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Hematology/oncology Clinics of North... Feb 2021Melanoma skin cancer is derived from skin melanocytes and has a high risk of metastatic spread. The era of molecular genetics and next-generation sequencing has... (Review)
Review
Melanoma skin cancer is derived from skin melanocytes and has a high risk of metastatic spread. The era of molecular genetics and next-generation sequencing has uncovered the role of oncogenic BRAFV600E mutations in many melanomas, validated the role of ultraviolet-induced DNA mutations in melanoma formation, and uncovered many of the molecular events that occur during melanoma development. Targeted therapies and immunotherapy have dramatically improved outcomes and provided an increased rate of cure for metastatic melanoma. This article reviews the formation of melanoma, the molecular events involved in melanoma growth and metastasis, and the biology underlying resistance to melanoma therapies.
Topics: Carcinogenesis; Drug Resistance, Neoplasm; Humans; Immunotherapy; Melanocytes; Melanoma; Microphthalmia-Associated Transcription Factor; Skin Neoplasms; Ultraviolet Rays
PubMed: 33759772
DOI: 10.1016/j.hoc.2020.08.010 -
Dermatologic Clinics Jan 2023Mohs micrographic surgery (MMS) is widely accepted as the gold standard for skin cancer cure, and properly trained surgeons who carry out this procedure are experts in... (Review)
Review
Mohs micrographic surgery (MMS) is widely accepted as the gold standard for skin cancer cure, and properly trained surgeons who carry out this procedure are experts in the science and management of skin cancer. There are many potential pitfalls and challenges that a surgeon may encounter while carrying out MMS, and these can increase the likelihood of tumor recurrence and increased patient morbidity. With precise surgical technique, careful tissue handling, and laboratory processes that safeguard against errors, this procedure can provide excellent cure rates for most skin cancers, including melanoma, while maximizing tissue conservation in a low-cost outpatient clinical setting.
Topics: Humans; Mohs Surgery; Neoplasm Recurrence, Local; Skin Neoplasms; Melanoma
PubMed: 36410982
DOI: 10.1016/j.det.2022.07.006 -
Clinics in Plastic Surgery Oct 2021The Spitz nevus is an uncommon melanocytic nevus. These lesions classically appear in childhood as a red, dome-shaped papule. They appear rarely in adults and may be... (Review)
Review
The Spitz nevus is an uncommon melanocytic nevus. These lesions classically appear in childhood as a red, dome-shaped papule. They appear rarely in adults and may be pigmented. The Spitz nevus can develop suddenly and grow rapidly, reaching a 1-cm diameter in 6 months or less. There are 3 classes of spitzoid neoplasms: typical Spitz nevus, atypical Spitz nevus, and spitzoid melanoma. The diagnosis should be cautiously differentiated, especially in children. Immunohistochemistry and molecular studies have been helpful in differentiating difficult cases; however, no set of criteria has been accepted to predict biological behavior of atypical Spitz nevi.
Topics: Adult; Child; Diagnosis, Differential; Humans; Immunohistochemistry; Melanoma; Nevus, Epithelioid and Spindle Cell; Skin Neoplasms
PubMed: 34503728
DOI: 10.1016/j.cps.2021.06.002 -
CA: a Cancer Journal For Clinicians Mar 2020
Review
Topics: Adult; Combined Modality Therapy; Diagnosis, Differential; Humans; Lung Neoplasms; Male; Melanoma; Neoplasm Metastasis; Pneumonectomy; Skin Neoplasms; Thoracic Surgery, Video-Assisted
PubMed: 32101327
DOI: 10.3322/caac.21599 -
Journal of the European Academy of... Jan 2022The incidence of cutaneous squamous cell carcinoma (cSCC) is rapidly increasing. A growing part of this patient group is formed by immunocompromised patients, for... (Review)
Review
The incidence of cutaneous squamous cell carcinoma (cSCC) is rapidly increasing. A growing part of this patient group is formed by immunocompromised patients, for example organ-transplant recipients (OTR). Although over 90% of the cSCC show a relatively harmless clinical behaviour, there is also a chance of developing advanced cSCC and metastases. Locally advanced cSCC are defined as cSCC that have locally advanced progression and are no longer amenable to surgery or radiation therapy. Better understanding of the clinical behaviour of cSCC is essential to discriminate between low- and high-risk cSCC. Staging systems are important and have recently been improved. Genetic characterisation of SCC will likely become an important tool to help distinguish low and high-risk cSCC with an increased potential to metastasise in the near future. Available treatments for high-risk and advanced cSCC include surgery, radiotherapy, chemotherapy and targeted therapy with epidermal growth factor receptors inhibitors. Anti-PD-1 antibodies show promising results with response rates of up to 50% in both locally advanced and metastatic cSCC but, in its present form, is not suitable for OTR.
Topics: Carcinoma, Squamous Cell; Humans; Immunocompromised Host; Neoplasm Staging; Skin Neoplasms
PubMed: 34855246
DOI: 10.1111/jdv.17728 -
The Journal of Small Animal Practice Jul 2022Cutaneous and subcutaneous mast cell tumours are common neoplasms in the dog. While the majority can be treated with adequate local therapy alone, a subset demonstrates... (Review)
Review
Cutaneous and subcutaneous mast cell tumours are common neoplasms in the dog. While the majority can be treated with adequate local therapy alone, a subset demonstrates a biologically aggressive behaviour associated with local recurrence or metastasis. This article reviews the diagnosis and tumour staging of canine mast cell tumours alongside treatment options and the evidence supporting their use. In addition, prognostic markers are evaluated to highlight how one can recognise mast cell tumours that may behave in a biologically aggressive manner as well as the challenges of tumours that are large, infiltrative or in locations not amenable to wide surgical excision.
Topics: Animals; Dog Diseases; Dogs; Mast Cells; Mastocytosis, Cutaneous; Neoplasm Staging; Skin; Skin Neoplasms
PubMed: 34671978
DOI: 10.1111/jsap.13444 -
Dermatologic Therapy Dec 2022Cutaneous melanoma is the major cause of mortality from all skin cancers. The treatment has been revolutionized in recent years by introduction of immunotherapy and... (Review)
Review
Cutaneous melanoma is the major cause of mortality from all skin cancers. The treatment has been revolutionized in recent years by introduction of immunotherapy and targeted therapy for melanoma patients Stages III and IV. Therefore, the role of surgery in melanoma treatment needs to be redefined. In this narrative review, we will focus on surgery for diagnosis, treatment of primary tumor, and metastases in the era of new and effective medical treatment options. Neoadjuvant therapy is currently investigated in several trials. Surgery for treatment-resistant metastases is another field of interest. In conclusion, surgery remains a cornerstone for diagnosis and treatment of primary melanoma. Therapeutic lymphadenectomy has lost importance while surgery in sentinel lymph node diagnostics and metastasectomy are useful in a tailored individual approach of combined treatments. There is a trend to less invasive surgical procedures.
Topics: Humans; Melanoma; Skin Neoplasms; Sentinel Lymph Node Biopsy; Lymph Node Excision; Combined Modality Therapy; Neoplasm Staging
PubMed: 36336954
DOI: 10.1111/dth.15966 -
Pigment Cell & Melanoma Research Jan 2022Melanoma is the deadliest form of skin cancer. Although treatment with targeted therapies and immune checkpoint inhibitors has dramatically improved survival in advanced... (Review)
Review
Melanoma is the deadliest form of skin cancer. Although treatment with targeted therapies and immune checkpoint inhibitors has dramatically improved survival in advanced melanoma, many patients do not benefit from these therapies or relapse after an initial period of response. Thus, future outcomes in these categories of melanoma patients will depend on the identification of novel therapeutic targets and methods to enhance existing targeted therapy and immunotherapy regimens. Ferroptosis is a newly identified form of iron-dependent regulated cell death that is morphologically, biochemically, and genetically distinct from apoptosis, autophagy, pyroptosis, and necroptosis. Dysregulation of ferroptosis has been linked to the development of several forms of cancer. This review examines ferroptosis in the context of melanoma. It presents an overview of ferroptosis biology, summarizes and interprets the current literature, and poses several outstanding questions and areas of future direction.
Topics: Animals; Cell Dedifferentiation; Drug Resistance, Neoplasm; Ferroptosis; Glutamic Acid; Humans; Immune Checkpoint Inhibitors; Iron; Melanoma; Signal Transduction; Skin Neoplasms
PubMed: 34407291
DOI: 10.1111/pcmr.13009 -
Surgical Pathology Clinics Mar 2024Pleomorphic dermal sarcoma (PDS) is a rare cutaneous/subcutaneous neoplasm of purported mesenchymal differentiation that exists along a clinicopathologic spectrum with... (Review)
Review
Pleomorphic dermal sarcoma (PDS) is a rare cutaneous/subcutaneous neoplasm of purported mesenchymal differentiation that exists along a clinicopathologic spectrum with atypical fibroxanthoma (AFX). While PDS and AFX share histopathologic and immunohistochemical features, PDS exhibits deeper tissue invasion and has a higher rate of metastasis and local recurrence than AFX. Given its aggressive clinical course, early recognition and clinical management of PDS are essential for optimizing patient outcomes. This review aims to provide a brief overview of the clinicopathologic and molecular features, prognosis, and treatment of PDS.
Topics: Humans; Sarcoma; Histiocytoma, Malignant Fibrous; Skin Neoplasms; Prognosis
PubMed: 38278604
DOI: 10.1016/j.path.2023.06.007 -
Briefings in Bioinformatics Jul 2021NLRP3 inflammasome was introduced as a double-edged sword in tumorigenesis and influenced immunotherapy response by modulating host immunity. However, a systematic...
NLRP3 inflammasome was introduced as a double-edged sword in tumorigenesis and influenced immunotherapy response by modulating host immunity. However, a systematic assessment of the NLRP3-inflammasome-related genes across human cancers is lacking, and the predictive role of NLRP3 inflammasome in cancer immunotherapy (CIT) response remains unexplored. Thus, in this study, we performed a pan-cancer analysis of NLRP3-inflammasome-related genes across 24 human cancers. Out of these 24 cancers, 15 cancers had significantly different expression of NLRP3-inflammasome-related genes between normal and tumor samples. Meanwhile, Cox regression analysis showed that the NLRP3 inflammasome score could be served as an independent prognostic factor in skin cutaneous melanoma. Further analysis indicated that NLRP3 inflammasome may influence tumor immunity mainly by mediating tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes and macrophages, and the effect of NLRP3 inflammasome on immunity is diverse across tumor types in tumor microenvironment. We also found that the NLRP3 inflammasome score could be a stronger predictor for immune signatures compared with tumor mutation burden (TMB) and glycolytic activity, which have been reported as immune predictors. Furthermore, analysis of the association between NLRP3 inflammasome and CIT response using six CIT response datasets revealed the predictive value of NLRP3 inflammasome for immunotherapy response of patients in diverse cancers. Our study illustrates the characterization of NLRP3 inflammasome in multiple cancer types and highlights its potential value as a predictive biomarker of CIT response, which can pave the way for further investigation of the prognostic and therapeutic potentials of NLRP3 inflammasome.
Topics: Databases, Factual; Disease-Free Survival; Humans; Immunotherapy; Inflammasomes; Melanoma; NLR Family, Pyrin Domain-Containing 3 Protein; Neoplasm Proteins; Skin Neoplasms; Survival Rate; Tumor Microenvironment; Melanoma, Cutaneous Malignant
PubMed: 33212483
DOI: 10.1093/bib/bbaa345