-
Pancreas Oct 2019Vasoactive intestinal peptide-secreting tumors (VIPomas) are a group of rare neuroendocrine tumors, which cause a typical syndrome of watery diarrhea. Most of these... (Review)
Review
Vasoactive intestinal peptide-secreting tumors (VIPomas) are a group of rare neuroendocrine tumors, which cause a typical syndrome of watery diarrhea. Most of these tumors are found in the pancreas and are usually detected at a later stage. Although curative resection is not possible in most of these tumors, both symptom and tumor control can be achieved by a multidimensional approach, to enable a long survival of most patients. There are no clear-cut guidelines for the management of VIPomas because of the rarity of this neoplasm and lack of prospective data. In this review, we discuss the available evidence on the clinical features and management of these rare tumors.
Topics: Diarrhea; Humans; Magnetic Resonance Imaging; Neuroendocrine Tumors; Pancreas; Pancreatic Neoplasms; Survival Analysis; Tomography, X-Ray Computed; Vasoactive Intestinal Peptide; Vipoma
PubMed: 31609932
DOI: 10.1097/MPA.0000000000001402 -
Environmental Science and Pollution... Feb 2022Vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP) is a neuropeptide that is produced by the lymphoid cells and plays a major role in immunological functions for controlling the... (Review)
Review
Vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP) is a neuropeptide that is produced by the lymphoid cells and plays a major role in immunological functions for controlling the homeostasis of the immune system. VIP has been identified as a potent anti-inflammatory factor, in boosting both innate and adaptive immunity. Since December 2019, SARS-Cov-2 was found responsible for the disease COVID-19 which has spread worldwide. No specific therapies or 100% effective vaccines are yet available for the treatment of COVID-19. Drug repositioning may offer a strategy and several drugs have been repurposed, including lopinavir/ritonavir, remdesivir, favipiravir, and tocilizumab. This paper describes the main pharmacological properties of synthetic VIP drug (Aviptadil) which is now under clinical trials. A patented formulation of vasoactive intestinal polypeptide (VIP), named RLF-100 (Aviptadil), was developed and finally got approved for human trials by FDA in 2001 and in European medicines agency in 2005. It was awarded Orphan Drug Designation in 2001 by the US FDA for the treatment of acute respiratory distress syndrome and for the treatment of pulmonary arterial hypertension in 2005. Investigational new drug (IND) licenses for human trials of Aviptadil was guaranteed by both the US FDA and EMEA. Preliminary clinical trials seem to support Aviptadil's benefit. However, such drugs like Aviptadil in COVID-19 patients have peculiar safety profiles. Thus, adequate clinical trials are necessary for these compounds.
Topics: COVID-19; Drug Combinations; Humans; Phentolamine; SARS-CoV-2; Vasoactive Intestinal Peptide
PubMed: 34846667
DOI: 10.1007/s11356-021-17824-5 -
World Journal of Gastrointestinal... Apr 2022Vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP) secreting tumour (VIPoma) is a rare functional neuroendocrine tumour that typically arises from pancreatic islet cells. These present... (Review)
Review
Vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP) secreting tumour (VIPoma) is a rare functional neuroendocrine tumour that typically arises from pancreatic islet cells. These present as sporadic, solitary pancreatic neoplasias with an estimated incidence of one in ten million individuals per year. Only around 5% of VIPomas are associated with multiple endocrine neoplasia type I syndrome. Excessive VIP secretion produces a clinical syndrome characterized by refractory watery diarrhoea, hypokalemia and metabolic acidosis. These coupled with elevated plasma levels of VIP are diagnostic. The majority of VIPomas are malignant and have already metastasized at the time of diagnosis (60%). Metastases occur most frequently in the liver, or regional lymph nodes, lungs, kidneys and bones. Some reports of skin metastases have been documented. Complete surgical resection continues to be the only potentially curative treatment. However, when the neoplasia cannot be excised completely, surgical debulking may provide palliative benefit. Other palliative options have included recently the peptide receptor radionuclide therapy which has shown to be effective and well-tolerated. This article will review all aspects of pancreatic VIPomas highlighting aspects such as clinical presentation, diagnosis and management.
PubMed: 35582098
DOI: 10.4251/wjgo.v14.i4.808 -
Pharmacotherapy Nov 2023There are several clinical practice guidelines concerning the use of fluid and vasoactive drug therapies in critically ill adult patients, but the recommendations in... (Review)
Review
There are several clinical practice guidelines concerning the use of fluid and vasoactive drug therapies in critically ill adult patients, but the recommendations in these guidelines are often based on low-quality evidence. Further, some were compiled prior to the publication of landmark clinical trials, particularly in the comparison of balanced crystalloid and normal saline. An important consideration in the treatment of critically ill patients is the application of precision medicine to provide the most effective care to groups of patients most likely to benefit from the therapy. Although not currently widely integrated into these practice guidelines, the utility of precision medicine in critical illness is a recognized research priority for fluid and vasoactive therapy management. The purpose of this narrative review was to illustrate the evaluation and challenges of providing precision fluid and vasoactive therapies to adult critically ill patients. The review includes a discussion of important investigations published after the release of currently available clinical practice guidelines to provide insight into how recommendations and research priorities may change future guidelines and bedside care for critically ill patients.
Topics: Adult; Humans; Fluid Therapy; Critical Illness; Crystalloid Solutions
PubMed: 36606689
DOI: 10.1002/phar.2763 -
International Journal of Molecular... Jan 2023In this review, we discuss sympathetic regulation in normal and diabetic wound healing. Experimental denervation studies have confirmed that sympathetic nerve endings in... (Review)
Review
In this review, we discuss sympathetic regulation in normal and diabetic wound healing. Experimental denervation studies have confirmed that sympathetic nerve endings in skin have an important and complex role in wound healing. Vasoconstrictor neurons secrete norepinephrine (NE) and neuropeptide Y (NPY). Both mediators decrease blood flow and interact with inflammatory cells and keratinocytes. NE acts in an ambiguous way depending on receptor type. Beta2-adrenoceptors could be activated near sympathetic endings; they suppress inflammation and re-epithelialization. Alpha1- and alpha2-adrenoceptors induce inflammation and activate keratinocytes. Sudomotor neurons secrete acetylcholine (ACh) and vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP). Both induce vasodilatation, angiogenesis, inflammation, keratinocytes proliferation and migration. In healthy skin, all effects are important for successful healing. In treatment of diabetic ulcers, mediator balance could be shifted in different ways. Beta2-adrenoceptors blockade and nicotinic ACh receptors activation are the most promising directions in treatment of diabetic ulcers with neuropathy, but they require further research.
Topics: Humans; Diabetes Complications; Diabetes Mellitus; Hemodynamics; Inflammation; Receptors, Adrenergic; Wound Healing; Sympathetic Nervous System; Neurons; Vasoconstriction; Skin; Skin Ulcer; Neuropeptide Y; Norepinephrine; Acetylcholine; Vasoactive Intestinal Peptide
PubMed: 36768369
DOI: 10.3390/ijms24032045 -
Critical Care Nursing Clinics of North... Sep 2019This article reviews the use of vasoactive medications prescribed in the postoperative management of patients who have undergone cardiac surgery. With a focus on the... (Review)
Review
This article reviews the use of vasoactive medications prescribed in the postoperative management of patients who have undergone cardiac surgery. With a focus on the influence these medications have on the physiologic contributors to cardiac output and blood pressure, insight into decision making related to use, titration, and discontinuation of these medications is provided. Case studies offer vignettes to demonstrate the application of knowledge gleaned from the article.
Topics: Blood Pressure; Cardiac Output; Cardiac Surgical Procedures; Cardiotonic Agents; Critical Care Nursing; Heart Rate; Humans; Myocardial Contraction; Postoperative Care; Thoracic Surgery; Vasoconstrictor Agents; Vasodilator Agents
PubMed: 31351555
DOI: 10.1016/j.cnc.2019.05.005 -
Experimental Eye Research Mar 2023We have previously reported that porcine retinal veins can be contracted by vasoactive factors such as endothelin-1, but it is still unknown which cells play the major...
We have previously reported that porcine retinal veins can be contracted by vasoactive factors such as endothelin-1, but it is still unknown which cells play the major role in such contraction responses. This study seeks to confirm whether retinal vein endothelial cells play a significant role in the endothelin-1 induced contraction of porcine retinal veins. This is a novel study which provides confirmation of the endothelial cells' ability to contract retinal veins using a live vessel preparation. Retinal veins were isolated from porcine retina and cannulated for perfusion. The vessels were exposed to extraluminal delivery of endothelin-1 (10 M) and change in vessel diameter recorded automatically every 2 s. A phase contrast objective lens was also used to capture images of the endothelial cell morphometries. The length, width, area, and perimeter were assessed. In addition, vein histology and immuno-labeling for contractile proteins was performed. With 10 M endothelin-1 contractions to 63.6% of baseline were seen. The polygonal shape of the endothelial cells under normal tone became spindle-like after contraction. The area, width, perimeter and length were significantly reduced by 54.8%, 48.1%, 28.5% and 10.5% respectively. Three contractile proteins, myosin, calponin and alpha-SMA were found in retinal vein endothelial cells. Retinal vein endothelial cells contain contractile proteins and can be contracted by endothelin-1 administration. Such contractile capability may be important in regulating retinal perfusion but could also be a factor in the pathogenesis of retinal vascular diseases such as retinal vein occlusion. As far as we are aware, this is the first study on living isolated veins to confirm that endothelial cells contribute to the endothelin-1 induced contraction.
Topics: Swine; Animals; Retinal Vein; Endothelin-1; Endothelial Cells; Retinal Artery; Endothelium, Vascular; Contractile Proteins; Muscle Contraction; Endothelins
PubMed: 36657697
DOI: 10.1016/j.exer.2023.109386 -
Nature Communications Jul 2023Peripheral sensory organ damage leads to compensatory cortical plasticity that is associated with a remarkable recovery of cortical responses to sound. The precise...
Peripheral sensory organ damage leads to compensatory cortical plasticity that is associated with a remarkable recovery of cortical responses to sound. The precise mechanisms that explain how this plasticity is implemented and distributed over a diverse collection of excitatory and inhibitory cortical neurons remain unknown. After noise trauma and persistent peripheral deficits, we found recovered sound-evoked activity in mouse A1 excitatory principal neurons (PNs), parvalbumin- and vasoactive intestinal peptide-expressing neurons (PVs and VIPs), but reduced activity in somatostatin-expressing neurons (SOMs). This cell-type-specific recovery was also associated with cell-type-specific intrinsic plasticity. These findings, along with our computational modelling results, are consistent with the notion that PV plasticity contributes to PN stability, SOM plasticity allows for increased PN and PV activity, and VIP plasticity enables PN and PV recovery by inhibiting SOMs.
Topics: Mice; Animals; Auditory Cortex; Interneurons; Neurons; Vasoactive Intestinal Peptide; Sound; Parvalbumins
PubMed: 37443148
DOI: 10.1038/s41467-023-39732-7 -
BJA Education Jul 2021
Review
PubMed: 34178384
DOI: 10.1016/j.bjae.2021.03.002 -
Endocrinology Aug 2023In this review, we provide the status of research on vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP) and oxytocin, typical C-terminal α-amidated peptide hormones, including their... (Review)
Review
In this review, we provide the status of research on vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP) and oxytocin, typical C-terminal α-amidated peptide hormones, including their precursor protein structures, processing and C-terminal α-amidation, and the recently identified mechanisms of regulation of oxytocin secretion and its transportation through the blood brain barrier. More than half of neural and endocrine peptides, such as VIP and oxytocin, have the α-amide structure at their C-terminus, which is essential for biological activities. We have studied the synthesis and function of C-terminal α-amidated peptides, including VIP and oxytocin, since the 1980s. Human VIP mRNA encoded not only VIP but also another related C-terminal α-amidated peptide, PHM-27 (peptide having amino-terminal histidine, carboxy-terminal methionine amide, and 27 amino acid residues). The human VIP/PHM-27 gene is composed of 7 exons and regulated synergistically by cyclic AMP and protein kinase C pathways. VIP has an essential role in glycemic control using transgenic mouse technology. The peptide C-terminal α-amidation proceeded through a 2-step mechanism catalyzed by 2 different enzymes encoded in a single mRNA. In the oxytocin secretion from the hypothalamus/the posterior pituitary, the CD38-cyclic ADP-ribose signal system, which was first established in the insulin secretion from pancreatic β cells of the islets of Langerhans, was found to be essential. A possible mechanism involving RAGE (receptor for advanced glycation end-products) of the oxytocin transportation from the blood stream into the brain through the blood-brain barrier has also been suggested.
Topics: Mice; Humans; Animals; Vasoactive Intestinal Peptide; Oxytocin; Peptide PHI; Receptor for Advanced Glycation End Products; Amides; Mice, Transgenic
PubMed: 37548257
DOI: 10.1210/endocr/bqad121