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Molecules (Basel, Switzerland) Apr 2021Periodontal diseases like gingivitis and periodontitis are primarily caused by dental plaque. Several antiplaque and anti-microbial agents have been successfully... (Review)
Review
Periodontal diseases like gingivitis and periodontitis are primarily caused by dental plaque. Several antiplaque and anti-microbial agents have been successfully incorporated into toothpastes and mouthwashes to control plaque biofilms and to prevent and treat gingivitis and periodontitis. The aim of this article was to review recent developments in the antiplaque, anti-gingivitis, and anti-periodontitis properties of some common compounds in toothpastes and mouthwashes by evaluating basic and clinical studies, especially the ones published in the past five years. The common active ingredients in toothpastes and mouthwashes included in this review are chlorhexidine, cetylpyridinium chloride, sodium fluoride, stannous fluoride, stannous chloride, zinc oxide, zinc chloride, and two herbs-licorice and curcumin. We believe this comprehensive review will provide useful up-to-date information for dental care professionals and the general public regarding the major oral care products on the market that are in daily use.
Topics: Anti-Infective Agents, Local; Cetylpyridinium; Chlorides; Humans; Mouthwashes; Periodontal Diseases; Plant Extracts; Sodium Fluoride; Tin Fluorides; Toothpastes; Zinc Compounds
PubMed: 33916013
DOI: 10.3390/molecules26072001 -
Journal of Dentistry Oct 2022To assess the clinical evidence for professionally applied fluoride therapy to prevent and arrest caries in older adults. (Meta-Analysis)
Meta-Analysis Review
OBJECTIVE
To assess the clinical evidence for professionally applied fluoride therapy to prevent and arrest caries in older adults.
DATA/SOURCES
Two independent researchers searched the English literature published up to 31st Dec 2021 in five databases (PubMed, Scopus, the Cochrane Library, EMBASE, and Web of Science) for clinical trials with a comparison group on professionally applied fluoride therapy for caries prevention or arrest at older adults aged ≥60 years with any follow-up period. The outcomes were the mean difference in the number of new caries/caries-prevented fraction and caries arrest rate. The Cochrane guidelines were used for the risk of bias assessment.
STUDY SELECTION/RESULTS
Five hundred and twenty-seven studies were identified, and seven studies were finally included. Five studies were rated as having 'low risk'. The root caries-prevented fraction of 38% silver diamine fluoride (SDF) solution, 5% sodium fluoride (NaF) varnish, and 1.23% acidulated phosphate fluoride (APF) gel were 25-71%, 64%, and 32%, respectively. Meta-analysis indicated a decrease in the number of new root caries by 0.55 (95% CI: 0.32-0.78; p < 0.001) and an overall proportion of arrested root caries of 42% (95% CI: 33% to 49%; p < 0.001) after receiving 38% SDF application at the 24-month follow-up.
CONCLUSIONS
According to the findings, 5% NaF varnish and 1.23% APF gel prevented root caries, whereas 38% SDF solution prevented and arrested root caries in older adults. More well-designed clinical trials should be conducted to investigate various methods in caries prevention and arrest in older adults.
CLINICAL SIGNIFICANCE
Preventive measures effective in other age groups may not suit older adults, as caries type and associated risk factors vary. To date, no systematic review has evaluated professionally applied fluoride therapy in older adults. Evidence from clinical trials in older adults could aid clinical practice and public health measures. The International Prospective Register of Systematic Reviews (PROSPERO) registration number: CRD42022307025.
Topics: Aged; Humans; Acidulated Phosphate Fluoride; Cariostatic Agents; Dental Caries; Fluorides; Fluorides, Topical; Quaternary Ammonium Compounds; Root Caries; Silver Compounds; Sodium Fluoride
PubMed: 36058347
DOI: 10.1016/j.jdent.2022.104273 -
International Journal of Environmental... Jul 2022Background: There is limited information on the effectiveness of 38% silver diamine fluoride (SDF) in managing enamel caries. Objective: This study aimed to compare... (Randomized Controlled Trial)
Randomized Controlled Trial
Background: There is limited information on the effectiveness of 38% silver diamine fluoride (SDF) in managing enamel caries. Objective: This study aimed to compare effectiveness of 38% SDF and 5% Sodium fluoride (NaF) varnish in arresting enamel caries in young children when applied semiannually over 18 months. Methods: A randomized controlled trial was conducted on children aged 1−3 years who had at least one active carious surface. They were allocated into two groups: Group 1 (38% SDF) and Group 2 (5% NaF varnish). Visual-tactile examination was used to assess extent of carious lesions. Enamel caries that did not progress to dentin were classified as having caries arrest. Intention-to-treat analysis was performed. Results: At baseline, 290 children with 1974 tooth surfaces with enamel caries were recruited. Caries arrest rates at the tooth surface level in Group 1 and Group 2 were 59.1% and 58.8%, respectively (p = 0.873), at 18 months. The multilevel logistic regression analysis revealed that tooth position, tooth surface, extent of enamel caries at baseline, caries experience, and brushing with fluoride toothpaste influenced caries arrest (p < 0.05). Conclusion: The semiannual application of 38% SDF and 5% NaF varnish had comparable effectiveness in arresting enamel caries in primary teeth.
Topics: Cariostatic Agents; Child; Child, Preschool; Dental Caries; Dental Caries Susceptibility; Fluorides, Topical; Humans; Quaternary Ammonium Compounds; Silver Compounds; Sodium Fluoride
PubMed: 35897363
DOI: 10.3390/ijerph19158992 -
Journal of Nuclear Cardiology :... Apr 2023
Topics: Humans; Sodium Fluoride; Diagnostic Imaging; Aorta; Fluorine Radioisotopes
PubMed: 33825144
DOI: 10.1007/s12350-021-02594-x -
Brazilian Dental Journal 2022This study synthesized and tested experimental gels containing fluoride (F-) and stannous (Sn2+) ions for the control of dental erosion. Enamel and dentin polished... (Randomized Controlled Trial)
Randomized Controlled Trial
This study synthesized and tested experimental gels containing fluoride (F-) and stannous (Sn2+) ions for the control of dental erosion. Enamel and dentin polished specimens were eroded (1% citric acid solution, 10 min) and randomly allocated into 5 groups (n=10): Placebo - Hydroxypropyl Methylcellulose (HMC) gel; F+Sn+HMC - 7,500 ppm F- / 15,000 ppm Sn2+; F+HMC - 7,500 ppm F-; Commercial acidulated phosphate fluoride gel (12,300 ppm F-); and Control - no treatment. After treatment (applied for 60 s), specimens underwent an erosion-remineralization cycling (5 min in 0.3% citric acid solution, 60 min in artificial saliva, 4×/day, 20 days). Surface loss (SL, in µm) was determined after the 5th, 10th and 20th days of cycling (α=0.05). For enamel, after 5 and 10 days, F+Sn+HMC presented the lowest SL, which did not differ from the commercial gel. After 20 days, no differences were found between commercial, F+HMC, and F+Sn+HMC groups. Placebo did not differ from the control at any time points, and both groups presented the highest SL when compared to the other groups. For dentin, on the 5th day, F+Sn+HMC, F+HMC and commercial did not differ significantly, showing lower SL than the control and the placebo. On the 10th day, F+Sn+HMC and commercial presented the lowest SL compared to control and placebo. After 20 days, only the commercial gel showed lower SL than the control and placebo. Thus, the experimental F+Sn+HMC gel was able to control the progression of tooth erosion.
Topics: Citric Acid; Fluorides; Gels; Humans; Sodium Fluoride; Tin Compounds; Tooth Erosion
PubMed: 36043569
DOI: 10.1590/0103-6440202204808 -
Brazilian Dental Journal 2022Fluoride toothpastes market to children should contain a minimum concentration of 1000 ppm of fluoride (F), which must be chemically soluble to provide anti-caries...
Fluoride toothpastes market to children should contain a minimum concentration of 1000 ppm of fluoride (F), which must be chemically soluble to provide anti-caries effect. Therefore, we determined the concentrations of total fluoride (TF) and total soluble fluoride (TSF) in toothpastes marketed to children in Brazil and Mexico and analyzed the current regulations in force in both countries. Twenty-four brands were found and purchased in Brazil (19 formulated with NaF/SiO2, three with Na2FPO3/CaCO3 and two with Na2FPO3/SiO2) and six in Mexico (all with NaF/SiO2). TF and TSF concentrations were determined after the purchase (fresh samples) but fluoride stability in Na2FPO3/CaCO3-formulations was checked after 18 months. The analyses were performed with an ion-specific electrode and the results expressed in ppm F (mg F/kg). The TF concentrations found ranged from 476.0 to 1385.3 ppm F and they were close the declared by the manufactures (500 to 1450 ppm F). The TF concentrations found were not greater than 1500 ppm F, in accordance with the current regulations of both countries. However, toothpastes presenting TSF concentrations lower than 1000 ppm F were found either in low fluoride toothpaste (500 ppm F) formulated with NaF/SiO2 as in fresh and aged Na2FPO3/CaCO3-toothpastes, originally fabricated with 1000-1100 ppm of TF. In conclusion, although most toothpastes analyzed showed TSF concentration higher than 1000 ppm F, the regulations in force in both countries allow that products not in agreement with the best available evidence are available in the market.
Topics: Aged; Brazil; Calcium Carbonate; Cariostatic Agents; Child; Dental Caries; Fluorides; Humans; Mexico; Silicon Dioxide; Sodium Fluoride; Toothpastes
PubMed: 35508036
DOI: 10.1590/0103-6440202204522 -
Journal of Nuclear Cardiology :... Aug 2022
Topics: Fluorine Radioisotopes; Fluorodeoxyglucose F18; Humans; Plaque, Atherosclerotic; Positron-Emission Tomography; Radiopharmaceuticals; Sodium Fluoride
PubMed: 35277833
DOI: 10.1007/s12350-022-02947-0 -
BMC Oral Health Jun 2023This 18-month randomized clinical trial aimed to compare the effectiveness of two topical fluoride applications versus placebo control on preventing development of... (Randomized Controlled Trial)
Randomized Controlled Trial
BACKGROUND
This 18-month randomized clinical trial aimed to compare the effectiveness of two topical fluoride applications versus placebo control on preventing development of approximal caries in primary teeth.
METHODS
Preschool children were recruited if they had at least one initial approximal carious lesion at the distal surface of the canines, both approximal surfaces of the first molars, or the mesial surface of the second molars assessed from bitewing radiographs. The participants were randomly allocated into 3 intervention groups: Group 1 (placebo control), Group 2 (5% sodium fluoride [NaF] varnish), and Group 3 (38% silver diamine fluoride [SDF]). All agents were applied semiannually. Two calibrated examiners evaluated the caries development from bitewing radiographs. Caries development was recorded when the baseline sound surface or initial approximal carious lesion surface developed dentin caries (beyond the outer one-third of dentine) at the follow-up examination. The intention-to-treat approach was adopted. The Chi-square test was used to analyze the effectiveness of topical fluoride agents in preventing approximal caries development and the effect of other variables. The multi-level logistic regression analysis was performed to assess the relative effectiveness of topical fluoride agents in preventing approximal caries development at the 18-month follow-up.
RESULTS
At baseline, 190 participants with 2,685 sound or initial carries at the approximal surfaces were recruited. No differences in participant demographic backgrounds, oral health related habits, or caries experience were observed among the 3 groups (P > 0.05). After 18 months, 155 (82%) participants remained in the study. The rates of developing approximal caries in Groups 1, 2, and 3 were 24.1%, 17.1%, and 27.2%, respectively (P < 0.001, χ test). After adjusting for confounding factors and clustering effect, the multilevel logistic regression analysis showed no differences in caries development rates between the 3 groups (P > 0.05). Tooth type and the extent of a carious lesion at baseline were the significant factors for caries development.
CONCLUSION
At 18-month follow-up, after adjusting for confounding factors and clustering effect, there were no statistically significant differences in preventing of approximal caries development between the semiannual application of 5%NaF, 38%SDF, or placebo.
TRIAL REGISTRATION
The study was registered in the Thai Clinical Trials Registry under the number TCTR20190315003 on 15/03/2019.
Topics: Humans; Fluorides; Fluorides, Topical; Cariostatic Agents; Dental Caries Susceptibility; Dental Caries; Sodium Fluoride; Tooth, Deciduous
PubMed: 37268914
DOI: 10.1186/s12903-023-03045-4 -
Journal of Nuclear Medicine Technology Jun 2021
Review
Topics: Fluorine Radioisotopes; Fluorodeoxyglucose F18; Positron Emission Tomography Computed Tomography; Radiopharmaceuticals; Sodium Fluoride
PubMed: 34083453
DOI: 10.2967/jnmt.121.262379 -
Trends in Cardiovascular Medicine Nov 2019Inflammation affects the aortic wall through complex pathways that alter its biomechanical structure and cellular composition. Inflammatory processes that predominantly... (Review)
Review
Inflammation affects the aortic wall through complex pathways that alter its biomechanical structure and cellular composition. Inflammatory processes that predominantly affect the intima cause occlusive disease whereas medial inflammation and degeneration cause aneurysm formation. Aortic inflammatory pathways share common metabolic features that can be localized by smart contrast agents and radiolabelled positron emission tomography (PET) tracers. F-Fluorodeoxyglucose (F-FDG) is a non-specific marker of metabolism and has been widely used to study aortic inflammation in various diseased aortic states. Although useful in detecting disease, F-FDG has yet to demonstrate a reliable link between vessel wall disease and clinical progression. F-Sodium fluoride (F-NaF) is a promising biological tracer that detects microcalcification related to active disease and cellular necrosis within the vessel wall. F-NaF shows a high affinity to bind to diseased arterial tissue irrespective of the underlying inflammatory process. In abdominal aortic aneurysms, F-NaF PET/CT predicts increased rates of growth and important clinical end-points, such as rupture or the requirement for repair. Much work remains to be done to bridge the gap between detecting aortic inflammation in at-risk individuals and predicting adverse clinical events. Novel radiotracers may hold the key to improve our understanding of vessel wall biology and how this relates to patients. Combined with established clinical and morphological assessment techniques, PET imaging promises to improve disease detection and clinical risk stratification.
Topics: Aortic Aneurysm; Aortitis; Fluorodeoxyglucose F18; Humans; Positron Emission Tomography Computed Tomography; Predictive Value of Tests; Prognosis; Radiopharmaceuticals; Sodium Fluoride
PubMed: 30611605
DOI: 10.1016/j.tcm.2018.12.003