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Viruses May 2022Asia has a very high burden of acute hepatitis; thus, a comprehensive study of the current burden and long-term trends of acute hepatitis in Asia is needed. We aimed to...
Asia has a very high burden of acute hepatitis; thus, a comprehensive study of the current burden and long-term trends of acute hepatitis in Asia is needed. We aimed to assess the current status and trends from 1990 to 2019 of acute hepatitis burden in Asia, using the data from the Global Burden of Diseases Study 2019 (GBD 2019) results. We used the data from the GBD 2019. Absolute death, incidence, and disability adjusted life years (DALY) number and rate of acute hepatitis in Asia were derived from the database from 1990 to 2019. Age-standardized mortality, incidence and DALY rates (ASMR, ASIR and ASDR) were used to compare populations in different regions and times. The estimated annual percentage change (EAPC) in the rates quantified the trends of the acute hepatitis burden. From 1990 to 2019, the ASMR and ASDR of acute hepatitis decreased significantly at different paces, with the largest decrease in acute hepatitis C and the smallest in acute hepatitis E. The ASIR of acute hepatitis decreased relatively slowly, by an average of 0.06% (95% CI, 0.05-0.08%) per year in acute hepatitis A, 0.91% (0.64-1.18%) per year in acute hepatitis C and 0.26% (0.24-0.28%) per year in acute hepatitis E; while the ASIR of acute hepatitis B decreased by an average of 1.95% (1.08-2.11) per year. From 1990 to 2019, the incidence rate of acute hepatitis A increased in most age groups (from the age of 5 to 70), with the 50-55 years group having the fastest increase by an average of 1.81% (95% CI, 1.67-1.95%) per year. In 2019, Afghanistan had the highest ASMR (10.44 per 100,000) and ASDR (357.85 per 100,000) of acute hepatitis, and the highest ASIR was in Mongolia (4703.14 per 100,000). In Asia, the burden of acute viral hepatitis was at a relatively high level, compared with the other four continents. International cooperation and multifaceted and multisectoral actions are needed for Asian countries to eliminate viral hepatitis and to contribute to the global elimination of viral hepatitis.
Topics: Asia; Global Health; Hepatitis A; Hepatitis C; Hepatitis E; Humans; Incidence
PubMed: 35746650
DOI: 10.3390/v14061180 -
Advances in Experimental Medicine and... 2020More than 95% of adult infected with HBV show acute self-limited infection and eventually eliminate the virus. In contrast, about 90% of people exposed to HBV in early... (Review)
Review
More than 95% of adult infected with HBV show acute self-limited infection and eventually eliminate the virus. In contrast, about 90% of people exposed to HBV in early childhood develop chronic infection. The specificity of the virus and the host's antiviral immune responses together determine the outcome of HBV infection. It is generally believed that viral genome variation, viral titers, and inhibition of viral components against the host immune system are associated with persistent infection and liver damage. The dysfunction of innate immune cells (NK cells, monocyte/macrophages, NKT cells, etc.) and adaptive immune cells (antigen-presenting cells, T cells, B cells) is a key factor leading to virus clearance failure and liver inflammation. In this chapter, we summarize these viral factors and host factors in acute and chronic hepatitis B and update recent understanding of the immune-tolerant phase and pathological mechanisms associated with age and vertical transmission. This will help us to understand more fully the mechanisms of chronic HBV infection and liver injury and to develop combined treatment strategies of direct antiviral drugs for HBV life cycle and immunomodulators.
Topics: Antiviral Agents; Hepatitis B; Hepatitis B virus; Hepatitis B, Chronic; Humans; Viral Load
PubMed: 31741334
DOI: 10.1007/978-981-13-9151-4_4 -
Der Internist Feb 2021Hepatitis viruses A-E cause acute and chronic liver inflammation and thus lead to significant morbidity and mortality worldwide. They differ significantly in their...
Hepatitis viruses A-E cause acute and chronic liver inflammation and thus lead to significant morbidity and mortality worldwide. They differ significantly in their biology, course of disease and therapy options. While hepatitis A virus only causes acute infection, hepatitis B can become chronic, even reactivate or occur as coinfection with hepatitis D virus. Whereas these infections are preventable through vaccination, a vaccine does not exist against HCV. However, new direct antiviral agents reliably lead to cure of chronic hepatitis C. Hepatitis E virus frequently causes acute or-in case of immunosuppression-even chronic hepatitis. Continual screening of patients with elevated liver enzymes or risk groups using simple serological markers can enable virus-specific therapy of mostly asymptomatic chronic virus hepatitis, preventing the development of liver cirrhosis and hepatocellular carcinoma.
Topics: Antiviral Agents; Hepatitis Viruses; Hepatitis, Viral, Human; Humans
PubMed: 33443614
DOI: 10.1007/s00108-020-00923-9 -
Voprosy Virusologii Nov 2022130 years ago, in 1892, our great compatriot Dmitry Iosifovich Ivanovsky (18641920) discovered a new type of pathogen viruses. Viruses have existed since the birth of...
130 years ago, in 1892, our great compatriot Dmitry Iosifovich Ivanovsky (18641920) discovered a new type of pathogen viruses. Viruses have existed since the birth of life on Earth and for more than three billion years, as the biosphere evolved, they are included in interpopulation interactions with representatives of all kingdoms of life: archaea, bacteria, protozoa, algae, fungi, plants, invertebrates, and vertebrates, including the Homo sapiens (Hominidae, Homininae). Discovery of D.I. Ivanovsky laid the foundation for a new science virology. The rapid development of virology in the 20th century was associated with the fight against emerging and reemerging infections, epidemics (epizootics) and pandemics (panzootics) of which posed a threat to national and global biosecurity (tick-borne and other encephalitis, hemorrhagic fevers, influenza, smallpox, poliomyelitis, HIV, parenteral hepatitis, coronaviral and other infections). Fundamental research on viruses created the basis for the development of effective methods of diagnostics, vaccine prophylaxis, and antiviral drugs. Russian virologists continue to occupy leading positions in some priority areas of modern virology in vaccinology, environmental studies oz zoonotic viruses, studies of viral evolution in various ecosystems, and several other areas. A meaningful combination of theoretical approaches to studying the evolution of viruses with innovative methods for studying their molecular genetic properties and the creation of new generations of vaccines and antiviral drugs on this basis will significantly reduce the consequences of future pandemics or panzootics. The review presents the main stages in the formation and development of virology as a science in Russia with an emphasis on the most significant achievements of soviet and Russian virologists in the fight against viral infectious diseases.
Topics: Animals; Humans; Anniversaries and Special Events; Ecosystem; Influenza, Human; Viruses; Antiviral Agents; Pandemics; Virology
PubMed: 36515283
DOI: 10.36233/0507-4088-140 -
The Journal of Infectious Diseases Apr 2020Hepatitis delta virus (HDV) coinfects with hepatitis B virus (HBV) causing the most severe form of viral hepatitis. However, its exact global disease burden remains... (Meta-Analysis)
Meta-Analysis
BACKGROUND
Hepatitis delta virus (HDV) coinfects with hepatitis B virus (HBV) causing the most severe form of viral hepatitis. However, its exact global disease burden remains largely obscure. We aim to establish the global epidemiology, infection mode-stratified disease progression, and clinical outcome of HDV infection.
METHODS
We conducted a meta-analysis with a random-effects model and performed data synthesis.
RESULTS
The pooled prevalence of HDV is 0.80% (95% confidence interval [CI], 0.63-1.00) among the general population and 13.02% (95% CI, 11.96-14.11) among HBV carriers, corresponding to 48-60 million infections globally. Among HBV patients with fulminant hepatitis, cirrhosis, or hepatocellular carcinoma, HDV prevalence is 26.75% (95% CI, 19.84-34.29), 25.77% (95% CI, 20.62-31.27), and 19.80% (95% CI, 10.97-30.45), respectively. The odds ratio (OR) of HDV infection among HBV patients with chronic liver disease compared with asymptomatic controls is 4.55 (95% CI, 3.65-5.67). Hepatitis delta virus-coinfected patients are more likely to develop cirrhosis than HBV-monoinfected patients with OR of 3.84 (95% CI, 1.79-8.24). Overall, HDV infection progresses to cirrhosis within 5 years and to hepatocellular carcinoma within 10 years, on average.
CONCLUSIONS
Findings suggest that HDV poses a heavy global burden with rapid progression to severe liver diseases, urging effective strategies for screening, prevention, and treatment.
Topics: Developing Countries; Global Health; Hepatitis D; Hepatitis Delta Virus; Humans; Prevalence; Risk Factors
PubMed: 31778167
DOI: 10.1093/infdis/jiz633 -
International Journal of Molecular... Jun 2022Hepatitis A virus (HAV) infection is a major cause of acute viral hepatitis globally, which can occasionally lead to acute liver failure (ALF) and acute-on-chronic liver...
Hepatitis A virus (HAV) infection is a major cause of acute viral hepatitis globally, which can occasionally lead to acute liver failure (ALF) and acute-on-chronic liver failure (ACLF), which often result in death without liver transplantation [...].
Topics: Acute-On-Chronic Liver Failure; Hepatitis A; Hepatitis A virus; Hepatitis, Viral, Human; Humans; Liver Transplantation
PubMed: 35806219
DOI: 10.3390/ijms23137214 -
Infectious Disease Clinics of North... Jun 2023Ongoing sexual transmission presents a significant barrier to viral hepatitis control. Endemic transmission of hepatitis A virus continues through communities of men... (Review)
Review
Ongoing sexual transmission presents a significant barrier to viral hepatitis control. Endemic transmission of hepatitis A virus continues through communities of men with male sex partners, despite vaccine availability. Increased incidence of hepatitis B virus from 2014-2018 prompted expanded vaccination guidelines, but uptake and physician awareness remain poor. Hepatitis C virus while strongly associated with injection drug use, is also transmitted by high-risk sexual contact. Despite universal screening recommendations and curative treatment, incidence continues to increase. Even with safe and highly effective vaccinations or treatments, sexual transmission of viral hepatitides must be addressed to achieve disease elimination.
Topics: Humans; Male; Hepatitis B; Hepatitis C; Hepatitis, Viral, Human; Hepacivirus; Sexual Behavior
PubMed: 37105646
DOI: 10.1016/j.idc.2023.02.010 -
The New Microbiologica Jul 2022The hepatitis D virus (HDV) is unique in animal virology. It is the smallest of human pathogens, re- quires the HBsAg capsid of the hepatitis B virus (HBV) to assembly...
The hepatitis D virus (HDV) is unique in animal virology. It is the smallest of human pathogens, re- quires the HBsAg capsid of the hepatitis B virus (HBV) to assembly into infectious virions, and parasitizes the transcriptional machinery of the host. Hepatitis D is ubiquitous but prevalence varies throughout the world. It is the most severe form of chronic viral liver disorder. Vaccination against the HBV has decreased the circulation of HDV in industrialized countries but Hepatitis D remains a significant medical issue in many areas of the developing world.
Topics: Animals; Hepatitis A; Hepatitis B; Hepatitis B Surface Antigens; Hepatitis B virus; Hepatitis D; Hepatitis Delta Virus; Humans; RNA, Viral
PubMed: 35920869
DOI: No ID Found -
Gastroenterology Clinics of North... Jun 2020Viral hepatitis (A, B, C, D, and E) is the leading cause of inflammation of liver tissue (hepatitis). The disease burden associated with hepatitis A and E occurs shortly... (Review)
Review
Viral hepatitis (A, B, C, D, and E) is the leading cause of inflammation of liver tissue (hepatitis). The disease burden associated with hepatitis A and E occurs shortly after infection; it is more severe among adults. With hepatitis A and E, the number of incident cases (new acute infections) is important from a public health perspective. Long-term hepatitis has been shown to cause cirrhosis and hepatocellular carcinoma in patients. The disease burden associated with hepatitis B, C, and D appears 10 to 20 years after infection. Thus, the prevalence of these infections is important from a public health perspective.
Topics: Carcinoma, Hepatocellular; Female; Global Health; Hepatitis, Viral, Human; Humans; Liver Cirrhosis; Liver Neoplasms; Male; Prevalence; Public Health; Time Factors
PubMed: 32389357
DOI: 10.1016/j.gtc.2020.01.001 -
Advances in Therapy Apr 2022Viral hepatitis remains a significant global health problem. All forms of viral hepatitis A through E (A-E) can lead to acute symptomatic infection, while hepatitis B... (Review)
Review
Viral hepatitis remains a significant global health problem. All forms of viral hepatitis A through E (A-E) can lead to acute symptomatic infection, while hepatitis B and C can lead to chronic infection associated with significant morbidity and mortality related to progression to cirrhosis, end-stage-liver disease, and liver cancer. Viral hepatitis occurs worldwide, though certain regions are disproportionately affected. We now, remarkably, have highly effective curative regimens for hepatitis C, and safe and tolerable medications to suppress hepatitis B activity, and to prevent liver damage and slow disease progression. We have effective vaccines for hepatitis A and B which provide long-lasting immunity, while improved sanitation and awareness can curb outbreaks of hepatitis A and E. However, more effective and available preventive and curative strategies are needed to achieve global eradication of viral hepatitis. This review provides an overview of the epidemiology, transmission, diagnosis, and clinical features of each viral hepatitis with a primary focus on current and future therapeutic and curative options.
Topics: Antiviral Agents; Hepatitis A; Hepatitis B; Hepatitis, Viral, Human; Humans; Liver Neoplasms
PubMed: 35220557
DOI: 10.1007/s12325-022-02070-z