneous cribriform apocrine carcinoma (PCCAC) is an exceedingly rare sweat gland carcinoma. Clinically, it most often presents as a singular, asymptomatic nodule or cyst on the extremities of middle-aged patients and follows an indolent course. Both visceral and cutaneous cribriform tumors exist in nature. While a cribriform pattern is well recognized in tumors of visceral organs, there is a paucity in the literature on the defining characteristics for primary cutaneous tumors. Consensus regarding diagnostic criteria, etiology, and management protocols has yet to be achieved. We conducted an extensive literature review using pre-determined search criteria, resulting in 12 identified case reports and series on PCCAC that were subsequently analyzed. All data were compiled to provide a comprehensive update on the existing information regarding clinical presentation, histopathology, and management of reported PCCACs, as well as differential diagnosis, controversial issues, and recommendations for future considerations.
Topics: Middle Aged; Humans; Sweat Gland Neoplasms; Skin Neoplasms; Epithelial Cells; Diagnosis, Differential; Carcinoma; Apocrine Glands
PubMed: 35124722
DOI: 10.1007/s00403-022-02323-5 -
Cell Death & Disease May 2020Bromodomain-containing protein 4 (BRD4) is a potential therapeutic target of skin squamous cell carcinoma (SCC). I-BET726 is a novel BRD4 inhibitor. Its potential effect...
Bromodomain-containing protein 4 (BRD4) is a potential therapeutic target of skin squamous cell carcinoma (SCC). I-BET726 is a novel BRD4 inhibitor. Its potential effect in skin SCC cells was tested in the present study. We show that I-BET726 potently inhibited survival, proliferation, cell cycle progression, and migration in established (A431/SCC-9/SCC-12/SCC-13 lines) and primary human skin SCC cells. I-BET726 induced significant apoptosis activation in skin SCC cells. It was more efficient in inhibiting skin SCC cells than known BRD4 inhibitors (JQ1, CPI203, and AZD5153). I-BET726 not only downregulated BRD4-regulated proteins (c-Myc, Bcl-2, and cyclin D1), but also inhibited sphingosine kinase 1 (SphK1) and Akt signalings in SCC cells. Restoring Akt activation, by a constitutively active S473D mutant Akt1 ("caAkt1"), partially inhibited I-BET726-induced cytotoxicity in A431 cells. In vivo, I-BET726 oral administration potently inhibited A431 xenograft growth in severe combined immunodeficient mice. Downregulation of BRD4-regulated proteins and inhibition of the SphK1-Akt signaling were detected in I-BET726-treated A431 xenograft tumor tissues. Together, I-BET726 inhibits skin SCC cell growth in vitro and in vivo.
Topics: Aminoquinolines; Apoptosis; Benzoates; Carcinoma, Squamous Cell; Cell Cycle; Cell Proliferation; Heterocyclic Compounds, 2-Ring; Humans; Nuclear Proteins; Piperazines; Pyrazoles; Pyridazines; Skin; Transcription Factors
PubMed: 32371868
DOI: 10.1038/s41419-020-2515-z