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The American Journal of Medicine Apr 2020Health care providers are frequently faced with the challenge of caring for patients who have limited English proficiency. These patients experience challenges accessing... (Review)
Review
Health care providers are frequently faced with the challenge of caring for patients who have limited English proficiency. These patients experience challenges accessing health care and are at higher risk of receiving suboptimal health care than native English speakers. Health care interpreters are crucial partners to help break down communication barriers and prevent these patients from facing health care disparities. Many providers lack the skill set and knowledge that are vital to successful collaboration with an interpreter. The objective of this article is to address a number of questions surrounding the use of health care interpreters and to provide concrete suggestions that will enable providers to best serve their patients.
Topics: Communication Barriers; Humans; Language; Physician-Patient Relations; Translations; Verbal Behavior
PubMed: 31935351
DOI: 10.1016/j.amjmed.2019.12.008 -
Journal of the Experimental Analysis of... May 2023Relational frame theory and verbal behavior development theory are two behavior-analytic perspectives on human language and cognition. Despite sharing reliance on...
Relational frame theory and verbal behavior development theory are two behavior-analytic perspectives on human language and cognition. Despite sharing reliance on Skinner's analysis of verbal behavior, relational frame theory and verbal behavior development theory have largely been developed independently, with initial applications in clinical psychology and education/development, respectively. The overarching goal of the current paper is to provide an overview of both theories and explore points of contact that have been highlighted by conceptual developments in both fields. Verbal behavior development theory research has identified how behavioral developmental cusps make it possible for children to learn language incidentally. Recent developments in relational frame theory have outlined the dynamic variables involved across the levels and dimensions of arbitrarily applicable relational responding, and we argue for the concept of mutually entailed orienting as an act of human cooperation that drives arbitrarily applicable relational responding. Together these theories address early language development and children's incidental learning of names. We present broad similarities between the two approaches in the types of functional analyses they generate and discuss areas for future research.
Topics: Child; Humans; Learning; Cognition; Verbal Behavior; Language Development; Concept Formation
PubMed: 36808741
DOI: 10.1002/jeab.836 -
Psychonomic Bulletin & Review Dec 2022While many studies have highlighted the existence of the anchoring effect in a wide variety of domains, no study to date has investigated its impact on memory. The...
While many studies have highlighted the existence of the anchoring effect in a wide variety of domains, no study to date has investigated its impact on memory. The present study aimed to test whether an irrelevant numerical anchor not only influences an estimate but also modifies the memory of the associated event. Two experiments (total N = 259) were conducted, combining the methodology used by Loftus and Palmer (Journal of Verbal Learning and Verbal Behavior, 13, 585-589, 1974) and a classic anchoring paradigm. The results show that an irrelevant numerical anchor can modify the estimate of a car's speed and produce false memories of the event. We discuss the link between the processes underlying the anchoring effect and the false memory phenomenon.
Topics: Humans; Memory; Verbal Learning; Verbal Behavior; Repression, Psychology
PubMed: 35879592
DOI: 10.3758/s13423-022-02147-4 -
Perspectives on Psychological Science :... Jan 2023Women are thought to fare better in verbal abilities, especially in verbal-fluency and verbal-memory tasks. However, the last meta-analysis on sex/gender differences in... (Meta-Analysis)
Meta-Analysis
Women are thought to fare better in verbal abilities, especially in verbal-fluency and verbal-memory tasks. However, the last meta-analysis on sex/gender differences in verbal fluency dates from 1988. Although verbal memory has only recently been investigated meta-analytically, a comprehensive meta-analysis is lacking that focuses on verbal memory as it is typically assessed, for example, in neuropsychological settings. On the basis of 496 effect sizes and 355,173 participants, in the current meta-analysis, we found that women/girls outperformed men/boys in phonemic fluency (s = 0.12-0.13) but not in semantic fluency (s = 0.01-0.02), for which the sex/gender difference appeared to be category-dependent. Women/girls also outperformed men/boys in recall ( = 0.28) and recognition (s = 0.12-0.17). Although effect sizes are small, the female advantage was relatively stable over the past 50 years and across lifetime. Published articles reported stronger female advantages than unpublished studies, and first authors reported better performance for members of their own sex/gender. We conclude that a small female advantage in phonemic fluency, recall, and recognition exists and is partly subject to publication bias. Considerable variance suggests further contributing factors, such as participants' language and country/region.
Topics: Male; Humans; Female; Sex Factors; Verbal Behavior; Memory, Episodic; Neuropsychological Tests; Semantics
PubMed: 35867343
DOI: 10.1177/17456916221082116 -
Topics in Cognitive Science Apr 2021For people to communicate with each other, they must tie, or anchor, each of their utterances to the speaker, addressees, place, time, display, and purpose of that...
For people to communicate with each other, they must tie, or anchor, each of their utterances to the speaker, addressees, place, time, display, and purpose of that utterance. Doing this takes coordination. Producers must index each of these entities for their addressees, and addressees must identify each of the entities the producers are indexing. When people are face to face, they have a battery of resources for doing this-speech, gestures of all kinds, and interactive strategies. But when addressees are separated from producers in space, time, or worlds, as on the telephone or in print, the available resources are more limited. The problem is that research on comprehension, production, and communication has often ignored, disguised, or distorted anchoring. As a result, accounts of these processes are often incomplete, misleading, or incorrect.
Topics: Communication; Comprehension; Cues; Female; Gestures; Humans; Male; Mass Media; Speech; Telephone; Verbal Behavior
PubMed: 32202068
DOI: 10.1111/tops.12496 -
Journal of the Experimental Analysis of... Jul 2022The current study investigated the effects of female and male audiences on gender-biased verbal behavior and self-editing using an online chat environment analog. The...
The current study investigated the effects of female and male audiences on gender-biased verbal behavior and self-editing using an online chat environment analog. The chat analog allowed access to self-editing behaviors, which are frequently covert, thus providing additional information about verbal episodes. We examined whether the strength and the dimensions of verbal responses differentially varied across the female and male audience conditions using visual inspection and statistical analysis. Participants were 28 typically developing adults. Overt responses were recorded for interrupting, and both overt and covert responses were recorded for disagreeing, pressuring, and self-editing. Visual inspection revealed differentiated overt and covert disagreeing, pressuring, and interrupting for some participants, while statistical analysis using Fisher's exact test did not reveal significant differences in the dependent variables between audience's perceived gender and participants' gender. Differentiated responding between female and male audiences suggests that perceived gender can exert stimulus control over a speaker's behavior. Although we didn't observe consistent gender-biased responding for all the participants, our experimental evaluation functions as a proof-of-concept study that can encourage the use of this methodology to study complex social behavior.
Topics: Adult; Female; Humans; Male; Social Behavior; Verbal Behavior
PubMed: 35505582
DOI: 10.1002/jeab.763 -
Journal of Autism and Developmental... Nov 2021Catatonia is a syndrome characterized as a cluster of difficulties in verbal and motor behavior that interferes with everyday function. This study analyzed the effects...
Catatonia is a syndrome characterized as a cluster of difficulties in verbal and motor behavior that interferes with everyday function. This study analyzed the effects of a prompt-fading behavioral treatment package on the verbal behavior of an adolescent girl with autism and catatonia. Data were collected on three verbal responses previously observed in the participant's repertoire, including "Hi," "That sounds great," and "Excuse me." Instructors provided full manual guidance, in conjunction with a verbal model, when needed, to assist the participant in emitting the verbal responses. A functional relation was demonstrated between the prompt-fading package and the three verbal responses, and independent verbal responding emerged as manual prompts were faded. Responding was displayed across unfamiliar adults and maintained over time.
Topics: Adolescent; Adult; Autism Spectrum Disorder; Autistic Disorder; Behavior Therapy; Catatonia; Female; Humans; Verbal Behavior
PubMed: 33387239
DOI: 10.1007/s10803-020-04843-3 -
The Spanish Journal of Psychology Jun 2022The Socratic method, as an eminently verbal procedure, will be analyzed from a behavioral perspective in order to clarify how verbal conditioning works within. This work...
The Socratic method, as an eminently verbal procedure, will be analyzed from a behavioral perspective in order to clarify how verbal conditioning works within. This work compares the verbalizations that expert and inexperienced therapists emit during Socratic method to find out which and why certain therapist verbalizations are most successful in changing client responses. The sample consisted of 113 Socratic method fragments from 18 cases, analyzed by observational methodology. The expert therapists had more than 6 years of experience, the inexperienced less than 2. Experts had fewer failure Socratic method fragments, but there were no differences in successful ones. The way of questioning had a different pattern: Inexperienced therapists suggested more the response, experts used more didactic verbalizations; also, experts used the aversive component more and contingently. The creation of guidelines based on functional description of verbal interaction and the need for novice psychologists training are some implications of these results.
Topics: Humans; Professional-Patient Relations; Verbal Behavior
PubMed: 35702998
DOI: 10.1017/SJP.2022.14 -
Journal of Speech, Language, and... Sep 2021Purpose Adults who stutter (AWS) often attempt, with varying degrees of success, to suppress their stuttered speech. The ability to effectively suppress motoric behavior...
Purpose Adults who stutter (AWS) often attempt, with varying degrees of success, to suppress their stuttered speech. The ability to effectively suppress motoric behavior after initiation relies on executive functions such as nonselective inhibition. Although previous studies found that AWS were slower to inhibit manual, button-press response than adults who do not stutter (AWNS), research has yet to confirm a consistent relationship between manual and verbal inhibition. No study has examined verbal inhibition ability in AWS. The purpose of this study, therefore, is to compare verbal response inhibition between AWS and AWNS, and compare verbal response inhibition to both the overt stuttering and the lived experience of stuttering. Method Thirty-four adults (17 AWNS, 17 AWS) completed one manual and three verbal stop-signal tasks. AWS were assessed for stuttering severity (Stuttering Severity Instrument-Fourth Edition: SSI-4) and experience with stuttering (Overall Assessment of the Speaker's Experience With Stuttering [OASES]). Results Results indicate no correlation between manual and verbal inhibition for either group. Generalized linear mixed-model analyses suggested no significant group differences in manual or verbal inhibition. Manual and verbal inhibition did not predict SSI-4 in AWS. However, verbal inhibition was uniquely associated with OASES scores. Conclusion Although underlying manual and verbal inhibition was comparable between AWS and AWNS, verbal inhibition may be linked to the adverse experience of stuttering rather than the overt symptoms of stuttering severity. Supplemental Material https://doi.org/10.23641/asha.15145185.
Topics: Adult; Humans; Inhibition, Psychological; Speech; Stuttering
PubMed: 34403265
DOI: 10.1044/2021_JSLHR-20-00739 -
Folia Phoniatrica Et Logopaedica :... 2023Verbal fluency tasks are mainly used for assessment of verbal fluency and have proven useful for differential diagnosis. The first objective of the study was to provide...
INTRODUCTION
Verbal fluency tasks are mainly used for assessment of verbal fluency and have proven useful for differential diagnosis. The first objective of the study was to provide normative data on phonemic verbal fluency (for letters "Π" [p], "O" [o], "C" [s]) in children population. The second objective of the study was to establish diagnostic validity of the present task and to collect normative data on participants who survived posterior fossa tumor (PFT) and participants with treated hemoblastosis.
METHOD
For diagnostics, we used verbal fluency test. The normative sample consisted of 746 participants aged 7-16 years. A linear multiple regression analysis was implemented for each dependent variable with age, gender, disease for all participants and academic achievement as predictors in normative sample. The performance of 746 healthy participants was compared to the performance of 118 participants who survived PFT and 492 participants who survived hemoblastosis using one-way ANOVA analysis.
RESULTS
Healthy children have better verbal fluency than their peers who survived cancer. In the group of healthy children, we assessed the relationship between verbal fluency and school performance. A significant correlation with the "Russian language" subject (r = 0.127; p < 0.001) emerged. In all three groups of children, age and gender turned out to be significant factors that affected the characteristics of verbal fluency.
CONCLUSION
Our data will contribute to increasing the accuracy of verbal fluency deficit detection in Russian speakers and will be useful for differential diagnosis of cognitive impairment for children who have survived oncological diseases of various geneses.
Topics: Humans; Child; Verbal Behavior; Semantics; Neuropsychological Tests; Language; Linguistics
PubMed: 36787699
DOI: 10.1159/000529686