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Current Opinion in Microbiology Apr 2024Streptomyces are a large genus of multicellular bacteria best known for their prolific production of bioactive natural products. In addition, they play key roles in the... (Review)
Review
Streptomyces are a large genus of multicellular bacteria best known for their prolific production of bioactive natural products. In addition, they play key roles in the mineralisation of insoluble resources, such as chitin and cellulose. Because of their multicellular mode of growth, colonies of interconnected hyphae extend over a large area that may experience different conditions in different parts of the colony. Here, we argue that within-colony phenotypic heterogeneity can allow colonies to simultaneously respond to divergent inputs from resources or competitors that are spatially and temporally dynamic. We discuss causal drivers of heterogeneity, including competitors, precursor availability, metabolic diversity and division of labour, that facilitate divergent phenotypes within Streptomyces colonies. We discuss the adaptive causes and consequences of within-colony heterogeneity, highlight current knowledge (gaps) and outline key questions for future studies.
Topics: Streptomyces; Phenotype
PubMed: 38447313
DOI: 10.1016/j.mib.2024.102448 -
The Journal of Antibiotics Dec 2019Tunicamycins are nucleoside natural products and show antibacterial, antiviral and antitumor activities, which are attributed to their inhibition of enzymatic reactions... (Review)
Review
Tunicamycins are nucleoside natural products and show antibacterial, antiviral and antitumor activities, which are attributed to their inhibition of enzymatic reactions between polyisoprenyl phosphate and UDP-GlcNAc or UDP-MurNAc-pentapeptide. Because of their various intriguing biological activities, tunicamycins have potential as therapeutic agents for infectious diseases or cancers. Structurally, tunicamycins have a unique structure composed of an undecodialdose skeleton, a lipid chain and a GlcNAc fragment linked by a 1,1-β,α-trehalose-type glycosidic bond. In this mini review, we summarize the total chemical syntheses and biosynthetic studies of tunicamycins.
Topics: Multigene Family; Streptomyces; Tunicamycin
PubMed: 31235901
DOI: 10.1038/s41429-019-0200-1 -
Biotechnology and Applied Biochemistry Aug 2023Actinomycetes are a distinct group of filamentous bacteria. The Streptomyces genus within this group has been extensively studied over the years, with substantial... (Review)
Review
Actinomycetes are a distinct group of filamentous bacteria. The Streptomyces genus within this group has been extensively studied over the years, with substantial contributions to society and science. This genus is known for its antimicrobial production, as well as antitumor, biopesticide, and immunomodulatory properties. Therefore, the extraordinary plasticity of the Streptomyces genus has inspired new research techniques. The newest way of exploring Streptomyces has comprised the discovery of new natural metabolites and the application of emerging tools such as CRISPR technology in drug discovery. In this narrative review, we explore relevant published literature concerning the ongoing novelties of the Streptomyces genus.
Topics: Streptomyces; Biotechnology; Anti-Infective Agents; Actinobacteria
PubMed: 36924211
DOI: 10.1002/bab.2455 -
Canadian Journal of Microbiology Jun 2024have a uniquely complex developmental life cycle that involves the coordination of morphological differentiation with the production of numerous bioactive specialized... (Review)
Review
have a uniquely complex developmental life cycle that involves the coordination of morphological differentiation with the production of numerous bioactive specialized metabolites. The majority of spp. are soil-dwelling saprophytes, while plant pathogenicity is a rare attribute among members of this genus Phytopathogenic are responsible for economically important diseases such as common scab, which affects potato and other root crops. Following the acquisition of genes encoding virulence factors, pathogens are expected to have specifically adapted their regulatory pathways to enable transition from a primarily saprophytic to a pathogenic lifestyle. Investigations of the regulation of pathogenesis have primarily focused on and the principal pathogenicity determinant thaxtomin A. The coordination of growth and thaxtomin A production in this species is controlled in a hierarchical manner by cluster-situated regulators, pleiotropic regulators, signalling and plant-derived molecules, and nutrients. Although the majority of phytopathogenic produce thaxtomins, many also produce additional virulence factors, and there are scab-causing pathogens that do not produce thaxtomins. The development of effective control strategies for common scab and other plant diseases requires a more in-depth understanding of the genetic and environmental factors that modulate the plant pathogenic lifestyle of these organisms.
Topics: Streptomyces; Plant Diseases; Virulence; Virulence Factors; Gene Expression Regulation, Bacterial; Bacterial Proteins; Plants; Solanum tuberosum; Indoles; Piperazines
PubMed: 38190652
DOI: 10.1139/cjm-2023-0171 -
Molecules (Basel, Switzerland) Jan 2022The genus has been a rich source of bioactive natural products, medicinal chemicals, and novel drug leads for three-quarters of a century. Yet studies suggest that the... (Review)
Review
The genus has been a rich source of bioactive natural products, medicinal chemicals, and novel drug leads for three-quarters of a century. Yet studies suggest that the genus is capable of making some 150,000 more bioactive compounds than all secondary metabolites reported to date. Researchers around the world continue to explore this enormous potential using a range of strategies including modification of culture conditions, bioinformatics and genome mining, heterologous expression, and other approaches to cryptic biosynthetic gene cluster activation. Our survey of the recent literature, with a particular focus on the year 2020, brings together more than 70 novel secondary metabolites from species, which are discussed in this review. This diverse array includes cyclic and linear peptides, peptide derivatives, polyketides, terpenoids, polyaromatics, macrocycles, and furans, the isolation, chemical structures, and bioactivity of which are appraised. The discovery of these many different compounds demonstrates the continued potential of as a source of new and interesting natural products and contributes further important pieces to the mostly unfinished puzzle of Earth's myriad microbes and their multifaceted chemical output.
Topics: Macrolides; Multigene Family; Peptides; Polyketides; Secondary Metabolism; Streptomyces; Terpenes
PubMed: 35164153
DOI: 10.3390/molecules27030887 -
FEMS Microbiology Reviews Nov 2020Chromosomes are dynamic entities, whose organization and structure depend on the concerted activity of DNA-binding proteins and DNA-processing enzymes. In bacteria,... (Review)
Review
Chromosomes are dynamic entities, whose organization and structure depend on the concerted activity of DNA-binding proteins and DNA-processing enzymes. In bacteria, chromosome replication, segregation, compaction and transcription are all occurring simultaneously, and to ensure that these processes are appropriately coordinated, all bacteria employ a mix of well-conserved and species-specific proteins. Unusually, Streptomyces bacteria have large, linear chromosomes and life cycle stages that include multigenomic filamentous hyphae and unigenomic spores. Moreover, their prolific secondary metabolism yields a wealth of bioactive natural products. These different life cycle stages are associated with profound changes in nucleoid structure and chromosome compaction, and require distinct repertoires of architectural-and regulatory-proteins. To date, chromosome organization is best understood during Streptomyces sporulation, when chromosome segregation and condensation are most evident, and these processes are coordinated with synchronous rounds of cell division. Advances are, however, now being made in understanding how chromosome organization is achieved in multigenomic hyphal compartments, in defining the functional and regulatory interplay between different architectural elements, and in appreciating the transcriptional control exerted by these 'structural' proteins.
Topics: Bacterial Proteins; Chromosomes, Bacterial; Streptomyces
PubMed: 32658291
DOI: 10.1093/femsre/fuaa028 -
Microbiology (Reading, England) Oct 2019Gram-positive from the genus are best known for their morphological complexity and for their ability to produce numerous bioactive specialized metabolites with useful... (Review)
Review
Gram-positive from the genus are best known for their morphological complexity and for their ability to produce numerous bioactive specialized metabolites with useful applications in human and veterinary medicine and in agriculture. In contrast, the ability to infect living plant tissues and to cause diseases of root and tuber crops such as potato common scab (CS) is a rare attribute among members of this genus. Research on the virulence mechanisms of plant-pathogenic spp. has revealed the importance of the thaxtomin phytotoxins as key pathogenicity determinants produced by several species. In addition, other phytotoxic specialized metabolites may contribute to the development or severity of disease caused by spp., along with the production of phytohormones and secreted proteins. A thorough understanding of the molecular mechanisms of plant pathogenicity will enable the development of better management procedures for controlling CS and other plant diseases caused by the .
Topics: Bacterial Proteins; Bacterial Toxins; Plant Diseases; Plant Growth Regulators; Plant Tubers; Solanum tuberosum; Streptomyces; Virulence
PubMed: 31162023
DOI: 10.1099/mic.0.000818 -
Biomolecules Dec 2022Hundreds of proteins work together in microorganisms to coordinate and control normal activity in cells. Their degradation is not only the last step in the cell's... (Review)
Review
Hundreds of proteins work together in microorganisms to coordinate and control normal activity in cells. Their degradation is not only the last step in the cell's lifespan but also the starting point for its recycling. In recent years, protein degradation has been extensively studied in both eukaryotic and prokaryotic organisms. Understanding the degradation process is essential for revealing the complex regulatory network in microorganisms, as well as further artificial reconstructions and applications. This review will discuss several studies on protein quality-control family members Lon, FtsH, ClpP, the proteasome in and a few classical model organisms, mainly focusing on their structure, recognition mechanisms, and metabolic influences.
Topics: ATPases Associated with Diverse Cellular Activities; Proteolysis; Streptomyces; Proteasome Endopeptidase Complex
PubMed: 36551276
DOI: 10.3390/biom12121848 -
International Journal of Molecular... Dec 2022Bacteria of the genus constitute an authentic biotech gold mine thanks to their ability to produce a myriad of compounds and enzymes of great interest at various... (Review)
Review
Bacteria of the genus constitute an authentic biotech gold mine thanks to their ability to produce a myriad of compounds and enzymes of great interest at various clinical, agricultural, and industrial levels. Understanding the physiology of these organisms and revealing their regulatory mechanisms is essential for their manipulation and application. Two-component systems (TCSs) constitute the predominant signal transduction mechanism in prokaryotes, and can detect a multitude of external and internal stimuli and trigger the appropriate cellular responses for adapting to diverse environmental conditions. These global regulatory systems usually coordinate various biological processes for the maintenance of homeostasis and proper cell function. Here, we review the multiple TCSs described and characterized in , one of the most studied and important model species within this bacterial group. TCSs are involved in all cellular processes; hence, unravelling the complex regulatory network they form is essential for their potential biotechnological application.
Topics: Streptomyces coelicolor; Bacterial Proteins; Streptomyces; Signal Transduction; Gene Expression Regulation, Bacterial
PubMed: 36499414
DOI: 10.3390/ijms232315085 -
Journal of Industrial Microbiology &... Jun 2021Streptomyces species are soil-dwelling bacteria that produce vast numbers of pharmaceutically valuable secondary metabolites (SMs), such as antibiotics,... (Review)
Review
Streptomyces species are soil-dwelling bacteria that produce vast numbers of pharmaceutically valuable secondary metabolites (SMs), such as antibiotics, immunosuppressants, antiviral, and anticancer drugs. On the other hand, the biosynthesis of most SMs remains very low due to tightly controlled regulatory networks. Both global and pathway-specific regulators are involved in the regulation of a specific SM biosynthesis in various Streptomyces species. Over the past few decades, many of these regulators have been identified and new ones are still being discovered. Among them, a global regulator of SM biosynthesis named WblA was identified in several Streptomyces species. The identification and understanding of the WblAs have greatly contributed to increasing the productivity of several Streptomyces SMs. This review summarizes the characteristics and applications on WblAs reported to date, which were found in various Streptomyces species and other actinobacteria.
Topics: Anti-Bacterial Agents; Bacterial Proteins; Gene Expression Regulation, Bacterial; Streptomyces
PubMed: 33928363
DOI: 10.1093/jimb/kuab007