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PloS One 2019Streptococcus mutans primary thrives on the biofilm formation on the tooth surface in sticky biofilms and under certain conditions can lead to carious lesions on the...
Streptococcus mutans primary thrives on the biofilm formation on the tooth surface in sticky biofilms and under certain conditions can lead to carious lesions on the tooth surface. To search for a new preventive material for oral biofilm-associated diseases, including dental caries, we investigated the effects of polypyrrole, which contains an electrochemical polymer and causes protonation and incorporation of anion under low pH condition, on the biofilm formation of S. mutans and other streptococci. In this study, polypyrrole was applied in biofilm formation assays with the S. mutans strains UA159 and its gtfB and gtfC double mutant (gtfBC mutant), S. sanguinis, S. mitis and S. gordonii on human saliva and bovine serum albumin-coated 96-well microtiter plates in tryptic soy broth supplemented with 0.25% sucrose. The effects of polypyrrole on biofilm formation were quantitatively and qualitatively observed. High concentrations of polypyrrole significantly inhibited the biofilm formation of S. mutans UA159 and S. sanguinis. As an inhibition mechanism, polypyrrole attached to the surface of bacterial cells, increased chains and aggregates, and incorporated proteins involving GTF-I and GTF-SI produced by S. mutans. In contrast, the biofilm formation of gtfBC mutant, S. sanguinis, S. mitis and S. gordonii was temporarily induced by the addition of low polypyrrole concentrations on human saliva-coated plate but not on the uncoated and bovine serum albumin-coated plates. Moreover, biofilm formation depended on live cells and, likewise, specific interaction between cells and binding components in saliva. However, these biofilms were easily removed by increased frequency of water washing. In this regard, the physical and electrochemical properties in polypyrrole worked effectively in the removal of streptococci biofilms. Polypyrrole may have the potential to alter the development of biofilms associated with dental diseases.
Topics: Adult; Biofilms; Humans; Polymers; Pyrroles; Saliva; Streptococcus mutans; Young Adult
PubMed: 31774855
DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0225584 -
Odontology Jan 2020Fucoidans are sulfated polysaccharides that are found in marine algae and have many useful activities, including antitumor effects, promotion of apoptosis of cancer...
Fucoidans are sulfated polysaccharides that are found in marine algae and have many useful activities, including antitumor effects, promotion of apoptosis of cancer cells, and antiviral, anti-inflammatory, and antiallergic actions. In oral medicine, several case reports have shown that fucoidan-containing creams and tablets markedly improved recurrent aphthous stomatitis, symptomatic inflamed tongue, and recurrent oral herpes labialis. The aim of this study was to examine the properties of fucoidans for use in oral healthcare. The antimicrobial, anti-adhesion, endotoxin-neutralizing, and cyclooxygenase (COX)-1 and COX-2 inhibitory activities of fucoidans were examined. Four key results were obtained: fucoidans showed strong antimicrobial activity against Candida albicans, Streptococcus mutans, and Porphyromonas gingivalis; significantly inhibited the adhesion of S. mutans to bovine teeth and porcelain; were suggested to bind to and neutralize endotoxin (lipopolysaccharide) in an LAL assay; and showed COX-1 and/or COX-2 inhibitory activity. These results suggested that fucoidans may be useful in the field of oral healthcare.
Topics: Animals; Anti-Infective Agents; Cattle; Polysaccharides; Porphyromonas gingivalis; Streptococcus mutans
PubMed: 31214896
DOI: 10.1007/s10266-019-00437-3 -
General Dentistry 2020Recently there has been an increased demand for natural remedies for management of dental and oral diseases. The bioactive antimicrobial compounds in garlic (Allium... (Review)
Review
Recently there has been an increased demand for natural remedies for management of dental and oral diseases. The bioactive antimicrobial compounds in garlic (Allium sativum) may provide an alternative to traditional management of oral health maladies. This literature review summarizes the evidence regarding potential uses of garlic in dental medicine. Keywords were searched in the EBSCOhost, PubMed, Cochrane, and Scopus databases to obtain original research, reviews, and data relating to the influence of garlic on pathogens, inflammation, and oral disease. Garlic derivatives have shown antimicrobial effects against periodontal and carious pathogens, including Porphyromonas gingivalis, Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans, and Streptococcus mutans. Comparisons to sodium hypochlorite and calcium hydroxide treatments yielded significant support for the effectiveness of garlic extract on the management of endodontic infections. The use of garlic for the treatment of oral candidiasis and recurrent aphthous ulcers also exhibited success without the complications associated with traditional therapy. Current promising results and the limitations of the findings warrant supplemental evidence. Researchers should further explore the use of garlic in vivo to determine its efficacy in treating oral disease. With additional clinical evidence, garlic could satisfy the growing demand for natural remedies. The current evidence for garlic's activity on oral microbes could support clinical trials and opportunities for the development of natural and effective products.
Topics: Antioxidants; Garlic; Microbiota; Plant Extracts; Streptococcus mutans
PubMed: 32348240
DOI: No ID Found -
Sichuan Da Xue Xue Bao. Yi Xue Ban =... May 2023Dental caries is a chronic infectious disease that occurs in the hard tissue of teeth under the influence of multiple factors, among which bacteria being a key factor.... (Review)
Review
Dental caries is a chronic infectious disease that occurs in the hard tissue of teeth under the influence of multiple factors, among which bacteria being a key factor. ( ) is considered a major pathogen that causes caries. Secondary metabolites, including bacteriocins and polyketides/non-ribosomal peptides, are a class of small-molecule compounds synthesized by . To date, polyketides/non-ribosomal peptides identified in include mutanobactin, mutanocyclin, and mutanofactin, which are synthesized by the , , and biosynthetic gene clusters, respectively. These polyketides/non-ribosomal peptides play important roles in bacterial inter-species competition, oxidative stress, and biofilm formation. In this review, we provided an overview of the synthesis, function and regulation of three polyketides/non-ribosomal peptides of , including mutanobactin, mutanocyclin, and mutanofactin, aiming to provide new insights into the cariogenic mechanism of and to promote the better management of dental caries.
Topics: Humans; Streptococcus mutans; Dental Caries; Peptides; Tooth; Biofilms
PubMed: 37248606
DOI: 10.12182/20230560302 -
Journal of Medical Microbiology Dec 2021, a common species of the oral microbiome, expresses virulence genes promoting cariogenic dental biofilms, persistence in the bloodstream and cardiovascular infections....
, a common species of the oral microbiome, expresses virulence genes promoting cariogenic dental biofilms, persistence in the bloodstream and cardiovascular infections. Virulence gene expression is variable among strains and controlled by the transcription regulatory systems VicRK and CovR. This study investigates polymorphisms in the and loci in strains isolated from the oral cavity or from the bloodstream, which were shown to differ in expression of , and downstream genes. The transcriptional activities of , v and were compared by RT-qPCR between blood and oral strains after exposure to human serum. PCR-amplified promoter and/or coding regions of and of 18 strains (11 oral and 7 blood) were sequenced and compared to the reference strain UA159. Serum exposure significantly reduced and / transcript levels in most strains (<0.05), but reductions were higher in oral than in blood strains. Single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) were detected in regulatory and coding regions, but SNPs affecting the CovR effector domain were only present in two blood strains. Although was highly conserved, showed several SNPs, and SNPs affecting VicK regions important for autokinase activity were found in three blood strains. This study reveals transcriptional and structural diversity in and /, and identifies polymorphisms of functional relevance in blood strains, indicating that and might be important loci for adaptation to host selective pressures associated with virulence diversity.
Topics: Bacterial Proteins; Cardiovascular Infections; Gene Expression Regulation, Bacterial; Humans; Streptococcal Infections; Streptococcus mutans; Virulence
PubMed: 34939562
DOI: 10.1099/jmm.0.001457 -
Archives of Oral Biology Jan 2021The aim of this in vitro study was to evaluate the surface properties of moderately to severely fluorotic enamel and the adhesion of Streptococcus mutans and...
OBJECTIVES
The aim of this in vitro study was to evaluate the surface properties of moderately to severely fluorotic enamel and the adhesion of Streptococcus mutans and Streptococcus sanguinis to enamel, exploring the relationship between dental fluorosis and dental caries from a microbiology perspective.
METHODS
We examined the basic surface properties of moderately to severely fluorotic enamel by surface microhardness test, scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and atomic force microscopy. Then S. mutans single-species biofilms and S. mutans - S. sanguinis dual-species biofilms were cultured on fluorotic enamel surface. The morphology of biofilms, the volume of bacteria and expolysaccharides (EPS) and the number of bacteria were respectively tested by SEM, confocal laser scanning microscopy and colony-forming units (CFU) counting.
RESULTS
Fluorotic enamel displayed lower average microhardness and greater surface roughness than sound enamel, and it also showed structure defects like pores or pits. The biofilm thickness, volume of bacteria and EPS, and CFU counts of bacteria in both single-species and dual-species biofilms on fluorotic enamel were all significantly higher than those on sound enamel. The volume of bacteria and EPS in dual-species biofilms are both less than those of single-species biofilms.
CONCLUSIONS
The higher surface roughness and the structure defects of teeth with moderate to severe dental fluorosis contributed to the adhesion of S. mutans and S. sanguinis, and the increased adhesion of S. mutans may increase the susceptibility of dental caries. However, S. sanguinis would play a role as a "designer bacteria" which reduce the cariogenicity of the biofilms on fluorotic enamel surface.
Topics: Bacterial Adhesion; Biofilms; Dental Caries; Dental Enamel; Fluorosis, Dental; Humans; Microscopy, Atomic Force; Microscopy, Confocal; Microscopy, Electron, Scanning; Streptococcus mutans; Streptococcus sanguis; Surface Properties
PubMed: 33202357
DOI: 10.1016/j.archoralbio.2020.104970 -
The ISME Journal Sep 2023Membrane vesicles are produced by Gram-negative and Gram-positive bacteria. While membrane vesicles are potent elicitors of eukaryotic cells and involved in cell-cell...
Membrane vesicles are produced by Gram-negative and Gram-positive bacteria. While membrane vesicles are potent elicitors of eukaryotic cells and involved in cell-cell communication, information is scarce about their general biology in the context of community members and the environment. Streptococcus sanguinis, a Gram-positive oral commensal, is prevalent in the oral cavity and well-characterized for its ability to antagonize oral pathobionts. We have found that production and dissemination of membrane vesicles by S. sanguinis is dependent on environmental and community factors. Co-culture with interacting commensal Corynebacterium durum, as well as with the periodontal pathobiont Filifactor alocis had no effect on S. sanguinis vesicle number and size, whereas the periodontal pathobiont Porphyromonas gingivalis abolished S. sanguinis vesicle production. Using both correlation and differential expression analyses to examine the transcriptomic changes underlying vesicle production, we found that differential expression of genes encoding proteins related to the cytoplasmic membrane and peptidoglycan correlate with the abundance of membrane vesicles. Proteomic characterizations of the vesicle cargo identified a variety of proteins, including those predicted to influence host interactions or host immune responses. Cell culture studies of gingival epithelial cells demonstrated that both crude and highly purified membrane vesicles could induce the expression of IL-8, TNF-α, IL-1β, and Gro-α within 6 hours of inoculation at levels comparable to whole cells. Our findings suggest that production of membrane vesicles by S. sanguinis is heavily influenced by community and environmental factors and plays an important role in communication with host cells.
Topics: Streptococcus sanguis; Proteomics; Mouth; Gingiva; Gram-Positive Bacteria
PubMed: 37355741
DOI: 10.1038/s41396-023-01456-3 -
Biocontrol Science 2020Viridans group streptococci (VGS) are a common cause of infective endocarditis, and dental plaque is the major source of these bacteria. The present study examined the...
Viridans group streptococci (VGS) are a common cause of infective endocarditis, and dental plaque is the major source of these bacteria. The present study examined the antibiotic resistance of 635 VGS isolates obtained from dental plaques. Isolates from supragingival plaques were identified using the rapid ID 32 Strep and mini API reader (bioMérieux, France), and minimal inhibitory concentrations (MICs) were determined by a broth microdilution method. High rates of resistance to ampicillin and tetracycline were detected among the isolates. The most resistant species were Streptococcus sanguinis and Streptococcus salivarius. Among the 635 isolates, 9.1% were resistant to erythromycin, and 20.6% to tetracycline. All isolates were sensitive to vancomycin. Resistance to amoxicillin was observed in 0.2% of all isolates. In this study, we showed the incidence of antimicrobial resistance and the susceptibility patterns among 635 VGS isolates from dental plaque.
Topics: Anti-Bacterial Agents; Dental Plaque; Drug Resistance, Bacterial; Humans; Microbial Sensitivity Tests; Viridans Streptococci
PubMed: 32938847
DOI: 10.4265/bio.25.173 -
Journal of the American College of... Aug 2021Endocarditis has emerged as one of the most impactful adverse events after transcatheter pulmonary valve replacement (TPVR), but there is limited information about risk...
BACKGROUND
Endocarditis has emerged as one of the most impactful adverse events after transcatheter pulmonary valve replacement (TPVR), but there is limited information about risk factors for and outcomes of this complication.
OBJECTIVES
The purpose of this study was to evaluate risk factors for and outcomes of endocarditis in a large multicenter cohort.
METHODS
The authors established an international registry focused on characterizing endocarditis after TPVR, including the incidence, risk factors, characteristics, and outcomes.
RESULTS
Investigators submitted data for 2,476 patients who underwent TPVR between July 2005 and March 2020 and were followed for 8,475 patient-years. In total, 182 patients were diagnosed with endocarditis a median of 2.7 years after TPVR, for a cumulative incidence of 9.5% (95% CI: 7.9%-11.1%) at 5 years and 16.9% (95% CI: 14.2%-19.8%) at 8 years (accounting for competing risks: death, heart transplant, and explant) and an annualized incidence of 2.2 per 100 patient-years. Staphylococcus aureus and Viridans group Streptococcus species together accounted for 56% of cases. Multivariable analysis confirmed that younger age, a previous history of endocarditis, and a higher residual gradient were risk factors for endocarditis, but transcatheter pulmonary valve type was not. Overall, right ventricular outflow tract (RVOT) reintervention was less often to treat endocarditis than for other reasons, but valve explant was more often caused by endocarditis. Endocarditis was severe in 44% of patients, and 12 patients (6.6%) died, nearly all of whom were infected with Staphylococcus aureus.
CONCLUSIONS
The incidence of endocarditis in this multicenter registry was constant over time and consistent with prior smaller studies. The findings of this study, along with ongoing efforts to understand and mitigate risk, will be critical to improve the lifetime management of patients with heart disease involving the RVOT. Although endocarditis can be a serious adverse outcome, TPVR remains an important tool in the management of RVOT dysfunction.
Topics: Adult; Cardiac Catheterization; Endocarditis; Female; Heart Valve Prosthesis Implantation; Humans; Incidence; International Cooperation; Male; Pulmonary Valve; Registries; Reoperation; Staphylococcus aureus; Ventricular Outflow Obstruction; Viridans Streptococci
PubMed: 34353535
DOI: 10.1016/j.jacc.2021.05.044 -
Archives of Oral Biology Jul 2022This study evaluated the frequency and the effects of S. mutans and S. sobrinus on Decayed, Missing, and Filled Teeth (DMFT) scores in Iranian and Afghan populations....
OBJECTIVE
This study evaluated the frequency and the effects of S. mutans and S. sobrinus on Decayed, Missing, and Filled Teeth (DMFT) scores in Iranian and Afghan populations. Serotyping of S. mutans isolates and multi-locus sequence typing (MLST) were the secondary goals.
DESIGN
This study was performed on 360 saliva and plaque samples from people from age groups of 4-7 and 15-17 years with Iranian and Afghan nationality who were residents of Tehran province. The DMFT index of the study population was determined, and S. mutans and S. sobrinus were identified using species-specific primers. Following the collagen-binding protein of S. mutans (cnm) gene identification, serotypes were determined, and genotyping was performed on eight selected isolates by assessing eight loci in the existing MLST scheme.
RESULTS
Of 360 samples, 300 were recruited as population study. Of these, 204 (51%) harbored S. mutans alone. In 42 specimens (10.5%), both specious were detected, and 54 (13.5%) were free of both. The frequencies of c, f, e, and k serotypes were 47.5%, 17.9%, 13.8%, and 8.1%, respectively. The frequency of serotype f was significantly higher in four-year-old Iranian children. MLST showed eight different sequence types (STs), which were confirmed as novel singleton sequence types.
CONCLUSIONS
The high frequency of serotypes k and f as systemic serotypes with the cnm gene among the Iranian population suggests the need for more worldwide studies on serotype distribution. Since very few studies have reported the epidemiological status of mutans streptococci (MS), the molecular properties of the isolates are unknown. Thus, the STs reported in this study should be considered as emerging strains.
Topics: Adolescent; Child; Child, Preschool; Dental Caries; Humans; Iran; Multilocus Sequence Typing; Serogroup; Streptococcus mutans; Streptococcus sobrinus
PubMed: 35447499
DOI: 10.1016/j.archoralbio.2022.105431