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Neuroimaging Clinics of North America Nov 2019This article reviews the arterial and venous anatomy of the spine and spinal cord. Special emphasis is placed on vessels critical to the conduct and interpretation of... (Review)
Review
This article reviews the arterial and venous anatomy of the spine and spinal cord. Special emphasis is placed on vessels critical to the conduct and interpretation of spinal angiography, notably the intersegmental artery and its cranial and caudal derivatives: the vertebral, supreme intercostal, and sacral arteries.
Topics: Angiography; Humans; Spinal Cord
PubMed: 31677734
DOI: 10.1016/j.nic.2019.07.007 -
Journal of Neurosurgery Dec 2019Neuroendovascular surgery and interventional neuroradiology both describe the catheter-based (most often) endovascular diagnosis and treatment of vascular lesions... (Review)
Review
Neuroendovascular surgery and interventional neuroradiology both describe the catheter-based (most often) endovascular diagnosis and treatment of vascular lesions affecting the brain and spinal cord. This article traces the evolution of these techniques and their current role as the dominant and frequently standard approach for many of these conditions. The article also discusses the important changes that have been brought to bear on open cerebrovascular neurosurgery by neuroendovascular surgery and their effects on resident and fellow training and describes new concepts for clinical care.
Topics: Brain; Cerebrovascular Disorders; Endovascular Procedures; Humans; Neurosurgical Procedures; Spinal Cord
PubMed: 31786544
DOI: 10.3171/2019.8.JNS182678 -
Neurosurgery Clinics of North America Apr 2024The mainstay of treatment for spinal cord injury includes decompressive laminectomy and elevation of mean arterial pressure. However, outcomes often remain poor.... (Review)
Review
The mainstay of treatment for spinal cord injury includes decompressive laminectomy and elevation of mean arterial pressure. However, outcomes often remain poor. Extensive research and ongoing clinical trials seek to design new treatment options for spinal cord injury, including stem cell therapy, scaffolds, brain-spine interfaces, exoskeletons, epidural electrical stimulation, ultrasound, and cerebrospinal fluid drainage. Some of these treatments are targeted at the initial acute window of injury, during which secondary damage occurs; others are designed to help patients living with chronic injuries.
Topics: Humans; Spinal Cord Injuries; Spine; Decompression, Surgical; Spinal Cord
PubMed: 38423740
DOI: 10.1016/j.nec.2023.10.001 -
Neurotoxicology Jul 2019Agmatine, an endogenous polyamine in CNS, is derived from arginine by dearboxylation. Like polyamines, agmatine has been studied for its neuroprotetive effects. At... (Review)
Review
Agmatine, an endogenous polyamine in CNS, is derived from arginine by dearboxylation. Like polyamines, agmatine has been studied for its neuroprotetive effects. At present, a large body of experimental evidences has been gathered that demonstrate the neuroprotective effects of agmatine. The neuroprotective effects have been observed in various CNS cell lines and animal models against the excitotocity, oxidative damage, corticosteroidid induced neurotoxicity, ischemic/hypoxic or oxygen-glucose deprivation toxicity, spinal cord injury and traumatic brain injury. The studies have been extended to rescue of retinal ganglion cells from toxicities. The mechanistic studies suggest that neuroprotection offered by agmatine can be assigned to its multimolecular biological effects. These include its action as glutamatergic receptor antagonist, α-adrenoceptor agonist, imidazoline binding site ligand, NOS inhibitor, ADP ribosylation inhibitor, and blocker of ATP-sensitive potassium and voltage-gated calcium channels, anti-apoptotic and antioxidant. Its action as regulator for polyamine synthesis, insulin release assists the neuroprotection. The cumulative evidences of preclinical studies support the possible use of agmatine as an agent for neuronal damage and neurodegenerative diseases. However, it will be hasty to assert and promote agmatine as a novel therapeutic agent for neuroprotection. The review is focused on the role of agmatine in different types and mechanisms of neural injuries. The aspects of concern like dose range, pharmacokinetics of exogenous agmatine, levels of endogenous agmatine during events of injury etc. has to be addressed.
Topics: Agmatine; Animals; Brain; Cell Death; Humans; Nerve Degeneration; Neurodegenerative Diseases; Neurons; Neuroprotective Agents; Signal Transduction; Spinal Cord; Treatment Outcome
PubMed: 31063707
DOI: 10.1016/j.neuro.2019.05.001 -
Cells Jul 2021Complete spinal cord injury (SCI) leads to permanent motor, sensitive and sensory deficits. In humans, there is currently no therapy to promote recovery and the only... (Review)
Review
Complete spinal cord injury (SCI) leads to permanent motor, sensitive and sensory deficits. In humans, there is currently no therapy to promote recovery and the only available treatments include surgical intervention to prevent further damage and symptomatic relief of pain and infections in the acute and chronic phases, respectively. Basically, the spinal cord is classically viewed as a nonregenerative tissue with limited plasticity. Thereby the establishment of the "glial" scar which appears within the SCI is mainly described as a hermetic barrier for axon regeneration. However, recent discoveries have shed new light on the intrinsic functional plasticity and endogenous recovery potential of the spinal cord. In this review, we will address the different aspects that the spinal cord plasticity can take on. Indeed, different experimental paradigms have demonstrated that axonal regrowth can occur even after complete SCI. Moreover, recent articles have demonstrated too that the "glial" scar is in fact composed of several cellular populations and that each of them exerts specific roles after SCI. These recent discoveries underline the underestimation of the plasticity of the spinal cord at cellular and molecular levels. Finally, we will address the modulation of this endogenous spinal cord plasticity and the perspectives of future therapeutic opportunities which can be offered by modulating the injured spinal cord microenvironment.
Topics: Animals; Humans; Nerve Regeneration; Neural Stem Cells; Neuroglia; Neuronal Plasticity; Phenotype; Recovery of Function; Spinal Cord; Spinal Cord Injuries; Spinal Nerves
PubMed: 34440655
DOI: 10.3390/cells10081886 -
Stroke Aug 2019
Review
Topics: Arteriovenous Malformations; Humans; Spinal Cord; Spine
PubMed: 31177982
DOI: 10.1161/STROKEAHA.118.012783 -
ELife Mar 2023Sensory neurons previously shown to optimize speed and balance in fish by providing information about the curvature of the spine show similar morphology and connectivity...
Sensory neurons previously shown to optimize speed and balance in fish by providing information about the curvature of the spine show similar morphology and connectivity in mice.
Topics: Animals; Mice; Sensory Receptor Cells; Spinal Cord
PubMed: 36961498
DOI: 10.7554/eLife.87054 -
American Journal of Physiology.... Dec 2020Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) and irritable bowel syndrome (IBS), historically considered as regional gastrointestinal disorders with heightened colonic sensitivity,... (Review)
Review
Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) and irritable bowel syndrome (IBS), historically considered as regional gastrointestinal disorders with heightened colonic sensitivity, are increasingly recognized to have concurrent dysfunction of other visceral and somatic organs, such as urinary bladder hyperactivity, leg pain, and skin hypersensitivity. The interorgan sensory cross talk is, at large, termed "cross-organ sensitization." These organs, anatomically distant from one another, physiologically interlock through projecting their sensory information into dorsal root ganglia (DRG) and then the spinal cord for integrative processing. The fundamental question of how sensitization of colonic afferent neurons conveys nociceptive information to activate primary afferents that innervate distant organs remains ambiguous. In DRG, primary afferent neurons are surrounded by satellite glial cells (SGCs) and macrophage accumulation in response to signals of injury to form a neuron-glia-macrophage triad. Astrocytes and microglia are major resident nonneuronal cells in the spinal cord to interact, physically and chemically, with sensory synapses. Cumulative evidence gathered so far indicate the indispensable roles of paracrine/autocrine interactions among neurons, glial cells, and immune cells in sensory cross-activation. Dichotomizing afferents, sensory convergency in the spinal cord, spinal nerve comingling, and extensive sprouting of central axons of primary afferents each has significant roles in the process of cross-organ sensitization; however, more results are required to explain their functional contributions. DRG that are located outside the blood-brain barrier and reside upstream in the cascade of sensory flow from one organ to the other in cross-organ sensitization could be safer therapeutic targets to produce less central adverse effects.
Topics: Animals; Humans; Immunization; Inflammatory Bowel Diseases; Neuroglia; Neurons; Spinal Cord
PubMed: 33084399
DOI: 10.1152/ajpgi.00323.2020 -
Seminars in Ultrasound, CT, and MR Oct 2023The spinal cord comprises the part of the central nervous system located within the vertebral canal, extending from the foramen magnum to approximately the second lumbar... (Review)
Review
The spinal cord comprises the part of the central nervous system located within the vertebral canal, extending from the foramen magnum to approximately the second lumbar vertebra. The spinal cord is covered by 3 meninges: dura mater, arachnoid mater, and pia mater (arranged from the outermost layer inward). A cross-section of the spinal cord reveals gray and white matter. Ascending and descending pathways have defined locations in the matter of the spinal cord. This article aims to review the spinal cord anatomy and demonstrate the imaging aspects, which are essential for the interpretation and understanding of spinal cord injuries.
Topics: Humans; Meninges; Dura Mater; Spinal Cord; Arachnoid; Pia Mater
PubMed: 37555687
DOI: 10.1053/j.sult.2023.03.011 -
Neuroscience Letters Jun 2020
Topics: Animals; Brain; Microglia; Spinal Cord; Spinal Cord Injuries
PubMed: 32387719
DOI: 10.1016/j.neulet.2020.135019