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World Journal of Gastroenterology Aug 2022The gut microbiota is a complex community of microorganisms that inhabit the digestive tracts of humans, living in symbiosis with the host. Dysbiosis, characterized by... (Review)
Review
The gut microbiota is a complex community of microorganisms that inhabit the digestive tracts of humans, living in symbiosis with the host. Dysbiosis, characterized by an imbalance between the beneficial and opportunistic gut microbiota, is associated with several gastrointestinal disorders, such as irritable bowel syndrome (IBS); inflammatory bowel disease (IBD), represented by ulcerative colitis and Crohn's disease; and colorectal cancer (CRC). Dysbiosis can disrupt the mucosal barrier, resulting in perpetuation of inflammation and carcinogenesis. The increase in some specific groups of harmful bacteria, such as () and enterotoxigenic (ETBF), has been associated with chronic tissue inflammation and the release of pro-inflammatory and carcinogenic mediators, increasing the chance of developing CRC, following the inflammation-dysplasia-cancer sequence in IBD patients. Therefore, the aim of the present review was to analyze the correlation between changes in the gut microbiota and the development and maintenance of IBD, CRC, and IBD-associated CRC. Patients with IBD and CRC have shown reduced bacterial diversity and abundance compared to healthy individuals, with enrichment of and . Specific bacteria are also associated with the onset and progression of CRC, such as , , , , and ETBF. Future research can evaluate the advantages of modulating the gut microbiota as preventive measures in CRC high-risk patients, directly affecting the prognosis of the disease and the quality of life of patients.
Topics: Bacteria; Bacteroides fragilis; Colorectal Neoplasms; Dysbiosis; Escherichia coli; Gastrointestinal Microbiome; Humans; Inflammation; Inflammatory Bowel Diseases; Quality of Life; Sand
PubMed: 36157114
DOI: 10.3748/wjg.v28.i30.4053 -
Circulation Aug 2020Streptococci frequently cause infective endocarditis (IE), yet the prevalence of IE in patients with bloodstream infections (BSIs) caused by different streptococcal...
BACKGROUND
Streptococci frequently cause infective endocarditis (IE), yet the prevalence of IE in patients with bloodstream infections (BSIs) caused by different streptococcal species is unknown. We aimed to investigate the prevalence of IE at species level in patients with streptococcal BSIs.
METHODS
We investigated all patients with streptococcal BSIs, from 2008 to 2017, in the Capital Region of Denmark. Data were crosslinked with Danish nationwide registries for identification of concomitant hospitalization with IE. In a multivariable logistic regression analysis, we investigated the risk of IE according to streptococcal species adjusted for age, sex, ≥3 positive blood culture bottles, native valve disease, prosthetic valve, previous IE, and cardiac device.
RESULTS
Among 6506 cases with streptococcal BSIs (mean age 68.1 years [SD 16.2], 52.8% men) the IE prevalence was 7.1% (95% CI, 6.5-7.8). The lowest IE prevalence was found with () 1.2% (0.8-1.6) and 1.9% (0.9-3.3). An intermediary IE prevalence was found with 4.8% (3.0-7.3), 5.8% (2.9-10.1), and 9.1% (6.6-12.1). The highest IE prevalence was found with 19.4% (15.6-23.5), (formerly ) 30.2% (24.3-36.7), 34.6% (26.6-43.3), 44.2% (34.0-54.8), and 47.9% (33.3-62.8). In multivariable analysis using as reference, all species except were associated with significantly higher IE risk, with the highest risk found with odds ratio (OR) 31.0 (18.8-51.1), OR 31.6 (19.8-50.5), OR 59.1 (32.6-107), OR 80.8 (43.9-149), and OR 81.3 (37.6-176).
CONCLUSIONS
The prevalence of IE in streptococcal BSIs is species dependent with , and having the highest IE prevalence and the highest associated IE risk after adjusting for IE risk factors.
Topics: Aged; Aged, 80 and over; Endocarditis; Female; Humans; Male; Middle Aged; Prevalence; Registries; Retrospective Studies; Streptococcal Infections; Streptococcus
PubMed: 32580572
DOI: 10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.120.046723 -
Journal of Gastroenterology and... Jan 2021The human colon harbors a high number of microorganisms that were reported to play a crucial role in colorectal carcinogenesis. In the recent decade, molecular detection... (Review)
Review
The human colon harbors a high number of microorganisms that were reported to play a crucial role in colorectal carcinogenesis. In the recent decade, molecular detection and metabolomic techniques have expanded our knowledge on the role of specific microbial species in promoting tumorigenesis. In this study, we reviewed the association between microbial dysbiosis and colorectal carcinoma (CRC). Various microbial species and their association with colorectal tumorigenesis and red/processed meat consumption have been reviewed. The literature demonstrated a significant abundance of Fusobacterium nucleatum, Streptococcus bovis/gallolyticus, Escherichia coli, and Bacteroides fragilis in patients with adenoma or adenocarcinoma compared to healthy individuals. The mechanisms in which each organism was postulated to promote colon carcinogenesis were collated and summarized in this review. These include the microorganisms' ability to adhere to colon cells; modulate the inhibition of tumor suppressor genes, the activations of oncogenes, and genotoxicity; and activate downstream targets responsible for angiogenesis. The role of these microorganisms in conjugation with meat components including N-nitroso compounds, heterocyclic amines, and heme was also evident in multiple studies. The outcome of this review supports the role of red meat consumption in modulating CRC progression and the possibility of gut microbiome influencing the relationship between CRC and diet. The study also demonstrates that microbiota analysis could potentially complement existing screening methods when detecting colonic lesions.
Topics: Adenocarcinoma; Adenoma; Bacterial Adhesion; Bacteroides fragilis; Carcinogenesis; Colorectal Neoplasms; DNA Damage; Dysbiosis; Escherichia coli; Female; Fusobacterium nucleatum; Gastrointestinal Microbiome; Genes, Tumor Suppressor; Humans; Male; Oncogenes; Red Meat; Streptococcus bovis; Streptococcus gallolyticus
PubMed: 32198788
DOI: 10.1111/jgh.15042 -
European Heart Journal Oct 2019The EURO-ENDO registry aimed to study the management and outcomes of patients with infective endocarditis (IE). (Observational Study)
Observational Study
Clinical presentation, aetiology and outcome of infective endocarditis. Results of the ESC-EORP EURO-ENDO (European infective endocarditis) registry: a prospective cohort study.
AIMS
The EURO-ENDO registry aimed to study the management and outcomes of patients with infective endocarditis (IE).
METHODS AND RESULTS
Prospective cohort of 3116 adult patients (2470 from Europe, 646 from non-ESC countries), admitted to 156 hospitals in 40 countries between January 2016 and March 2018 with a diagnosis of IE based on ESC 2015 diagnostic criteria. Clinical, biological, microbiological, and imaging [echocardiography, computed tomography (CT) scan, 18F-fluorodeoxyglucose positron emission tomography/computed tomography (18F-FDG PET/CT)] data were collected. Infective endocarditis was native (NVE) in 1764 (56.6%) patients, prosthetic (PVIE) in 939 (30.1%), and device-related (CDRIE) in 308 (9.9%). Infective endocarditis was community-acquired in 2046 (65.66%) patients. Microorganisms involved were staphylococci in 1085 (44.1%) patients, oral streptococci in 304 (12.3%), enterococci in 390 (15.8%), and Streptococcus gallolyticus in 162 (6.6%). 18F-fluorodeoxyglucose positron emission tomography/computed tomography was performed in 518 (16.6%) patients and presented with cardiac uptake (major criterion) in 222 (42.9%) patients, with a better sensitivity in PVIE (66.8%) than in NVE (28.0%) and CDRIE (16.3%). Embolic events occurred in 20.6% of patients, and were significantly associated with tricuspid or pulmonary IE, presence of a vegetation and Staphylococcus aureus IE. According to ESC guidelines, cardiac surgery was indicated in 2160 (69.3%) patients, but finally performed in only 1596 (73.9%) of them. In-hospital death occurred in 532 (17.1%) patients and was more frequent in PVIE. Independent predictors of mortality were Charlson index, creatinine > 2 mg/dL, congestive heart failure, vegetation length > 10 mm, cerebral complications, abscess, and failure to undertake surgery when indicated.
CONCLUSION
Infective endocarditis is still a life-threatening disease with frequent lethal outcome despite profound changes in its clinical, microbiological, imaging, and therapeutic profiles.
Topics: Adult; Africa, Northern; Aged; Aged, 80 and over; Asia; Community-Acquired Infections; Echocardiography; Embolism; Endocarditis, Bacterial; Enterococcus; Europe; Female; Fluorodeoxyglucose F18; Heart Valve Prosthesis; Hospital Mortality; Humans; Male; Middle Aged; Positron Emission Tomography Computed Tomography; Prospective Studies; Prosthesis-Related Infections; Radiopharmaceuticals; Registries; South America; Staphylococcal Infections; Streptococcal Infections; Treatment Outcome
PubMed: 31504413
DOI: 10.1093/eurheartj/ehz620 -
Chinese Medical Journal Dec 2021Colorectal cancer (CRC) is one of the most prevalent, most lethal cancers in the world. Increasing evidence suggests that the intestinal microbiota is closely related to... (Review)
Review
Colorectal cancer (CRC) is one of the most prevalent, most lethal cancers in the world. Increasing evidence suggests that the intestinal microbiota is closely related to the pathogenesis and prognosis of CRC. The normal microbiota plays an essential role in maintaining gut barrier function and the immune microenvironment. Recent studies have identified carcinogenic bacteria such as enterotoxigenic Bacteroides fragilis (ETBF) and Streptococcus gallolyticus (S. gallolyticus), as well as protective bacterial such as Akkermansia muciniphila (A. muciniphila), as potential targets of CRC treatment. Gut microbiota modulation aims to restore gut dysbiosis, regulate the intestinal immune system and prevent from pathogen invasion, all of which are beneficial for CRC prevention and prognosis. The utility of probiotics, prebiotics, postbiotics, fecal microbiota transplantation and dietary inventions to treat CRC makes them novel microbe-based management tools. In this review, we describe the mechanisms involved in bacteria-derived colorectal carcinogenesis and summarized novel bacteria-related therapies for CRC. In summary, we hope to facilitate clinical applications of intestinal bacteria for preventing and treating CRC.
Topics: Colorectal Neoplasms; Dysbiosis; Fecal Microbiota Transplantation; Gastrointestinal Microbiome; Humans; Prebiotics; Tumor Microenvironment
PubMed: 34855639
DOI: 10.1097/CM9.0000000000001887 -
Journal of Clinical Medicine Apr 2022The role of colorectal neoplasms (CRN) as a common potential source of recurrent subsp. (SGG) and (EF) endocarditis remains unstudied. We aimed to investigate what...
OBJECTIVES
The role of colorectal neoplasms (CRN) as a common potential source of recurrent subsp. (SGG) and (EF) endocarditis remains unstudied. We aimed to investigate what proportion of episodes of recurrent endocarditis are caused by a succession of SGG and EF, or vice versa, and to assess the role of a colonic source in such recurrent episodes.
METHODS
we conducted a retrospective analysis of two prospective endocarditis cohorts (1979-2019) from two Spanish hospitals, providing descriptive analyses of the major features of the endocarditis episodes, colonoscopy findings, and histologic results.
RESULTS
among 1552 IE episodes, 204 (13.1%) were caused by EF and 197 (12.7%) by SGG, respectively. There were 155 episodes (10%) of recurrent IE, 20 of which (12.9%) were due to a succession of SGG/EF IE in 10 patients (the first episode caused by SGG in eight cases, and by EF in two cases). The median follow-up was 86 (interquartile range 34-156) months. In 8/10 initial episodes, the causative microorganism was SGG, and all patients were diagnosed with CRN either during the initial episode or during follow-up. During the second episode of IE or follow-up, colonoscopies revealed CRN in six patients.
CONCLUSIONS
There seems to be an association between SGG and EF in recurrent endocarditis that warrants further investigation. Our findings reinforce the need for systematically performing colonoscopy in the event of endocarditis caused by both microorganisms.
PubMed: 35456274
DOI: 10.3390/jcm11082181 -
Cureus Feb 2023The diagnosis of infective endocarditis is challenging because it has a variable clinical presentation and nonspecific symptoms and can present in different forms,...
The diagnosis of infective endocarditis is challenging because it has a variable clinical presentation and nonspecific symptoms and can present in different forms, especially when an unusual etiological agent is involved. We present the case of a female in her 70s admitted to the hospital with a medical history of bicytopenia, severe aortic stenosis, and rheumatoid arthritis. She had several consultations during which she presented with asthenia and general malaise. A septic screen test was performed that would determine that was present in a blood culture (BC), which was not valued. About three months later, she was hospitalized. In the first 24 hours of admission, the septic screen test was repeated and was isolated in BC. Splenic infarctions and transthoracic echocardiography suggested probable endocarditis, which was confirmed with transesophageal echocardiography. She underwent surgical intervention to remove the perivalvular abscess and replace the aortic prosthesis.
PubMed: 36879704
DOI: 10.7759/cureus.34529 -
Heart (British Cardiac Society) Dec 2020The primary objective was to assess the characteristics and prognosis of pyogenic spondylodiscitis (PS) in patients with infective endocarditis (IE). The secondary...
OBJECTIVE
The primary objective was to assess the characteristics and prognosis of pyogenic spondylodiscitis (PS) in patients with infective endocarditis (IE). The secondary objectives were to assess the factors associated with occurrence of PS.
METHODS
Prospective case-control bi-centre study of 1755 patients with definite IE with (n=150) or without (n=1605) PS. Clinical, microbiological and prognostic variables were recorded.
RESULTS
Patients with PS were older (mean age 69.7±18 vs 66.2±14; p=0.004) and had more arterial hypertension (48% vs 34.5%; p<0.001) and autoimmune disease (5% vs 2%; p=0.03) than patients without PS. The lumbar vertebrae were the most frequently involved (84 patients, 66%), especially L4-L5. Neurological symptoms were observed in 59% of patients. Enterococci and were more frequent (24% vs 12% and 24% vs 11%; p<0001, respectively) in the PS group. The diagnosis of PS was based on contrast-enhanced MRI in 92 patients, bone CT in 88 patients and F-FDG PET/CT in 56 patients. In-hospital (16% vs 13.5%, p=0.38) and 1-year (21% vs 22%, p=0.82) mortalities did not differ between patients with or without PS.
CONCLUSIONS
PS is a frequent complication of IE (8.5% of IE), is observed in older hypertensive patients with enterococcal or IE, and has a similar prognosis than other forms of IE. Since PS is associated with specific management, multimodality imaging including MRI, CT and PET/CT should be used for early diagnosis of this complication of endocarditis.
Topics: Aged; Aged, 80 and over; Discitis; Endocarditis; Female; Humans; Male; Middle Aged; Multimodal Imaging; Positron Emission Tomography Computed Tomography; Prognosis; Prospective Studies
PubMed: 32467102
DOI: 10.1136/heartjnl-2019-316492 -
Scientific Reports Apr 2023Streptococcus gallolyticus subspecies gallolyticus (Sgg) is known to be strongly associated with colorectal cancer (CRC). Recent functional studies further demonstrated...
Streptococcus gallolyticus subspecies gallolyticus (Sgg) is known to be strongly associated with colorectal cancer (CRC). Recent functional studies further demonstrated that Sgg actively stimulates CRC cell proliferation and promotes the development of colon tumors. However, the Sgg factors important for the pro-proliferative and pro-tumor activities of Sgg remain unclear. Here, we identified a chromosomal locus in Sgg strain TX20005. Deletion of this locus significantly reduced Sgg adherence to CRC cells and abrogated the ability of Sgg to stimulate CRC cell proliferation. Thus, we designate this locus as the Sgg pathogenicity-associated region (SPAR). More importantly, we found that SPAR is important for Sgg pathogenicity in vivo. In a gut colonization model, mice exposed to the SPAR deletion mutant showed significantly reduced Sgg load in the colonic tissues and fecal materials, suggesting that SPAR contributes to the colonization capacity of Sgg. In a mouse model of CRC, deletion of SPAR abolished the ability of Sgg to promote the development of colon tumors growth. Taken together, these results highlight SPAR as a critical pathogenicity determinant of Sgg.
Topics: Animals; Mice; Streptococcus gallolyticus subspecies gallolyticus; Virulence; Colorectal Neoplasms; Colonic Neoplasms; Streptococcal Infections
PubMed: 37072463
DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-33178-z -
The Journal of Veterinary Medical... Jan 2022A 179-day-old calf, which was weak and stunted, showed neurological signs and was euthanized. Postmortem examination revealed extensive and severe cloudy area in the...
A 179-day-old calf, which was weak and stunted, showed neurological signs and was euthanized. Postmortem examination revealed extensive and severe cloudy area in the meninges, and pleural pneumonia. Gram-positive cocci were isolated from systemic organs. Biochemical and 16S rRNA gene sequence analyses identified the isolate as Streptococcus gallolyticus, and its subspecies was suggested to be gallolyticus (SGG). The isolate was classified as a novel sequence type (ST115) by the multilocus sequence typing scheme for SGG and showed susceptibility to penicillin, ampicillin, amoxicillin, florfenicol, sulfamethoxazole-trimethoprim, and chloramphenicol. Histopathologically, suppurative meningoencephalitis and perineuritis were detected. As SGG has been isolated solely from a cow with mastitis in Japan, this is the first SGG infection in a calf with suppurative meningoencephalitis and perineuritis in this country.
Topics: Animals; Cattle; Cattle Diseases; Female; Meningoencephalitis; Multilocus Sequence Typing; RNA, Ribosomal, 16S; Streptococcal Infections; Streptococcus gallolyticus
PubMed: 34819412
DOI: 10.1292/jvms.21-0518