-
Journal of Medical Virology Apr 2022Since the outbreak of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), countries all over the world have suffered severe losses. It affects not only human life and health but also... (Review)
Review
Since the outbreak of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), countries all over the world have suffered severe losses. It affects not only human life and health but also the economy. In response to COVID-19, countries have made tremendous efforts to vaccine development. The newly discovered variants of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) have brought major challenges to the effectiveness and research of vaccines. This article reviews the existing literature and summarizes the main variants of the SARS-CoV-2 and its impact on vaccines, and provides new ideas for the later development of vaccines. An excellent job in developing and applying vaccines will be an important measure for epidemic prevention and control.
Topics: COVID-19; COVID-19 Vaccines; Epidemiological Monitoring; Humans; Immunogenicity, Vaccine; SARS-CoV-2; Spike Glycoprotein, Coronavirus; Vaccine Development; Vaccine Efficacy
PubMed: 34890492
DOI: 10.1002/jmv.27513 -
Current Pharmaceutical Biotechnology 2022The coronavirus pandemic hit the world lately and caused acute respiratory syndrome in humans. The causative agent of the disease was soon identified by scientists as... (Review)
Review
The coronavirus pandemic hit the world lately and caused acute respiratory syndrome in humans. The causative agent of the disease was soon identified by scientists as SARS-CoV-2 and later called a novel coronavirus by the general public. Due to the severity and rapid spread of the disease, WHO classifies the COVID-19 pandemic as the 6th public health emergency even after taking efforts like worldwide quarantine and restrictions. Since only symptomatic treatment is available, the best way to control the spread of the virus is by taking preventive measures. Various types of antigen/antibody detection kits and diagnostic methods are available for the diagnosis of COVID-19 patients. In recent years, various phytochemicals and repurposing drugs showing a broad range of anti-viral activities with different modes of actions have been identified. Repurposing drugs such as arbidol, hydroxychloroquine, chloroquine, lopinavir, favipiravir, remdesivir, hexamethylene amiloride, dexamethasone, tocilizumab, interferon-β, and neutralizing antibodies exhibit in vitro anti-coronaviral properties by inhibiting multiple processes in the virus life cycle. Various research groups are involved in drug trials and vaccine development. Plant-based antiviral compounds such as baicalin, calanolides, curcumin, oxymatrine, matrine, and resveratrol exhibit different modes of action against a wide range of positive/negative sense-RNA/DNA virus, and future researches need to be conducted to ascertain their role and use in managing SARS-CoV-2. Thus this article is an attempt to review the current understanding of COVID- 19 acute respiratory disease and summarize its clinical features with their prospective control and various aspects of the therapeutic approach.
Topics: Antiviral Agents; COVID-19; Humans; Pandemics; Prospective Studies; SARS-CoV-2; Vaccine Development
PubMed: 33966618
DOI: 10.2174/1389201022666210509022313 -
Sexually Transmitted Diseases Jan 2022
Topics: Bacterial Vaccines; Humans; Recombination, Genetic; Syphilis; Treponema pallidum; Vaccine Development
PubMed: 34618784
DOI: 10.1097/OLQ.0000000000001497 -
European Respiratory Review : An... Jun 2022Tuberculosis (TB) remains a leading infectious cause of death worldwide and the coronavirus disease 2019 pandemic has negatively impacted the global TB burden of disease... (Review)
Review
Tuberculosis (TB) remains a leading infectious cause of death worldwide and the coronavirus disease 2019 pandemic has negatively impacted the global TB burden of disease indicators. If the targets of TB mortality and incidence reduction set by the international community are to be met, new more effective adult and adolescent TB vaccines are urgently needed. There are several new vaccine candidates at different stages of clinical development. Given the limited funding for vaccine development, it is crucial that trial designs are as efficient as possible. Prevention of infection (POI) approaches offer an attractive opportunity to accelerate new candidate vaccines to advance into large and expensive prevention of disease (POD) efficacy trials. However, POI approaches are limited by imperfect current tools to measure infection end-points. POD trials need to carefully consider the type and number of microbiological tests that define TB disease and, if efficacy against subclinical (asymptomatic) TB disease is to be tested, POD trials need to explore how best to define and measure this form of TB. Prevention of recurrence trials are an alternative approach to generate proof of concept for efficacy, but optimal timing of vaccination relative to treatment must still be explored. Novel and efficient approaches to efficacy trial design, in addition to an increasing number of candidates entering phase 2-3 trials, would accelerate the long-standing quest for a new TB vaccine.
Topics: Adolescent; Adult; COVID-19; Clinical Trials as Topic; Humans; Mycobacterium tuberculosis; Research Design; Tuberculosis; Tuberculosis Vaccines; Vaccine Development
PubMed: 35675923
DOI: 10.1183/16000617.0044-2022 -
Current Pharmaceutical Design 2023Peptides are of great importance in the areas of science because they can act as drug carriers and their therapeutic effect and their ability to generate an immune... (Review)
Review
Peptides are of great importance in the areas of science because they can act as drug carriers and their therapeutic effect and their ability to generate an immune response. As culturing of viral agents for drugs and vaccine development is harmful, therefore, peptide-based drugs and vaccines have achieved great importance. Large immunoglobulins cannot pass the plasma membrane, so peptides are used to study this interaction because of their small size. Peptides with substituted amino acid sequences are also stable in blood serum, which makes them significant for drug development. Peptides with substituted amino acid sequences are stable in blood serum hence, their stability, small size, easy screening, cost-effectiveness, ease of administration and particularity (target specificity) make them effective to be used in pharmaceutical companies. Mostly branched peptides are used for the development of drugs because they are not prone to be degraded by proteolytic enzymes. In peptide-based vaccines, protein acts as the main constituent from which the main component that causes the infection is deleted by recombinant DNA technology, and these peptides act as antigens to stimulate the immune response. Self-assembled peptides have the main role in the delivery of drugs and vaccine molecules inside the living cells because they may also assemble into nano technological structures to improve their efficiency. This review focuses on the characteristics of peptides that make them effective to develop drugs and vaccines. Different peptides like synthetic peptides, antimicrobial peptides, signal peptides, carrier peptides, and their role against various viral, pathogenic, and microbial diseases and in cosmetics are described briefly.
Topics: Humans; Pharmaceutical Preparations; Peptides; Amino Acid Sequence; Vaccines, Subunit; Vaccine Development
PubMed: 37461342
DOI: 10.2174/1381612829666230717121632 -
Methodist DeBakey Cardiovascular Journal 2021Much has changed in the 2 years since the start of the coronavirus disease 19 (COVID-19) pandemic. The need for social distancing catalyzed the digitization of... (Review)
Review
Much has changed in the 2 years since the start of the coronavirus disease 19 (COVID-19) pandemic. The need for social distancing catalyzed the digitization of healthcare delivery and medical education-from telemedicine and virtual conferences to online residency/fellowship interviews. Vaccine development, particularly in the field of mRNA technology, led to widespread availability of safe and effective vaccines. With improved survival from acute infection, the healthcare system is dealing with the ever-growing cohort of patients with lingering symptoms. In addition, social media platforms have fueled a plethora of misinformation campaigns that have adversely affected prevention and control measures. In this review, we examine how COVID-19 has reshaped the healthcare system, and gauge its potential effects on life after the pandemic.
Topics: COVID-19; Humans; Pandemics; SARS-CoV-2; Telemedicine; Vaccine Development
PubMed: 34992726
DOI: 10.14797/mdcvj.1056 -
Frontiers in Immunology 2022is an obligate intracellular bacterium which, in humans, causes the disease Q fever. Although Q fever is most often a mild, self-limiting respiratory disease, it can... (Review)
Review
is an obligate intracellular bacterium which, in humans, causes the disease Q fever. Although Q fever is most often a mild, self-limiting respiratory disease, it can cause a range of severe syndromes including hepatitis, myocarditis, spontaneous abortion, chronic valvular endocarditis, and Q fever fatigue syndrome. This agent is endemic worldwide, except for New Zealand and Antarctica, transmitted aerosols, persists in the environment for long periods, and is maintained through persistent infections in domestic livestock. Because of this, elimination of this bacterium is extremely challenging and vaccination is considered the best strategy for prevention of infection in humans. Many vaccines against have been developed, however, only a formalin-inactivated, whole cell vaccine derived from virulent is currently licensed for use in humans. Unfortunately, widespread use of this whole cell vaccine is impaired due to the severity of reactogenic responses associated with it. This reactogenicity continues to be a major barrier to access to preventative vaccines against and the pathogenesis of this remains only partially understood. This review provides an overview of past and current research on vaccines, our knowledge of immunogenicity and reactogenicity in vaccines, and future strategies to improve the safety of vaccines against .
Topics: Bacterial Vaccines; Coxiella burnetii; Female; Humans; Pregnancy; Q Fever; Vaccination; Vaccine Development
PubMed: 35693783
DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.886810 -
Open Veterinary Journal Dec 2023The African swine fever virus (ASFV) poses a serious threat to global swine populations, underscoring the urgent need for effective preventive strategies. This... (Review)
Review
The African swine fever virus (ASFV) poses a serious threat to global swine populations, underscoring the urgent need for effective preventive strategies. This comprehensive review investigates the intricate interplay between innate, cellular, and humoral immunity against ASFV, with a focus on their relevance to vaccine development. By delving into immunopathogenesis and immunological challenges, this review article aims to provide a holistic perspective on the complexities of ASFV infections and immune evasion. Key findings underscore the critical role of innate immune recognition in shaping subsequent adaptive immune defenses, potential protective antigens, and the multifaceted nature of ASFV-specific antibodies and cytotoxic T-cell responses. Despite advancements, the unique attributes of ASFV present hurdles in the development of a successful vaccine. In conclusion, this review examines the current state of ASFV immune responses and offers insights into future research directions, fostering the development of effective interventions against this devastating pathogen.
Topics: Swine; Animals; African Swine Fever Virus; Viral Proteins; African Swine Fever; Immunity, Humoral; Vaccine Development; Swine Diseases
PubMed: 38292721
DOI: 10.5455/OVJ.2023.v13.i12.2 -
Parasitology Dec 2021Ascariasis is the most prevalent helminth infection in the world and leads to significant, life-long morbidity, particularly in young children. Current efforts to...
Ascariasis is the most prevalent helminth infection in the world and leads to significant, life-long morbidity, particularly in young children. Current efforts to control and eradicate ascariasis in endemic regions have been met with significant challenges including high-rates of re-infection and potential development of anthelminthic drug resistance. Vaccines against ascariasis are a key tool that could break the transmission cycle and lead to disease eradication globally. Evolution of the vaccine pipeline has progressed, however no vaccine product has been brought to human clinical trials to date. Advancement in recombinant protein technology may provide the first step in generating an vaccine as well as a pan-helminthic vaccine ready for human trials. However, several roadblocks remain and investment in new technologies will be important to develop a successful human vaccine that is critically needed to prevent significant morbidity in -endemic regions around the world.
Topics: Animals; Ascariasis; Ascaris; Humans; Vaccine Development; Vaccines
PubMed: 35586777
DOI: 10.1017/s0031182021001347 -
Viruses Sep 2022Polyomaviruses are nonenveloped icosahedral viruses with a double-stranded circular DNA containing approximately 5000 bp and 5-6 open reading frames. In contrast to... (Review)
Review
Polyomaviruses are nonenveloped icosahedral viruses with a double-stranded circular DNA containing approximately 5000 bp and 5-6 open reading frames. In contrast to mammalian polyomaviruses (MPVs), avian polyomaviruses (APVs) exhibit high lethality and multipathogenicity, causing severe infections in birds without oncogenicity. APVs are classified into 10 major species: Adélie penguin polyomavirus, budgerigar fledgling disease virus, butcherbird polyomavirus, canary polyomavirus, cormorant polyomavirus, crow polyomavirus, polyomavirus, finch polyomavirus, goose hemorrhagic polyomavirus, and Hungarian finch polyomavirus under the genus . This paper briefly reviews the genomic structure and pathogenicity of the 10 species of APV and some of their differences in terms of virulence from MPVs. Each gene's genomic size, number of amino acid residues encoding each gene, and key biologic functions are discussed. The rationale for APV classification from the family and phylogenetic analyses among the 10 APVs are also discussed. The clinical symptoms in birds caused by APV infection are summarized. Finally, the strategies for developing an effective vaccine containing essential epitopes for preventing virus infection in birds are discussed. We hope that more effective and safe vaccines with diverse protection will be developed in the future to solve or alleviate the problems of viral infection.
Topics: Amino Acids; Animals; Biological Products; DNA, Circular; Epitopes; Mammals; Passeriformes; Phylogeny; Polyomavirus; Polyomavirus Infections; Vaccine Development; Virulence
PubMed: 36146885
DOI: 10.3390/v14092079