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Food Additives & Contaminants. Part A,... Aug 2022Based on a highly sensitive and specific monoclonal antibody (mAb) against virginiamycin M1 (VIR M1), a quantum dots-based fluorescent immunochromatographic assay...
Based on a highly sensitive and specific monoclonal antibody (mAb) against virginiamycin M1 (VIR M1), a quantum dots-based fluorescent immunochromatographic assay (QDs-ICA) for quick and sensitive analysis of VIR M1 was established for the first time. The mAb showed a half-maximal inhibitory concentration (IC) of 0.5 ng/mL and cross-reactivity (CR) values below 0.1% for other three analogues when used in enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). The mAb was conjugated to ZnCdSe/ZnS (core/shell) QDs with maximum emission wavelength of 610 nm (orange-red) which was selected as fluorescent probe to increase QDs-ICA sensitivity. The cut-off value of QDs-ICA was 12.5 ng/mL. QDs-ICA showed a linear range from 0.7 to 14.5 ng/mL with a limit of quantification of 0.7 ng/mL. Compared with existing methods for the analysis of VIR M1, the QDs-ICA exhibited higher sensitivity. For analysis of VIR M1 concentrations spiked into swine feed, muscle and liver samples, recovery rates ranged from 94.0% to 111.6% with the highest coefficient of variation (CV) of 6.7% for intra-assay, and for inter-assay ranged from 94.7% to 107.6% with the highest CV of 9.4%. In conclusion, the QDs-ICA could be a potential method for analyzing VIR M1 in animal feed and animal-derived food.
Topics: Animals; Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay; Immunoassay; Liver; Muscles; Quantum Dots; Streptogramin A; Swine; Virginiamycin
PubMed: 35679322
DOI: 10.1080/19440049.2022.2081366 -
Oxidative Medicine and Cellular... 2021The present study was conducted to investigate the effects of maternal probiotic or synbiotic supplementation during gestation and lactation on antioxidant capacity,...
The present study was conducted to investigate the effects of maternal probiotic or synbiotic supplementation during gestation and lactation on antioxidant capacity, mitochondrial function, and intestinal microbiota abundance in offspring weaned piglets. A total of 64 pregnant Bama mini-sows were randomly allocated into the control group (basal diet), antibiotic group (basal diet + 50 g/t virginiamycin), probiotic group (basal diet + 200 mL/d probiotics per pig), or synbiotic group (basal diet + 200 mL/d probiotics per pig + 500 g/t xylo-oligosaccharides). On day 30 of post-weaning, eight piglets per group with average body weight were selected for sample collection. The results showed that maternal probiotic supplementation increased the catalase (CAT) activity in plasma and glutathione peroxidase (GSH-Px) and superoxide dismutase (SOD) activities in plasma, jejunum, and colon of piglets while decreased the malondialdehyde (MDA) and HO concentrations in plasma compared with the control group ( < 0.05). Moreover, maternal synbiotic supplementation increased the plasma CAT activity, jejunal glutathione and GSH-Px activities, jejunal and colonic total antioxidant capacity activity, and plasma and colonic SOD activity while decreased the colonic MDA concentration of offspring piglets compared with the control group ( < 0.05). The mRNA levels of antioxidant enzyme-related genes (copper- and zinc-containing superoxide dismutase, nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 1, and nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2) and mitochondrial-related genes (adenosine triphosphate synthase alpha subunit, adenosine triphosphate synthase , and mitochondrial transcription factor A) in the jejunal mucosa were significantly upregulated, while the level of colonic peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor coactivator-1 was downregulated by maternal synbiotic supplementation ( < 0.05). Maternal probiotic supplementation increased ( < 0.05) the abundance in the jejunum and abundance in the jejunum and colon, and synbiotic supplementation increased ( < 0.05) the abundances of Firmicutes, , , and in the jejunum of piglets. Furthermore, correlation analysis revealed that intestinal microbiota abundances were significantly correlated with antioxidant enzyme activities and mitochondrial-related indexes. These findings indicated that maternal probiotic or synbiotic supplementation might be a promising strategy to improve the antioxidant capacity and mitochondrial function of offspring weaned piglets by altering the intestinal microbiota.
Topics: Animals; Antioxidants; Colon; Dietary Supplements; Female; Jejunum; Mitochondria; Probiotics; Swine; Synbiotics
PubMed: 34035877
DOI: 10.1155/2021/6618874 -
Marine Pollution Bulletin Sep 2021Pharmaceuticals and personal care products in wastewater discharge can be stressors to estuarine species. We transplanted juvenile Pacific oysters at varying distances...
Pharmaceuticals and personal care products in wastewater discharge can be stressors to estuarine species. We transplanted juvenile Pacific oysters at varying distances within sites near wastewater treatment plant outfalls or oyster aquaculture control sites to assess small scale spatial variation in contaminant uptake and oyster condition. Oysters were transplanted to sites in Coos and Netarts Bays, Oregon and Grays Harbor, Washington, then collected after 9 and 12 months. Two pharmaceuticals (miconazole and virginiamycin M1) were detected in spring samples and four alkylphenols (NP1EO, NP2EO, NP and OP) were detected in summer samples, with more frequent detections at wastewater sites. Contaminant concentrations were similar across site types, indicating that even in sparsely populated coastal areas (<25,000 in the watershed), shellfish are exposed to and uptake wastewater contaminants. Additionally, oyster condition was lower at wastewater sites compared to aquaculture sites, indicating a need to better understand whether contaminant exposure affects oyster condition.
Topics: Animals; Aquaculture; Bays; Crassostrea; Pharmaceutical Preparations; Shellfish
PubMed: 34157539
DOI: 10.1016/j.marpolbul.2021.112584 -
British Poultry Science Oct 20221. The purpose of this study was to see how dietary supplementation with phenylpyruvate affected broiler growth, slaughter performance, gut health microbiota and...
1. The purpose of this study was to see how dietary supplementation with phenylpyruvate affected broiler growth, slaughter performance, gut health microbiota and immunity. This information can be used to develop alternative approaches to antibiotic replacement in modern poultry production and health.2. A total of 288, one-day-old broiler chickens were randomly assigned to one of four groups (six replicates each replicate has 12 chickens). A control basal diet (NC), basal diet plus antibiotic virginiamycin 15ppm (PC), basal diet plus phenylpyruvate 1 kg/t or 2 kg/t, respectively (LCP and HCP).3. Results showed that the birds in the PC group had higher ADFI during the first 21 d, and better FCR than the NC group. The HCP-fed group had a higher all-eviscerated ratio than the NC group and less abdominal fat than the birds fed LCP. The birds fed HCP had increased villus length and crypt depth in the ileum compared to the NC group.4. The bursa index was lower in the HCP group whereas the thymus index was lower in LCP and PC groups. In contrast, birds fed HCP has lower pro-inflammatory cytokine IL-1, as well as lower TLR4. Phenylpyruvate improved number in the , genus spp., which are known for their beneficial effects on the maintenance of the cell surface structure, regulating aromatic amino acids and suppressive treatment respectively.5. It was concluded that phenylpyruvate can be utilised in feed to improve growth performance and positively modulate gut microbiota. However, this was less efficient than antibiotics in improving growth performance, although more efficient in improving productive performance and gut morphology. Moreover, a high dose of phenylpyruvate is more effective than a low dose.
Topics: Animals; Chickens; Gastrointestinal Microbiome; Animal Feed; Toll-Like Receptor 4; Diet; Virginiamycin; Anti-Bacterial Agents; Cytokines; Amino Acids, Aromatic; Interleukin-1; Dietary Supplements
PubMed: 35382668
DOI: 10.1080/00071668.2022.2061330 -
Poultry Science Dec 2019This study aimed to estimate the productive and economic impacts caused by the withdrawal of antibiotic growth promoters (AGP) from broilers diet. Indexed publications... (Meta-Analysis)
Meta-Analysis
This study aimed to estimate the productive and economic impacts caused by the withdrawal of antibiotic growth promoters (AGP) from broilers diet. Indexed publications that compared diets with or without AGP (AGP+/AGP-) for broilers (from initial to final phase) were collected and the results of feed intake, weight gain, and feed conversion were compiled in a database. A meta-analysis was performed following sequential analyses: graphical approach (to observe biological data coherence), correlation (to identify related factors), and variance-covariance (to compare groups). The annual number of broiler slaughtered in Brazil, target weight gain and feed conversion for each phase, the variation in feed conversion, feed cost, and AGP costs were used to build a model to estimate the effects of the AGP withdrawal on feeding costs. The database comprised 174 scientific articles containing 183 experiments, totaling 121,643 broilers, most of which were Ross (52% of the studies). The most frequent AGP sources/forms in the database were Avilamycin (41% of the AGP+ treatments), Flavomycin (19%), Virginiamycin (16%), and Bacitracin (14%). Higher feed intake, weight gain, and lower feed conversion were attributed (P < 0.05) to AGP+ diets during Initial phase (1 to 21 D). In Final phase (22 to 42 D) no differences were observed in performance variables. Treatments AGP+ presented higher weight gain and better feed conversion in the Total period (1 to 42 D). The results of feed conversion were improved (P < 0.05) with Avilamycin and Flavomycin; Virginiamycin improved weight gain and feed conversion. In the Total period, the economic impact was $0.03 per animal and a total of $183,560,232 per year. It was concluded that broilers fed AGP+ diets have higher weight gain and better feed conversion than those fed AGP- diets, and withdrawing AGP increases production costs.
Topics: Animal Feed; Animal Nutritional Physiological Phenomena; Animals; Anti-Bacterial Agents; Brazil; Chickens; Diet; Dietary Supplements; Female; Growth Substances; Male; Models, Theoretical
PubMed: 31544941
DOI: 10.3382/ps/pez536 -
Tropical Animal Health and Production Feb 2021The effect of the association of non-protein nitrogen, yeast, and bacterial probiotics on the ruminal microbiome of beef cattle intensively finished on pasture was...
The effect of the association of non-protein nitrogen, yeast, and bacterial probiotics on the ruminal microbiome of beef cattle intensively finished on pasture was evaluated. The experiment was carried out in a completely randomized design with five treatments and four replications. The treatments consisted of a group of animals kept on pasture that received low consumption supplementation (LS) and four groups that received for 98 days, 17.5 g concentrate kg body weight. The supplements were composed of the association of additives: urea (U), slow-release non-protein nitrogen (U+SRN), yeast (Saccharomyces cerevisiae; U+SRN+Y), and bacterial probiotics (live strains of bacteria; U+SRN+Y+BP). All supplements also contained salinomycin and virginiamycin. After slaughtering the animals, samples of ruminal content were collected to quantify groups of fibrolytic bacteria (Ruminococcus albus and Fibrobacter succinogenes), non-fibrolytic (Prevotella ruminicola, Selenomonas ruminantium, and Streptococcus bovis), Archaea, and ciliate protozoa, using the qPCR technique. The abundance of F. succinogenes was the same for the LS animals and those that received the supplement U+SRN+Y (1.42×10 copies mL) but higher than the other treatments. Supplementation reduced by 90% the abundance of S. bovis compared to the LS. The inclusion of yeast increased the abundance of fibrolytic bacteria by 2.2-fold. For animals that received the supplement U+SRN+Y+BP and the LS, there was no difference for non-fibrolytic bacteria (3.07×10 copies mL). The use of yeasts and sources of non-protein nitrogen in high-concentrate diets for beef cattle stimulates the growth of fibrolytic bacteria, which can contribute to the reduction of digestive disorders and metabolic diseases in animals that receive diets with high concentrate in pasture intensive termination systems.
Topics: Animal Feed; Animals; Bacteria; Cattle; Diet; Fermentation; Fibrobacter; Ionophores; Probiotics; Rumen; Ruminococcus; Saccharomyces cerevisiae
PubMed: 33598856
DOI: 10.1007/s11250-021-02617-2 -
Nature Communications Mar 2023During biosynthesis by multi-modular trans-AT polyketide synthases, polyketide structural space can be expanded by conversion of initially-formed electrophilic...
During biosynthesis by multi-modular trans-AT polyketide synthases, polyketide structural space can be expanded by conversion of initially-formed electrophilic β-ketones into β-alkyl groups. These multi-step transformations are catalysed by 3-hydroxy-3-methylgluratryl synthase cassettes of enzymes. While mechanistic aspects of these reactions have been delineated, little information is available concerning how the cassettes select the specific polyketide intermediate(s) to target. Here we use integrative structural biology to identify the basis for substrate choice in module 5 of the virginiamycin M trans-AT polyketide synthase. Additionally, we show in vitro that module 7, at minimum, is a potential additional site for β-methylation. Indeed, analysis by HPLC-MS coupled with isotopic labelling and pathway inactivation identifies a metabolite bearing a second β-methyl at the expected position. Collectively, our results demonstrate that several control mechanisms acting in concert underpin β-branching programming. Furthermore, variations in this control - whether natural or by design - open up avenues for diversifying polyketide structures towards high-value derivatives.
Topics: Methylation; Virginiamycin; Streptomyces; Protein Binding; Models, Molecular; Protein Structure, Tertiary; Substrate Specificity
PubMed: 36899003
DOI: 10.1038/s41467-023-36974-3 -
Poultry Science Mar 2021Probiotics are being developed as alternatives to antibiotic growth promoters. The aim of the study was to investigate the effects of 2 novel strains of Bacillus pumilus...
Effects of novel probiotic strains of Bacillus pumilus and Bacillus subtilis on production, gut health, and immunity of broiler chickens raised under suboptimal conditions.
Probiotics are being developed as alternatives to antibiotic growth promoters. The aim of the study was to investigate the effects of 2 novel strains of Bacillus pumilus and Bacillus subtilis on production, intestinal microbiota, gut health, and immunity of broilers raised under suboptimal conditions. Day-old chicks (Cobb 500, n = 2,073) were randomly assigned into 6 groups: Con group (group fed with basal diet), Ab group (group treated with virginiamycin), groups treated with 2 levels of B. pumilus (low dose: 3 × 10 cfu/kg of feed [BPL] and high dose: 1 × 10 cfu/kg [BPH]), and groups treated with 2 levels of B. subtilis (low dose: 3 × 10 cfu/kg [BSL] and high dose: 1 × 10 cfu/kg [BSH]). Production parameters were recorded weekly. Cecal tonsils and content as well as ileum samples were collected on day 14 and day 42. Cecal tonsils were used to sort T-regulatory cells (CD4+CD8-CD25+ and CD4+CD8+CD25+) to study expression of IL-10 and interferon gamma, whereas cecal content was used for bacterial culture. Ileum samples were used to measure gene expression of tight junction proteins, mucin, and cytokines. BW and feed intake increased in the Ab, BPL, BSL, and BSH groups compared with the Con group between day 35 and day 42. The CD4+CD8-CD25+ cells expressed high levels of IL-10 in the BSH group on day 14 and in the BPL, BSL, and BSH groups on day 42 and high levels of interferon gamma in the BPL, BSL, and BSH groups on day 14 and in the BSL and BSH groups on day 42. The expression of IL-10 and interferon gamma in CD4+CD8+CD25+ cells was higher only in the BSH group on day 14 and day 42. Cecal bacterial populations of genera, Lactobacillus (day 14 and day 42) and Clostridium (day 14), were higher in the BSH group. Expression of tight junction protein increased significantly in the ileum on day 14 in the BPL (occludin, zona occludens 1 [ZO-1]), BSL (occludin, ZO-1), and BSH (occludin, ZO-1, junctional adhesion molecule 2 [JAM-2]) groups compared with that in the Con group and declined in all groups except in the BSH group (occludin, ZO-1, JAM-2) on day 42. Expression of MUC2 and IL-17F increased in all groups on day 14 and remained high on day 42 in the BSL and BSH groups. Taken together, both Bacillus probiotics altered the intestinal and immune activities, particularly on day 14, suggesting beneficial influence of probiotics.
Topics: Animals; Bacillus pumilus; Bacillus subtilis; Chickens; Diet; Gastrointestinal Microbiome; Gastrointestinal Tract; Probiotics; Random Allocation
PubMed: 33516480
DOI: 10.1016/j.psj.2020.11.048 -
Translational Animal Science Jul 2021Two experiments were conducted to evaluate the effects of feed additives [monensin (); 30 mg/kg of dry matter (), and virginiamycin (); 25 mg/kg DM] and grain adaptation...
Two experiments were conducted to evaluate the effects of feed additives [monensin (); 30 mg/kg of dry matter (), and virginiamycin (); 25 mg/kg DM] and grain adaptation programs [adding roughage (; sugarcane bagasse) or not () during the 20-d adaptation period] on performance, carcass characteristics, and nutrient digestibility of cattle fed finishing diets containing 85% whole shelled corn and 15% of a pelleted protein-mineral-vitamin supplement. In Exp.1, 105 Nellore bulls [initial body weight () = 368 ± 25 kg] were used in a complete randomized block design with a 2 × 2 factorial arrangement of treatments, consisting of two feed additives (MON and VM) associated with two adaptation programs (ROU or NO-ROU during the 20-d adaptation period). Effects of feed additives × adaptation programs were not detected ( ≥ 0.13). Feed additives did not affect dry matter intake (), average daily gain (), and feed efficiency () during the 20-d adaptation period ( ≥ 0.35). During the total feeding period (105 d), feeding MON decreased DMI ( ≤ 0.03) compared to VM. Adding sugarcane bagasse to finishing diets during the 20-d adaptation period (ROU) increased ADG ( = 0.05) and G:F ( = 0.03), and tended to increase BW ( = 0.09) compared to NO-ROU. In Exp. 2, 10 ruminally cannulated Nellore steers (BW = 268 ± 38 kg) were used in a completely randomized design to evaluate the effects of the two feed additives used in the Exp. 1 (MON and VM; 5 steers/treatment) on DMI, total apparent digestibility of nutrients, and ruminal fermentation characteristics. No differences in DMI, total tract apparent digestibility of nutrients, and ruminal fermentation characteristics were observed between MON and VM ( ≥ 0.32). An effect of sampling day ( < 0.001) was observed for ruminal pH, which was greater on day 0 compared to day 7, 14, and 21 of the experimental period ( ≤ 0.05). In summary, supplementing monensin and virginiamycin for finishing Nellore bulls fed whole shelled corn diets, resulted in similar growth performance and carcass characteristics. Including sugarcane bagasse to adapt finishing bulls to no-roughage diets containing whole shelled corn is an alternative to increase growth performance.
PubMed: 34671721
DOI: 10.1093/tas/txab119 -
Frontiers in Microbiology 2021This study was conducted to evaluate the effects of dietary supplementation on the growth, antioxidant, immune response, gut microbiota, and intestinal barrier function...
This study was conducted to evaluate the effects of dietary supplementation on the growth, antioxidant, immune response, gut microbiota, and intestinal barrier function of broilers under high stocking density (HSD) stress. A total of 324 1-day-old Arbor Acres male broilers were randomly assigned to three treatments with six replicates, each replicate including 18 chickens (18 birds/m). The experiment lasted 6 weeks. The three treatments were basal diet (control, CON), basal diet supplemented with 1 × 10 colony forming units (cfu)/kg (CB), and basal diet supplemented with 10 mg/kg virginiamycin (antibiotic, ANT). The results showed that the body weight (BW) and average daily gain (ADG) of broilers in the CB group were significantly higher than those in the CON group in three periods ( < 0.05). The total antioxidant capacity (T-AOC) and the superoxide dismutase (SOD) and glutathione peroxidase (GSH-Px) activity in serum of the CB group were significantly increased compared with those in the CON and ANT groups at 42 days ( < 0.05). At 42 days, the serum immunoglobulin M (IgM) and immunoglobulin G (IgG) levels of the CB group were significantly higher than those of the CON group. Compared with the CON group, interleukin-1β (IL-1β) in the CB group was significantly decreased in the starter and grower stages ( < 0.05), but there was no significant difference between the two treatment groups ( > 0.05). significantly decreased the high stocking density-induced expression levels of IL-1β and tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) in the ileum of broilers at different stages. Additionally, could increase the expressions of claudin-1 and zonula occludens-1 (ZO-1) in intestinal tissue. Moreover, significantly increased the Sobs and Shannon indices in the CB group compared with the ANT group ( < 0.05), while the Ace index in the CB group was significantly higher than that of the CON group ( < 0.05). Furthermore, by using 16S rRNA gene sequencing, the proportion of in the CB group was increased compared to those in the CON and ANT groups at the genus level. In conclusion, supplemented into feed could improve the growth performance and feed utilization of broilers by promoting immune and intestinal barrier function and benefiting the cecal microflora.
PubMed: 34956140
DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2021.777456