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International Journal of Molecular... Mar 2022Hepatitis is defined as inflammation of the liver; it can be acute or chronic. In chronic cases, the prolonged inflammation gradually damages the liver, resulting in... (Review)
Review
Hepatitis is defined as inflammation of the liver; it can be acute or chronic. In chronic cases, the prolonged inflammation gradually damages the liver, resulting in liver fibrosis, cirrhosis, and sometimes liver failure or cancer. Hepatitis is often caused by viral infections. The most common causes of viral hepatitis are the five hepatitis viruses-hepatitis A virus (HAV), hepatitis B virus (HBV), hepatitis C virus (HCV), hepatitis D virus (HDV), and hepatitis E virus (HEV). While HAV and HEV rarely (or do not) cause chronic hepatitis, a considerable proportion of acute hepatitis cases caused by HBV (sometimes co-infected with HDV) and HCV infections become chronic. Thus, many medical researchers have focused on the treatment of HBV and HCV. It has been documented that host lipid metabolism, particularly cholesterol metabolism, is required for the hepatitis viral infection and life cycle. Thus, manipulating host cholesterol metabolism-related genes and proteins is a strategy used in fighting the viral infections. Efforts have been made to evaluate the efficacy of cholesterol-lowering drugs, particularly 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl coenzyme A (HMG-CoA) reductase inhibitors, in the treatment of hepatitis viral infections; promising results have been obtained. This review provides information on the relationships between hepatitis viruses and host cholesterol metabolism/homeostasis, as well as the discovery/development of cholesterol-lowering natural phytochemicals that could potentially be applied in the treatment of viral hepatitis.
Topics: Cholesterol; Hepacivirus; Hepatitis A; Hepatitis B virus; Hepatitis C; Hepatitis Delta Virus; Hepatitis E virus; Hepatitis Viruses; Hepatitis, Viral, Human; Humans; Inflammation; Lipid Metabolism; Liver Cirrhosis
PubMed: 35409259
DOI: 10.3390/ijms23073897 -
World Journal of Gastroenterology May 2024Viral hepatitis represents a major danger to public health, and is a globally leading cause of death. The five liver-specific viruses: Hepatitis A virus, hepatitis B... (Review)
Review
Viral hepatitis represents a major danger to public health, and is a globally leading cause of death. The five liver-specific viruses: Hepatitis A virus, hepatitis B virus, hepatitis C virus, hepatitis D virus, and hepatitis E virus, each have their own unique epidemiology, structural biology, transmission, endemic patterns, risk of liver complications, and response to antiviral therapies. There remain few options for treatment, in spite of the increasing prevalence of viral-hepatitis-caused liver disease. Furthermore, chronic viral hepatitis is a leading worldwide cause of both liver-related morbidity and mortality, even though effective treatments are available that could reduce or prevent most patients' complications. In 2016, the World Health Organization released its plan to eliminate viral hepatitis as a public health threat by the year 2030, along with a discussion of current gaps and prospects for both regional and global eradication of viral hepatitis. Today, treatment is sufficiently able to prevent the disease from reaching advanced phases. However, future therapies must be extremely safe, and should ideally limit the period of treatment necessary. A better understanding of pathogenesis will prove beneficial in the development of potential treatment strategies targeting infections by viral hepatitis. This review aims to summarize the current state of knowledge on each type of viral hepatitis, together with major innovations.
Topics: Humans; Antiviral Agents; Hepatitis, Viral, Human; Hepatitis Viruses; Prevalence; Liver
PubMed: 38764770
DOI: 10.3748/wjg.v30.i18.2402 -
World Journal of Gastroenterology Jul 2021In this review the current overall knowledge on hepatitis A, B, C, D, and E will be discussed. These diseases are all characterized by liver inflammation but have... (Review)
Review
In this review the current overall knowledge on hepatitis A, B, C, D, and E will be discussed. These diseases are all characterized by liver inflammation but have significant differences in distribution, transmission routes, and outcomes. Hepatitis B virus and hepatitis C virus are transmitted by exposure to infected blood, and in addition to acute infection, they can cause chronic hepatitis, which in turn can evolve into cirrhosis. It is estimated that more than 300 million people suffer from chronic hepatitis B or C worldwide. Hepatitis D virus, which is also transmitted by blood, only affects hepatitis B virus infected people, and this dual infection results in worse liver-related outcomes. Hepatitis A and E spread the fecal-oral route, which corresponds mainly to the ingestion of food or water contaminated with infected stools. However, in developed countries hepatitis E is predominantly a zoonosis. Although hepatitis A virus and hepatitis E virus are usually responsible for a self-limiting hepatitis, a serious, rarely fatal illness is also possible, and in immunosuppressed patients, such as organ transplant recipients, hepatitis E virus infection can become chronic. The description of goals achieved, unresolved issues, and the latest research on this topic may make it possible to speculate on future scenarios in the world of viral hepatitis.
Topics: Animals; Goals; Hepatitis B, Chronic; Hepatitis E; Hepatitis E virus; Humans; Zoonoses
PubMed: 34366625
DOI: 10.3748/wjg.v27.i28.4603 -
Topics in Antiviral Medicine Sep 2019Among individuals with HIV infection, liver disease remains an important cause of morbidity and mortality, even with the availability of agents that cure hepatitis C...
Among individuals with HIV infection, liver disease remains an important cause of morbidity and mortality, even with the availability of agents that cure hepatitis C infection and suppress hepatitis B replication. The causes of liver disease are multifaceted and continue to evolve as the population ages and new etiologies arise. Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease and nonalcoholic steatohepatitis and hepatitis viruses such as A, D, and E have emerged even as hepatitis C has receded. Newer antiretroviral agents may increase risk of weight gain and subsequent fatty infiltration, and prior use of nucleotide-based therapies may continue to impact liver health. Several barriers including economics, social stigma, and psychiatric disease impact identification of liver disease, as well as management and treatment interventions. Hepatocellular carcinoma is emerging as a more common and late-diagnosed complication in those with HIV infection and liver disease.
Topics: Antirheumatic Agents; Carcinoma, Hepatocellular; Fatty Liver; Fatty Liver, Alcoholic; HIV Infections; Hepatitis A; Hepatitis B; Hepatitis C; Hepatitis D; Hepatitis E; Hepatitis Viruses; Hepatitis, Viral, Human; Humans; Liver; Liver Diseases; Non-alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease
PubMed: 31634861
DOI: No ID Found -
World Journal of Gastroenterology Jan 2022Viral hepatitis results in 1.4 million deaths annually. The World Health Organization (WHO) set an ambitious target to eliminate viral hepatitis by 2030, but significant... (Review)
Review
Viral hepatitis results in 1.4 million deaths annually. The World Health Organization (WHO) set an ambitious target to eliminate viral hepatitis by 2030, but significant challenges remain. These include inequalities in access to healthcare, reaching at risk populations and providing access to screening and effective treatment. Stigma around viral hepatitis persists and must be addressed. The WHO goal of global elimination by 2030 is a worthy aim, but remains ambitious and the coronavirus 2019 pandemic undoubtedly has set back progress. This review article will focus on hepatitis A to E, highlighting problems that have been resolved in the field over the past decade, those that remain to be resolved and suggest directions for future problem solving and research.
Topics: Antiviral Agents; Global Health; Hepatitis, Viral, Human; Humans; Mass Screening; World Health Organization
PubMed: 35125820
DOI: 10.3748/wjg.v28.i1.76 -
Advances in Virus Research 2020Hepatitis A virus (HAV) and hepatitis E virus (HEV) infections are the main causes for acute hepatitis worldwide. Both viruses had long been considered as nonenveloped... (Review)
Review
Hepatitis A virus (HAV) and hepatitis E virus (HEV) infections are the main causes for acute hepatitis worldwide. Both viruses had long been considered as nonenveloped viruses. However, recent work has uncovered that both viruses circulate in the bloodstream as membrane-cloaked, "quasi-enveloped" particles that are, surprisingly, infectious and likely the only form mediating virus spread within the host. The discovery of quasi-enveloped HAV and HEV particles has fundamentally changed the traditional view on the life cycle and pathogenesis of these viruses. However, because HAV and HEV are phylogenetically unrelated and their capsid assembly processes are quite distinct, it is not clear whether they use similar or different mechanisms for envelopment and exit. This review provides an overview of the current knowledge about the assembly and exit processes of HAV and HEV and perspectives for future studies.
Topics: Books; Capsid; Capsid Proteins; Cell Membrane; Hepatitis A; Hepatitis A virus; Hepatitis E; Hepatitis E virus; Humans; Viral Envelope; Virus Assembly; Virus Release
PubMed: 33837720
DOI: 10.1016/bs.aivir.2020.08.004 -
International Journal of Medical... Nov 2023Lack of accurate and timely diagnosis of hepatitis poses obstacles to effective treatment, disease progression prevention, complication reduction, and life-saving... (Meta-Analysis)
Meta-Analysis Review
BACKGROUND
Lack of accurate and timely diagnosis of hepatitis poses obstacles to effective treatment, disease progression prevention, complication reduction, and life-saving interventions of patients. Utilizing machine learning can greatly enhance the achievement of timely and precise disease diagnosis. Therefore, we carried out this systematic review and meta-analysis to explore the performance of machine learning algorithms in predicting viral hepatitis.
METHODS
Using an extensive literature search in PubMed, Scopus, and Web of Science databases until June 15, 2023, English publications on hepatitis prediction using machine learning algorithms were included. Two authors independently extracted pertinent information from the selected studies. The PRISMA 2020 checklist was followed for study selection and result reporting. The risk of bias was checked using the International Journal of Medical Informatics (IJMEDI) checklist. Data were analyzed using the 'metandi' command in Stata 17.
RESULTS
Twenty-one original studies were included, covering 82 algorithms. Sixteen studies utilized five algorithms to predict hepatitis B. Ten studies used five algorithms for hepatitis C prediction. For hepatitis B prediction, the SVM algorithms demonstrated the highest sensitivity (90.0%; 95% confidence interval (CI): 77.0%-96.0%), specificity (94%; 95% CI: 90.0%-97.0%), and a diagnostic odds ratio (DOR) of 145 (95% CI: 37.0-559.0). In the case of hepatitis C, the KNN algorithms exhibited the highest sensitivity (80%; 95% CI:30.0%-97.0%), specificity (95%; 95% CI: 58.0%-99.0%), and DOR (72; 95% CI: 3.0-1644.0) for prediction.
CONCLUSION
SVM and KNN demonstrated superior performance in predicting hepatitis. The proper algorithm along with clinical practice could improve hepatitis prediction and management.
Topics: Humans; Hepatitis, Viral, Human; Machine Learning; Hepatitis C; Hepatitis B
PubMed: 37806178
DOI: 10.1016/j.ijmedinf.2023.105243 -
Journal of Hepatology May 2021The global epidemiology of hepatitis D is changing with the widespread implementation of vaccination against hepatitis B. In high-income countries that achieved optimal... (Review)
Review
The global epidemiology of hepatitis D is changing with the widespread implementation of vaccination against hepatitis B. In high-income countries that achieved optimal control of HBV, the epidemiology of hepatitis D is dual, consisting of an ageing cohort of domestic patients with advanced liver fibrosis who represent the end stage of the natural history of HDV, and of a younger generation of immigrants from endemic countries who account for the majority of new infections. As observed in Europe in the 1980s, the distinctive clinical characteristic of chronic hepatitis D in endemic countries is the accelerated progression to cirrhosis and hepatocellular carcinoma. Despite some recent progress, the therapeutic management of HDV remains unsatisfactory, as most patients are not cured of HDV with currently available medicines. This review article describes the current epidemiology and clinical features of chronic hepatitis D, based on the literature published in the last 10 years.
Topics: Antiviral Agents; Coinfection; Europe; Hepatitis D, Chronic; Humans; Needs Assessment
PubMed: 33484770
DOI: 10.1016/j.jhep.2021.01.014 -
Journal of Hepatology Nov 2022Advances in diagnostics and therapeutics have brought the elimination of chronic viral hepatitis into focus. The World Health Organization has defined the targets for...
Advances in diagnostics and therapeutics have brought the elimination of chronic viral hepatitis into focus. The World Health Organization has defined the targets for elimination, but it is unclear how these can be achieved and how they should be measured. The goal of this special conference was to examine current efforts and metrics to assess progress towards elimination.
Topics: Antiviral Agents; Disease Eradication; Hepatitis A; Hepatitis, Viral, Human; Humans; World Health Organization
PubMed: 35907517
DOI: 10.1016/j.jhep.2022.06.034 -
Gastroenterology Clinics of North... Jun 2020
Topics: Hepatitis, Viral, Human; Humans; Liver Diseases, Parasitic
PubMed: 32389370
DOI: 10.1016/j.gtc.2020.01.014