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NeuroRehabilitation 2022Disorders of higher visual processing often impact patients with acquired brain injury. Even with treatment, these vision conditions can cause chronic challenges for... (Review)
Review
BACKGROUND
Disorders of higher visual processing often impact patients with acquired brain injury. Even with treatment, these vision conditions can cause chronic challenges for patients. Understanding these conditions and their management can help improve functional independence and quality of life.
OBJECTIVES
To discuss the various disorders of higher visual processing that result from acquired brain injury. Discussion to include classification, evaluation, and treatment techniques available to clinicians.
METHODS
Peer reviewed journal articles were searched, primarily through PubMed. Articles spanning several decades were included in the review for historical context of these conditions, however an emphasis was placed on more recent publications for purposes of a discussion regarding clinical management of these conditions.
RESULTS
Peer-reviewed articles and clinical trials from across several disciplines were included to frame a discussion of this varied group of conditions.
CONCLUSION
Visual processing disorders have debilitating impacts on both the rehabilitation process as well as functional independence. Varied approaches are utilized in the treatment of these conditions with limited success. Understanding the benefits and limitations of both restorative and compensatory treatments will better help clinicians manage patients with these conditions.
Topics: Agnosia; Brain Injuries; Humans; Quality of Life; Vision Disorders; Visual Perception
PubMed: 35342058
DOI: 10.3233/NRE-228016 -
Neuropsychologia Feb 2023Healthy observers recognize more accurately same-than other-race faces (i.e., the Same-Race Recognition Advantage - SRRA) but categorize them by race more slowly than...
Healthy observers recognize more accurately same-than other-race faces (i.e., the Same-Race Recognition Advantage - SRRA) but categorize them by race more slowly than other-race faces (i.e., the Other-Race Categorization Advantage - ORCA). Several fMRI studies reported discrepant bilateral activations in the Fusiform Face Area (FFA) and Occipital Face Area (OFA) correlating with both effects. However, due to the very nature and limits of fMRI results, whether these face-sensitive regions play an unequivocal causal role in those other-race effects remains to be clarified. To this aim, we tested PS, a well-studied pure case of acquired prosopagnosia with lesions encompassing the left FFA and the right OFA. PS, healthy age-matched and young adults performed two recognition and three categorization by race tasks, respectively using Western Caucasian and East Asian faces normalized for their low-level properties with and without-external features, as well as in naturalistic settings. As expected, PS was slower and less accurate than the controls. Crucially, however, the magnitudes of her SRRA and ORCA were comparable to the controls in all the tasks. Our data show that prosopagnosia does not abolish other-race effects, as an intact face system, the left FFA and/or right OFA are not critical for eliciting the SRRA and ORCA. Race is a strong visual and social signal that is encoded in a large neural face-sensitive network, robustly tuned for processing same-race faces.
Topics: Female; Humans; Young Adult; Cerebral Cortex; Magnetic Resonance Imaging; Pattern Recognition, Visual; Prosopagnosia; Recognition, Psychology; White People; East Asian People
PubMed: 36623806
DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropsychologia.2023.108479 -
Current Neurology and Neuroscience... Jun 2024To review the literature on visual dysfunction in dementia with Lewy bodies (DLB), including its mechanisms and clinical implications. (Review)
Review
PURPOSE OF REVIEW
To review the literature on visual dysfunction in dementia with Lewy bodies (DLB), including its mechanisms and clinical implications.
RECENT FINDINGS
Recent studies have explored novel aspects of visual dysfunction in DLB, including visual texture agnosia, mental rotation of 3-dimensional drawn objects, and reading fragmented letters. Recent studies have shown parietal and occipital hypoperfusion correlating with impaired visuoconstruction performance. While visual dysfunction in clinically manifest DLB is well recognized, recent work has focused on prodromal or mild cognitive impairment (MCI) due to Lewy body pathology with mixed results. Advances in retinal imaging have recently led to the identification of abnormalities such as parafoveal thinning in DLB. Patients with DLB experience impairment in color perception, form and object identification, space and motion perception, visuoconstruction tasks, and illusions in association with visual cortex and network dysfunction. These symptoms are associated with visual hallucinations, driving impairment, falls, and other negative outcomes.
PubMed: 38907811
DOI: 10.1007/s11910-024-01349-8 -
Cortex; a Journal Devoted To the Study... Aug 2020Numerous studies have shown visuoperceptual/visuospatial deficits in dementia with Lewy bodies (DLB) and Alzheimer's disease (AD). Visual texture recognition is also...
BACKGROUND
Numerous studies have shown visuoperceptual/visuospatial deficits in dementia with Lewy bodies (DLB) and Alzheimer's disease (AD). Visual texture recognition is also impaired in patients with DLB and AD. Although patients with DLB often exhibit visual misidentifications of objects, there are few studies on the relationships between visual texture recognition and viewpoints for object recognition.
OBJECTIVES
The aim of this study was to clarify how viewpoints, textures, and visual cognitive functions affect object recognition and result in visual misidentifications in patients with DLB or AD.
METHODS
A total of 37 patients with probable DLB and 58 with probable AD and 32 age-matched healthy controls underwent neuropsychological and visuoperceptual assessments, and performed object identification tasks under four conditions (non-canonical view + blurry texture, non-canonical view + clear texture, canonical view + blurry texture, canonical view + clear texture). The relationship between object identification and other visuoperceptual functions was analyzed.
RESULTS
Patients with DLB and AD exhibited significantly impaired object recognition under non-canonical viewing with blurry texture conditions, with the DLB patients exhibiting a significantly worse performance than the AD patients. Patients with DLB and AD exhibited visual misidentifications during object identification tasks under non-canonical viewing. In patients with DLB, the number of visual misidentifications was significantly correlated with the scores of visual texture recognition.
CONCLUSIONS
The present study showed that significantly impaired object recognition in patients with DLB under the influences by both viewpoint and visual texture and in those with AD under the influence by viewpoint. Visual misidentification in object recognition could be associated with impaired visual texture recognition in DLB.
Topics: Agnosia; Alzheimer Disease; Humans; Lewy Body Disease; Neuropsychological Tests; Visual Perception
PubMed: 32422422
DOI: 10.1016/j.cortex.2020.04.008 -
Scientific Reports Jul 2021Developmental prosopagnosia (DP) is a selective neurodevelopmental condition defined by lifelong impairments in face recognition. Despite much research, the extent to...
Developmental prosopagnosia (DP) is a selective neurodevelopmental condition defined by lifelong impairments in face recognition. Despite much research, the extent to which DP is associated with broader visual deficits beyond face processing is unclear. Here we investigate whether DP is accompanied by deficits in colour perception. We tested a large sample of 92 DP individuals and 92 sex/age-matched controls using the well-validated Ishihara and Farnsworth-Munsell 100-Hue tests to assess red-green colour deficiencies and hue discrimination abilities. Group-level analyses show comparable performance between DP and control individuals across both tests, and single-case analyses indicate that the prevalence of colour deficits is low and comparable to that in the general population. Our study clarifies that DP is not linked to colour perception deficits and constrains theories of DP that seek to account for a larger range of visual deficits beyond face recognition.
Topics: Adult; Color Perception; Discrimination, Psychological; Electroencephalography; Facial Recognition; Female; Humans; Male; Middle Aged; Pattern Recognition, Visual; Photic Stimulation; Prosopagnosia; Visual Perception; Young Adult
PubMed: 34215772
DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-92840-6 -
International Journal of Audiology Oct 2019The purpose of this review was to describe and differentiate clinical syndromes caused by lesions of the central auditory nervous system (CANS). Relevant literature... (Review)
Review
The purpose of this review was to describe and differentiate clinical syndromes caused by lesions of the central auditory nervous system (CANS). Relevant literature was identified through Pubmed and Google Scholar searches using the key terms: central deafness, auditory agnosia, word deafness and cortical deafness. Given the authors' intent to review past and current perspectives on central deafness, no publication date range was imposed. The review is organised around complete central deafness (CCD), central deafness (CD), word deafness and nonverbal agnosia (NVA), including anatomy and pathophysiology, symptom profile and audiological findings. Four case studies are presented to demonstrate the clinical correlates of CD. Central deafness is a rare condition typically resulting from bilateral compromise of the CANS. The closer to the auditory cortex bilateral lesions are located, the greater the probability of CD. A variety of symptoms present with or appear subsequent to CD, including tinnitus, hallucinations, voice changes and hypersensitivity to sounds (if heard by the patient), as well as diverse neurological symptoms depending on the non-auditory areas of the brain that may also be involved. Thorough and appropriate audiological testing is critical to accurately diagnose CD and its variants.
Topics: Agnosia; Deafness; Hearing Loss, Central; Humans; Terminology as Topic
PubMed: 31066317
DOI: 10.1080/14992027.2019.1606458 -
Zhurnal Nevrologii I Psikhiatrii Imeni... 2022Visual object agnosia (VOA) is a loss of the ability to recognize visible objects in patients with the intact primary visual functions and in the absence of dementia....
Visual object agnosia (VOA) is a loss of the ability to recognize visible objects in patients with the intact primary visual functions and in the absence of dementia. The apperceptive and associative variants of VOA are marked out. The apperceptive VOA is thought to be due to «pre-semantic» impairment of visual information processing. The associative VOA is caused by the loss of access to knowledge about the objects, and its semantic subtype is due to the disintegration of this knowledge itself. It is important to diagnose VOA and its variants in time to provide individualized approaches to medical rehabilitation of patients. Case reports of apperceptive and associative VOA in acute ischemic stroke are presented in this paper. These case reports indicate the possibility of the development of apperceptive and associative VOA in unilateral acute ischemic brain lesion. The variants of VOA can be recognized only by a detailed neuropsychological examination.
Topics: Agnosia; Humans; Ischemic Stroke; Neuropsychological Tests; Visual Perception
PubMed: 36036139
DOI: 10.17116/jnevro202212208218 -
Child's Nervous System : ChNS :... Jan 2022Astereognosis is the tactile inability to recognize objects placed in the palms by touch with the eyes closed or blind-folded in the presence of intact primary sensory... (Review)
Review
INTRODUCTION
Astereognosis is the tactile inability to recognize objects placed in the palms by touch with the eyes closed or blind-folded in the presence of intact primary sensory modalities. Stereognosis is usually considered a function of the contralateral sensory cerebral cortex. However, lesions of several anatomic areas and pathologic entities have been reported to be associated with astereognosis. Only two previous reports linked traumatic injury to isolated astereognosis: following surgical evacuation of traumatic parietal extradural hematoma and following bullet injury in the neck in 1992 and 1919, respectively.
METHODS AND RESULTS
All the pertinent literature was analyzed, focusing on the relevant definitions, clinical spectra, pathoanatomical processes, assessment, management, and outcomes of astereognosis. Also, an illustrative case was presented. The case highlights isolated post-traumatic left hand astereognosis in a 17-year-old boy following a blunt trauma to the head which resulted in a non-hemorrhagic contusion of the right post-central gyrus.
CONCLUSIONS
Post-traumatic isolated astereognosis is a rare and probably underreported sequel of traumatic brain injury. Neurosurgeons need to be more sensitive to the assessment and detection of subtle stereognostic deficits in general and in trauma patients in particular. Other anatomical areas, in addition to the contralateral post-central gyrus, may be considered in the pathogenesis of astereognosis with the involvement of the dorsal column medial lemniscus tract such as the brainstem, foramen magnum, and the cervical spinal cord. To the best of our knowledge, this rare case report is considered the second report on astereognosis following head trauma, and the third report on astereognosis following trauma in general.
Topics: Adolescent; Brain Stem; Hand; Humans; Male; Parietal Lobe; Stereognosis; Touch
PubMed: 34694463
DOI: 10.1007/s00381-021-05392-5 -
Neuropsychologia May 2023Acquired prosopagnosia is often associated with other deficits such as dyschromatopsia and topographagnosia, from damage to adjacent perceptual networks. A recent study...
BACKGROUND
Acquired prosopagnosia is often associated with other deficits such as dyschromatopsia and topographagnosia, from damage to adjacent perceptual networks. A recent study showed that some subjects with developmental prosopagnosia also have congenital amusia, but problems with music perception have not been described with the acquired variant.
OBJECTIVE
Our goal was to determine if music perception was also impaired in subjects with acquired prosopagnosia, and if so, its anatomic correlate.
METHOD
We studied eight subjects with acquired prosopagnosia, all of whom had extensive neuropsychological and neuroimaging testing. They performed a battery of tests evaluating pitch and rhythm processing, including the Montréal Battery for the Evaluation of Amusia.
RESULTS
At the group level, subjects with anterior temporal lesions were impaired in pitch perception relative to the control group, but not those with occipitotemporal lesions. Three of eight subjects with acquired prosopagnosia had impaired musical pitch perception while rhythm perception was spared. Two of the three also showed reduced musical memory. These three reported alterations in their emotional experience of music: one reported music anhedonia and aversion, while the remaining two had changes consistent with musicophilia. The lesions of these three subjects affected the right or bilateral temporal poles as well as the right amygdala and insula. None of the three prosopagnosic subjects with lesions limited to the inferior occipitotemporal cortex exhibited impaired pitch perception or musical memory, or reported changes in music appreciation.
CONCLUSION
Together with the results of our previous studies of voice recognition, these findings indicate an anterior ventral syndrome that can include the amnestic variant of prosopagnosia, phonagnosia, and various alterations in music perception, including acquired amusia, reduced musical memory, and subjective reports of altered emotional experience of music.
Topics: Humans; Prosopagnosia; Music; Temporal Lobe; Auditory Perceptual Disorders; Perception; Pitch Perception
PubMed: 36913989
DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropsychologia.2023.108540 -
Rehabilitation Nursing : the Official... 2020
Review
Topics: Aged; Agnosia; Female; Hemiplegia; Humans; Male; Stroke
PubMed: 31876873
DOI: 10.1097/RNJ.0000000000000247