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International Journal of Molecular... Apr 2022Sleep and wakefulness are basic behavioral states that require coordination between several brain regions, and they involve multiple neurochemical systems, including... (Review)
Review
Sleep and wakefulness are basic behavioral states that require coordination between several brain regions, and they involve multiple neurochemical systems, including neuropeptides. Neuropeptides are a group of peptides produced by neurons and neuroendocrine cells of the central nervous system. Like traditional neurotransmitters, neuropeptides can bind to specific surface receptors and subsequently regulate neuronal activities. For example, orexin is a crucial component for the maintenance of wakefulness and the suppression of rapid eye movement (REM) sleep. In addition to orexin, melanin-concentrating hormone, and galanin may promote REM sleep. These results suggest that neuropeptides play an important role in sleep-wake regulation. These neuropeptides can be divided into three categories according to their effects on sleep-wake behaviors in rodents and humans. (i) Galanin, melanin-concentrating hormone, and vasoactive intestinal polypeptide are sleep-promoting peptides. It is also noticeable that vasoactive intestinal polypeptide particularly increases REM sleep. (ii) Orexin and neuropeptide S have been shown to induce wakefulness. (iii) Neuropeptide Y and substance P may have a bidirectional function as they can produce both arousal and sleep-inducing effects. This review will introduce the distribution of various neuropeptides in the brain and summarize the roles of different neuropeptides in sleep-wake regulation. We aim to lay the foundation for future studies to uncover the mechanisms that underlie the initiation, maintenance, and end of sleep-wake states.
Topics: Galanin; Intracellular Signaling Peptides and Proteins; Neuropeptides; Orexins; Sleep; Vasoactive Intestinal Peptide
PubMed: 35562990
DOI: 10.3390/ijms23094599 -
Endocrinology and Metabolism Clinics of... Dec 2021The most common causes of hypercalcemia are primary hyperparathyroidism and malignancy, constituting 80% to 90% of all cases. Although less common, several... (Review)
Review
The most common causes of hypercalcemia are primary hyperparathyroidism and malignancy, constituting 80% to 90% of all cases. Although less common, several nonparathyroid endocrine disorders are associated with hypercalcemia. The most well described is hyperthyroidism, although the reported prevalence of hypercalcemia in hyperthyroid patients varies depending on applied method for measuring serum calcium levels. Also, adrenal insufficiency, pheochromocytoma, and vasoactive intestinal polypeptide are associated with hypercalcemia. These are differential diagnoses when assessing the hypercalcemic patient for whom common causes have been excluded. Further investigation is needed regarding hypothyroidism; acromegaly, hyperprolactinemia, gonadal dysfunction, and diabetes are not associated with hyperthyroidism.
Topics: Calcium; Endocrine System Diseases; Humans; Hypercalcemia; Neoplasms; Parathyroid Hormone
PubMed: 34774242
DOI: 10.1016/j.ecl.2021.07.002 -
World Journal of Transplantation Oct 2021Donor management is the key in the complex donation process, since up to 20% of organs of brain death donors (DBD) are lost due to hemodynamic instability. This... (Review)
Review
Donor management is the key in the complex donation process, since up to 20% of organs of brain death donors (DBD) are lost due to hemodynamic instability. This challenge is made more difficult due to the lack of strong recommendations on therapies for hemodynamic management in DBDs and more importantly to the epidemiologic changes in these donors who are becoming older and with more comorbidities (marginal donors). In the present manuscript we aimed at summarizing the available evidence on therapeutic strategies for hemodynamic management (focusing on vasoactive drugs) and monitoring (therapeutic goals). Evidence on management in elderly DBDs is also summarized. Donor management continues critical care but with different and specific therapeutic goals since the number of donor goals met is related to the number of organs retrieved and transplanted. Careful monitoring of selected parameters (possibly including serial echocardiography) is the clinical tool able to guarantee the achievement and maintaining of therapeutic goals. Despide worldwide differences, norepinephrine is the vasoactive of choice in most countries but, whenever higher doses (> 0.2 mcg/kg/min) are needed, a second vasoactive drug (vasopressin) is advisable. Hormonal therapy (desmopressin, corticosteroid and thyroid hormone) are suggested in all DBDs independently of hemodynamic instability. In the single patient, therapeutic regimen (imprimis vasoactive drugs) should be chosen also according to the potential organs retrievable ( heart liver and kidneys).
PubMed: 34722170
DOI: 10.5500/wjt.v11.i10.410 -
Journal of Biosciences 2020The suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN) that acts as the primary circadian pacemaker in mammals is responsible for orchestrating multiple circadian rhythms in every organism.... (Review)
Review
The suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN) that acts as the primary circadian pacemaker in mammals is responsible for orchestrating multiple circadian rhythms in every organism. A network structure in the SCN composed of multiple types of neurons orchestrates the circadian rhythms. Despite speculations regarding the working of the clock, the molecular mechanisms governing it is far from clear. The molecular mechanism seems to be woven around the genes present and their linking with the neuromodulators. With the advancement in knowledge regarding the role of neuromodulators in the workings of the clock, especially that of Arginine vasopressin (AVP) and vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP), the entire picture of the mechanisms involved and therefore the importance of these neuromodulators has changed considerably. AVP seems to be very important for the functioning of the clock and its role has been well established based on the evidence available at present. Enormous research is going on to study the role of AVP and new roles are likely to be assigned to AVP in the execution of function in the SCN. Of late, there have been reports indicating linkage of AVP with jet lag in a positive way, suggesting vasopressin signalling as a possible remedy for ill effects and their improvement. Studies also show circadian rhythm disturbances in mood disorders and the same is related to AVP levels in the SCN. Various findings are thus in accordance with strong suggestions for a critical role for AVP in SCN function.
Topics: Animals; Arginine Vasopressin; Circadian Rhythm; Humans; Neurons; Signal Transduction; Suprachiasmatic Nucleus; Vasoactive Intestinal Peptide; Vasopressins
PubMed: 33361631
DOI: No ID Found -
Blood Sep 2022
Topics: Dendritic Cells; Graft vs Host Disease; Humans; Tissue Donors; Transplantation, Homologous; Vasoactive Intestinal Peptide
PubMed: 36136363
DOI: 10.1182/blood.2022016451 -
Peptides May 2022The intestinal barrier is a dynamic entity that is organized as a multilayer system and includes various intracellular and extracellular elements. The gut barrier... (Review)
Review
The intestinal barrier is a dynamic entity that is organized as a multilayer system and includes various intracellular and extracellular elements. The gut barrier functions in a coordinated manner to impede the passage of antigens, toxins, and microbiome components and simultaneously preserves the balanced development of the epithelial barrier and the immune system and the acquisition of tolerance to dietary antigens and intestinal pathogens.Numerous scientific studies have shown a significant association between gut barrier damage and gastrointestinal and extraintestinal diseases such as inflammatory bowel disease, celiac disease and hepatic fibrosis. Various internal and external factors regulate the intestinal barrier. Gastrointestinal peptides originate from enteroendocrine cells in the luminal digestive tract and are critical gut barrier regulators. Recent studies have demonstrated that gastrointestinal peptides have a therapeutic effect on digestive tract diseases, enhancing epithelial barrier activity and restoring the gut barrier. This review demonstrates the roles and mechanisms of gastrointestinal polypeptides, especially somatostatin (SST) and vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP), in intestinal barrier regulation.
Topics: Enteroendocrine Cells; Gastrointestinal Diseases; Humans; Inflammatory Bowel Diseases; Intestinal Mucosa; Vasoactive Intestinal Peptide
PubMed: 35114316
DOI: 10.1016/j.peptides.2022.170753 -
Frontiers in Endocrinology 2020
Topics: Humans; Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme 2; Arthritis, Rheumatoid; Autoimmune Diseases; Drug Combinations; Gastrointestinal Neoplasms; Inflammation; Inflammatory Bowel Diseases; Neurodegenerative Diseases; Phentolamine; Receptors, G-Protein-Coupled; Vasoactive Intestinal Peptide
PubMed: 33101216
DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2020.588157 -
The American Journal of Tropical... Jul 2023To establish a Cox regression model predicting risk factors for mortality in patients with severe fever with thrombocytopenia syndrome (SFTS), a total of 109 SFTS...
To establish a Cox regression model predicting risk factors for mortality in patients with severe fever with thrombocytopenia syndrome (SFTS), a total of 109 SFTS patients treated at The Second Hospital of Nanjing between June 2016 and October 2020 were included in this study. The patients were categorized into survival (n = 82) and death (n = 27) groups, and the clinical manifestations on admission and laboratory examination were collected. The factors associated with the mortality risk of SFTS patients were explored by univariate and binary logistic regression analyses. The receiver operating characteristic curve was used to evaluate the predictive value of independent influencing factors and the STFS scoring system. Univariate screening showed that the putative influencing factors were age, Acute Physiology and Chronic Health Evaluation II (APACHE II) score, invasive mechanical ventilation, continuous renal replacement therapy, application of vasoactive medications, absolute count of lymphocytes, count of platelets, and levels of albumin and D-dimer (P < 0.05). Binary logistic regression showed that age (P = 0.042), APACHE II score (P = 0.030), and vasoactive medications (P = 0.035) were independent risk factors in SFTS patients. The combined prediction equation for the mortality risk of SFTS patients was "Combined predictor = age + 3.162 × APACHE II score + 22.306 × vasoactive medications," and the predictive value of combined predictor was greater than that of age (P = 0.004) or APACHE II score (P < 0.001). The combination of age, APACHE II score, and vasoactive medications had the highest ability to predict the risk of death. The STFS scoring system could make the clinical application of independent risk factors feasible.
Topics: Humans; Child, Preschool; Severe Fever with Thrombocytopenia Syndrome; Prognosis; Retrospective Studies; APACHE; ROC Curve; Risk Factors; Intensive Care Units
PubMed: 37253446
DOI: 10.4269/ajtmh.22-0667 -
Life Sciences Nov 2023Vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP) is an abundant neurotransmitter in the lungs and other organs. Its discovery dates back to 1970. And VIP gains attention again due to... (Review)
Review
Vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP) is an abundant neurotransmitter in the lungs and other organs. Its discovery dates back to 1970. And VIP gains attention again due to the potential application in COVID-19 after a research wave in the 1980s and 1990s. The diverse biological impacts of VIP extend beyond its usage in COVID-19 treatment, encompassing its involvement in various pulmonary and systemic disorders. This review centers on the function of VIP in various lung diseases, such as pulmonary arterial hypertension, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, asthma, cystic fibrosis, acute lung injury/acute respiratory distress syndrome, pulmonary fibrosis, and lung tumors. This review also outlines two main limitations of VIP as a potential medication and gathers information on extended-release formulations and VIP analogues.
Topics: Humans; Pulmonary Disease, Chronic Obstructive; Vasoactive Intestinal Peptide; Lung Diseases
PubMed: 37742737
DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2023.122121 -
International Journal of Obstetric... Nov 2022This case report addresses the management of a pregnant woman in the peripartum period with a VIPoma. This rare and highly malignant neuroendocrine tumour secretes...
This case report addresses the management of a pregnant woman in the peripartum period with a VIPoma. This rare and highly malignant neuroendocrine tumour secretes vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP), a substance that may cause potentially life-threatening disruption to physiology. A 36-year-old woman presented for induction of labour with a three-year history of chronic diarrhoea, hypophosphataemia, palpitations and skin flushing. Raised VIP levels indicated presence of a VIPoma, however despite extensive investigation prior to pregnancy by neuroendocrine specialists, the tumour location remained unidentified. The patient delivered a healthy boy with the aid of forceps in theatre following an epidural top-up. Key features of management were a multidisciplinary approach, avoidance of triggers for VIP secretion, strict management of electrolytes and avoidance of severe changes in sympathetic tone during labour with epidural analgesia.
Topics: Male; Pregnancy; Female; Humans; Adult; Vipoma; Pancreatic Neoplasms; Vasoactive Intestinal Peptide
PubMed: 36252446
DOI: 10.1016/j.ijoa.2022.103600