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Foods (Basel, Switzerland) Apr 2022The public health systems of Southeast Asian countries are financially challenged by a comparatively higher incidence of human infections than other geographical areas.... (Review)
Review
The public health systems of Southeast Asian countries are financially challenged by a comparatively higher incidence of human infections than other geographical areas. Efforts to improve practices in production settings, including improved meat inspection regulations, prevention of the slaughtering of non-healthy pigs, and enhanced hygiene practices at processing facilities, along with improvements in the pork supply chain, all appear promising for reducing food cross-contamination with . However, opportunities for intervention at the societal level are also needed to effect changes, as population behaviors such as the consumption of raw pork, blood, and offal products are important contributors to the increased incidence of human disease in Southeast Asia. A plethora of factors are associated with the consumption of these high-risk dishes, including traditional culture and knowledge, shared beliefs, socio-economic level, and personal attitudes associated with gender and/or marital status. Education and intervention in behavioral attitudes that are sensible to cultural practices and traditions may provide additional means to reduce the burden of human disease in Southeast Asia.
PubMed: 35563913
DOI: 10.3390/foods11091190 -
Archives of Microbiology Apr 2023Streptococcus suis is a major bacterial pathogen of swine and an emerging zoonotic agent that has to date resulted in substantial economic losses to the swine industry...
Streptococcus suis is a major bacterial pathogen of swine and an emerging zoonotic agent that has to date resulted in substantial economic losses to the swine industry worldwide, and can cause persistent infection by forming biofilms. GrpE and histidine protein kinase ComD are important proteins implicated in the pathogenicity of S. suis, although whether they play roles in adhesion and biofilm formation has yet to be sufficiently clarified. In this study, we constructed grpE and comD deletion strains of S. suis by homologous recombination, and examined their cell adhesion and biofilm formation capacities compared with those of the wild-type strain. The pathogenicity of the grpE and comD deletion strains was evaluated using a mouse infection model, which revealed that compared with the wild-type, these deletion strains induced milder symptoms and lower bacteremia, as well as comparatively minor organ (brain, spleen, liver, and lung) lesions, in the infected mice. Moreover, the deletion of grpE and comD significantly reduced the pro-inflammatory cytokine (IL-6, IL-1β, and TNF-α) induction capacity of S. suis. Collectively, the findings of this study indicate that the GrpE and ComD proteins of Streptococcus suis play key roles in the adherence to PK-15 cells and the formation of biofilms, thereby contributing to the virulence of this pathogen.
Topics: Animals; Swine; Virulence; Streptococcus suis; Biofilms; Cytokines; Brain; Disease Models, Animal; Bacterial Proteins
PubMed: 37005968
DOI: 10.1007/s00203-023-03503-1 -
BMC Veterinary Research Dec 2023Accurate measurement of disease associated with endemic bacterial agents in pig populations is challenging due to their commensal ecology, the lack of disease-specific...
Detection and disease diagnosis trends (2017-2022) for Streptococcus suis, Glaesserella parasuis, Mycoplasma hyorhinis, Actinobacillus suis and Mycoplasma hyosynoviae at Iowa State University Veterinary Diagnostic Laboratory.
BACKGROUND
Accurate measurement of disease associated with endemic bacterial agents in pig populations is challenging due to their commensal ecology, the lack of disease-specific antemortem diagnostic tests, and the polymicrobial nature of swine diagnostic cases. The main objective of this retrospective study was to estimate temporal patterns of agent detection and disease diagnosis for five endemic bacteria that can cause systemic disease in porcine tissue specimens submitted to the Iowa State University Veterinary Diagnostic Laboratory (ISU VDL) from 2017 to 2022. The study also explored the diagnostic value of specific tissue specimens for disease diagnosis, estimated the frequency of polymicrobial diagnosis, and evaluated the association between phase of pig production and disease diagnosis.
RESULTS
S. suis and G. parasuis bronchopneumonia increased on average 6 and 4.3%, while S. suis endocarditis increased by 23% per year, respectively. M. hyorhinis and A. suis associated serositis increased yearly by 4.2 and 12.8%, respectively. A significant upward trend in M. hyorhinis arthritis cases was also observed. In contrast, M. hyosynoviae arthritis cases decreased by 33% average/year. Investigation into the diagnostic value of tissues showed that lungs were the most frequently submitted sample, However, the use of lung for systemic disease diagnosis requires caution due to the commensal nature of these agents in the respiratory system, compared to systemic sites that diagnosticians typically target. This study also explored associations between phase of production and specific diseases caused by each agent, showcasing the role of S. suis arthritis in suckling pigs, meningitis in early nursery and endocarditis in growing pigs, and the role of G. parasuis, A. suis, M. hyorhinis and M. hyosynoviae disease mainly in post-weaning phases. Finally, this study highlighted the high frequency of co-detection and -disease diagnosis with other infectious etiologies, such as PRRSV and IAV, demonstrating that to minimize the health impact of these endemic bacterial agents it is imperative to establish effective viral control programs.
CONCLUSIONS
Results from this retrospective study demonstrated significant increases in disease diagnosis for S. suis, G. parasuis, M. hyorhinis, and A. suis, and a significant decrease in detection and disease diagnosis of M. hyosynoviae. High frequencies of interactions between these endemic agents and with viral pathogens was also demonstrated. Consequently, improved control programs are needed to mitigate the adverse effect of these endemic bacterial agents on swine health and wellbeing. This includes improving diagnostic procedures, developing more effective vaccine products, fine-tuning antimicrobial approaches, and managing viral co-infections.
Topics: Humans; Swine; Animals; Mycoplasma hyorhinis; Mycoplasma hyosynoviae; Streptococcus suis; Actinobacillus suis; Mycoplasma Infections; Iowa; Retrospective Studies; Universities; Swine Diseases; Arthritis; Endocarditis
PubMed: 38087358
DOI: 10.1186/s12917-023-03807-w -
Microbiology Spectrum Dec 2022Little is known about the damage to the important peripheral immune organ spleen caused by Streptococcus suis infection. In this study, we found that S. suis induced...
Little is known about the damage to the important peripheral immune organ spleen caused by Streptococcus suis infection. In this study, we found that S. suis induced splenomegaly and lymphocyte disruption in spleens of mice. To explore the mechanism of splenic lesions induced by S. suis, we conducted further studies. The results showed that S. suis induced apoptosis in B cells, which is related to the cleavage of caspase-3 and caspase-8, but not the release of apoptosis-inducing factor (AIF). Thus, S. suis induced apoptosis in the spleen through caspase-dependent and AIF-independent pathways. Inflammation lesions induced in the spleen of infected mice were also investigated; we found macrophages increased in histopathological lesions of infected spleens from 12 h postinoculation to 7 days postinoculation (dpi), and the type of increased macrophages was M1 type by confocal microscopy, which can secrete proinflammatory cytokines. Meanwhile, inflammasome NLRP3 and caspase-1 were activated, and gasdermin D (GSDMD) was cleaved, which causes pyroptosis that may result in the release of numerous proinflammatory cytokines. What's more, the increase of p-JNK and p-p38 indicated that the MAPK pathway was also involved in the proinflammatory responses during S. suis infection, whereas anti-inflammatory responses in spleen were suppressed, with regulatory T cells (Tregs) upregulating at 1 dpi. Taken together, proinflammatory immune responses dominate in early infection, which induce splenomegaly and splenocyte apoptosis. This is the first report of mechanisms associated with S. suis-induced splenic lesions. Streptococcus suis serotype 2 is considered an emerging pathogen and represents a threat to humans and animals. The spleen is an important peripheral immune organ, and splenomegaly is a consequence of lesions and an important clinical indicator of S. suis infection. However, knowledge of the mechanisms underlying spleen lesions is still very limited. In the present work, we made the investigation to explain the phenomenon and the related immunomodulation in a mouse infection model. The obtained results show that inflammation contributes to splenomegaly, while apoptosis contributes to lymphocyte disruption in spleens. Related signaling pathways were discovered which have never been associated with S. suis-induced splenic injury. The new knowledge generated will help us better understand the mechanism of S. suis pathogenesis.
Topics: Humans; Animals; Mice; Spleen; Streptococcus suis; Splenomegaly; Serogroup; Cytokines; Apoptosis; Inflammation
PubMed: 36287014
DOI: 10.1128/spectrum.03210-22 -
Virulence Dec 2021(), more specifically serotype 2, is a bacterial pathogen that threatens the lives of pigs and humans. Like many other pathogens, exhibits quorum sensing (QS)...
(), more specifically serotype 2, is a bacterial pathogen that threatens the lives of pigs and humans. Like many other pathogens, exhibits quorum sensing (QS) system-controlled virulence factors, such as biofilm formation that complicates treatment. Therefore, impairing the QS involving LuxS/AI-2 cycle in , may be a promising alternative strategy for overcoming infections. In this study, we investigated paeoniflorin (PF), a monoterpenoid glycoside compound extracted from peony, as an inhibitor of LuxS/AI-2 system. At a sub-minimal inhibitory concentration (MIC) (1/16 MIC; 25 μg/ml), PF significantly reduced biofilm formation by through inhibition of extracellular polysaccharide (EPS) production, without affecting bacterial growth. Moreover, evidence was brought that PF reduces AI-2 activity in biofilm. Molecular docking indicated that LuxS may be the target of PF. Monitoring LuxS enzymatic activity confirmed that PF had a partial inhibitory effect. Finally, we showed that the use of PF in a mouse model can relieve infections. This study highlighted the anti-biofilm potential of PF against , and brought evidence that it may as an inhibitor of the LuxS/AI-2 system to prevent biofilm-related infections. PF can thus be used as a new type of natural biofilm inhibitor for clinical application.
Topics: Animals; Bacterial Proteins; Biofilms; Carbon-Sulfur Lyases; Glucosides; Homoserine; Lactones; Mice; Molecular Docking Simulation; Monoterpenes; Quorum Sensing; Streptococcus suis; Swine; Virulence
PubMed: 34923916
DOI: 10.1080/21505594.2021.2010398 -
BMC Veterinary Research Jul 2023Streptococcus suis (S. suis) is a Gram-positive bacteria that infects pigs causing meningitis, arthritis, pneumonia, or endocarditis. This increases the mortality in pig...
BACKGROUND
Streptococcus suis (S. suis) is a Gram-positive bacteria that infects pigs causing meningitis, arthritis, pneumonia, or endocarditis. This increases the mortality in pig farms deriving in severe economic losses. The use of saliva as a diagnostic fluid has various advantages compared to blood, especially in pigs. In this study, it was hypothesized that saliva could reflect changes in different biomarkers related to stress, inflammation, redox status, and muscle damage in pigs with S. suis infection and that changes in these biomarkers could be related to the severity of the disease.
RESULTS
A total of 56 growing pigs from a farm were selected as infected pigs (n = 28) and healthy pigs (n = 28). Results showed increases in biomarkers related to stress (alpha-amylase and oxytocin), inflammation (haptoglobin, inter-alpha-trypsin inhibitor heavy chain 4 (ITIH4), total protein, S100A8-A9 and S100A12), redox status (advanced oxidation protein producs (AOPP)) and muscle damage (creatine kinase (CK), CK-MB, troponin I, lactate, aspartate aminotransferase, and lactate dehydrogenase). An increase in adenosine deaminase (ADA), procalcitonin, and aldolase in infected animals were also observed, as previously described. The grade of severity of the disease indicated a significant positive correlation with total protein concentrations, aspartate aminotransferase, aldolase, and AOPP.
CONCLUSIONS
This report revealed that S. suis infection caused variations in analytes related to stress, inflammation, redox status, and muscle damage in the saliva of pigs and these can be considered potential biomarkers for this disease.
Topics: Swine; Animals; Streptococcus suis; Advanced Oxidation Protein Products; Swine Diseases; Inflammation; Streptococcal Infections; Biomarkers; Aldehyde-Lyases; Muscles
PubMed: 37525237
DOI: 10.1186/s12917-023-03650-z -
Enfermedades Infecciosas Y... Feb 2022Streptococcus suis (S. suis) infection is poorly described zoonosis in our country, which is related with exposure to pigs or their meat. The most common clinical...
INTRODUCTION
Streptococcus suis (S. suis) infection is poorly described zoonosis in our country, which is related with exposure to pigs or their meat. The most common clinical presentation is meningitis, while spine's involvement is rare.
METHODS
We report 2 cases of S. suis infection and perform a systematic review of the articles published on S. suis spondylodiscitis between January 1994 and May 2020 with the aim of defining the clinical characteristics, predisposing factors and evolution.
RESULTS
17 cases are described, 76.5% males with a mean age of 57.6 years, generally without associated underlying disease. Enolism was a factor present in 17.6%. 70.6% had exposure to pigs or their meat and 20% hand injuries. The mean duration of symptoms was 10.2 days and the most affected segment was the lumbar level. 70.6% had meningitis. All were treated with beta-lactams with an average duration of 53.2 days. There was a recurrence and none died.
CONCLUSION
There are few cases of S. suis spondylodiscitis in the literature. When occurs, it is associated with another type of infection in most cases. They present a good response to medical treatment and a good prognosis.
Topics: Animals; Discitis; Female; Humans; Male; Meningitis; Streptococcal Infections; Streptococcus suis; Swine; Zoonoses
PubMed: 34866038
DOI: 10.1016/j.eimce.2021.11.001 -
Talanta Jan 2024Streptococcus suis serotype 2 is an economically important zoonotic pathogen that causes septicemia, arthritis, and meningitis in pigs and humans. S. suis serotype 2 is...
Streptococcus suis serotype 2 is an economically important zoonotic pathogen that causes septicemia, arthritis, and meningitis in pigs and humans. S. suis serotype 2 is responsible for substantial economic losses to the swine industry and poses a serious threat to public health, and accurate and rapid detection is important for the prevention and control of epidemic disease. In this study, we developed a high-fidelity detection and serotyping platform for S. suis serotype 2 based on recombinase polymerase amplification (RPA) and a clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeat (CRISPR)-Cas12a system called Cards-SSJ/K. Cards-SSJ had a detection limit of 10 CFU, takes <60 min, and no cross-reaction was found with other S. suis serotypes, closely related Streptococcus spp., or common pig pathogens, and Cards-SSK could differentiate serotype 2 from serotype 1/2. Results from Cards-SSJ and qPCR were equivalent in detecting S. suis serotype 2 in tissue samples. Analysis indicated that despite a relatively high reagent cost compared to PCR and qPCR, Cards-SSJ was less time-consuming and had low requirements for equipment and personnel. Thus, it is an excellent method for point-of-care detection for S. suis serotype 2.
Topics: Humans; Swine; Animals; Serotyping; Serogroup; Streptococcus suis; CRISPR-Cas Systems; Streptococcal Infections
PubMed: 37734291
DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2023.125202 -
Pathogens (Basel, Switzerland) Jan 2020is a zoonotic pathogen of economic significance to the swine industry. The number of infected cases is increasing in humans worldwide. In this study, we determined the...
is a zoonotic pathogen of economic significance to the swine industry. The number of infected cases is increasing in humans worldwide. In this study, we determined the prevalence and diversity of carriage in slaughterhouse pigs in Phayao province, Thailand, where an outbreak occurred in 2007. The overall carriage rate was 35.2% among slaughterhouse pigs. The prevalence rates of serotypes 2 and 14 (the major serotypes infected in humans) were 6.7% and 2.6%, respectively. In both serotypes, 70.4% of isolates of serotypes 2 and 14 revealed sequence types and pulsotypes identical to human isolates in Thailand. It is suggested that pathogenic strains of are a risk factor for occupational exposure to pigs or the consumption of raw pork products. Food safety, hygiene, and health education should be encouraged to reduce the risk group.
PubMed: 31936553
DOI: 10.3390/pathogens9010050 -
Genes Sep 2020is a zoonotic pathogen causing serious infections in swine and humans. Although metals are essential for life, excess amounts of metals are toxic to bacteria....
is a zoonotic pathogen causing serious infections in swine and humans. Although metals are essential for life, excess amounts of metals are toxic to bacteria. Transcriptome-level data of the mechanisms for resistance to metal toxicity in are available for no metals other than zinc. Herein, we explored the transcriptome-level changes in in response to ferrous iron and cobalt toxicity by RNA sequencing. Many genes were differentially expressed in the presence of excess ferrous iron and cobalt. Most genes in response to cobalt toxicity showed the same expression trends as those in response to ferrous iron toxicity. qRT-PCR analysis of the selected genes confirmed the accuracy of RNA sequencing results. Bioinformatic analysis of the differentially expressed genes indicated that ferrous iron and cobalt have similar effects on the cellular processes of . Ferrous iron treatment resulted in down-regulation of several oxidative stress tolerance-related genes and up-regulation of the genes in an amino acid ABC transporter operon. Expression of several genes in the arginine deiminase system was down-regulated after ferrous iron and cobalt treatment. Collectively, our results suggested that alters the expression of multiple genes to respond to ferrous iron and cobalt toxicity.
Topics: ATP-Binding Cassette Transporters; Animals; Bacterial Proteins; Cobalt; Down-Regulation; Gene Expression Profiling; Gene Expression Regulation, Bacterial; Hydrolases; Iron; Operon; Oxidative Stress; Streptococcus suis; Swine; Transcriptome
PubMed: 32887434
DOI: 10.3390/genes11091035