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PloS One 2023This study investigated the association between parental educational level and infant mortality using data from Vital Statistics and Census in Japan. We used the Census...
This study investigated the association between parental educational level and infant mortality using data from Vital Statistics and Census in Japan. We used the Census data in 2020 and birth and mortality data from the Vital Statistics from 2018 to 2021 in Japan. Data linkage was conducted between birth data and the Census to link the educational level with parents for birth data and between the birth data and mortality data to identify births that resulted in infant mortality. Four educational levels were compared: "junior high school," "high school," "technical school or junior college," and "university." A multivariate logistic regression model was used to investigate an association between parental educational level and infant mortality using other risk factors as covariates. After the data linkage, data on 890,682 births were analyzed. The proportion of junior high school or high school graduates was higher among fathers and mothers for births with infant mortality compared with that among those for births without infant mortality; in contrast, the proportion of university graduates was lower for births with infant mortality than those without infant mortality. Regression analysis showed that mothers with junior high school or high school graduates were significantly and positively associated with infant mortality compared with those with university graduates. As a conclusion, lower educational level in mothers was positively associated with infant mortality, and it was shown that a difference in infant mortality depending on parental educational level existed in Japan.
Topics: Infant; Female; Humans; Japan; Censuses; Educational Status; Infant Mortality; Vital Statistics; Parents
PubMed: 37314992
DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0286530 -
BMC Medicine Mar 2020The majority of low- and middle-income countries (LMICs) do not have adequate civil registration and vital statistics (CRVS) systems to properly support health policy...
BACKGROUND
The majority of low- and middle-income countries (LMICs) do not have adequate civil registration and vital statistics (CRVS) systems to properly support health policy formulation. Verbal autopsy (VA), long used in research, can provide useful information on the cause of death (COD) in populations where physicians are not available to complete medical certificates of COD. Here, we report on the application of the SmartVA tool for the collection and analysis of data in several countries as part of routine CRVS activities.
METHODS
Data from VA interviews conducted in 4 of 12 countries supported by the Bloomberg Philanthropies Data for Health (D4H) Initiative, and at different stages of health statistical development, were analysed and assessed for plausibility: Myanmar, Papua New Guinea (PNG), Bangladesh and the Philippines. Analyses by age- and cause-specific mortality fractions were compared to the Global Burden of Disease (GBD) study data by country. VA interviews were analysed using SmartVA-Analyze-automated software that was designed for use in CRVS systems. The method in the Philippines differed from the other sites in that the VA output was used as a decision support tool for health officers.
RESULTS
Country strategies for VA implementation are described in detail. Comparisons between VA data and country GBD estimates by age and cause revealed generally similar patterns and distributions. The main discrepancy was higher infectious disease mortality and lower non-communicable disease mortality at the PNG VA sites, compared to the GBD country models, which critical appraisal suggests may highlight real differences rather than implausible VA results.
CONCLUSION
Automated VA is the only feasible method for generating COD data for many populations. The results of implementation in four countries, reported here under the D4H Initiative, confirm that these methods are acceptable for wide-scale implementation and can produce reliable COD information on community deaths for which little was previously known.
Topics: Automation; Autopsy; Bangladesh; Cause of Death; Communicable Diseases; Female; Humans; Male; Myanmar; Noncommunicable Diseases; Papua New Guinea; Philippines; Poverty; Research; Software; Vital Statistics
PubMed: 32146903
DOI: 10.1186/s12916-020-01520-1 -
Journal of Health, Population, and... Oct 2019This paper reviews the essential components of a recommended institutional arrangements framework of integrated civil registration and vital statistics (CRVS) and civil... (Review)
Review
This paper reviews the essential components of a recommended institutional arrangements framework of integrated civil registration and vital statistics (CRVS) and civil identification systems. CRVS typically involves several ministries and institutions, including health institutions that notify the occurrence of births and deaths; the judicial system that records the occurrence of marriages, divorces, and adoptions; the national statistics office that produces vital statistics reports; and the civil registry, to name a few. Considering the many stakeholders and close collaborations involved, it is important to establish clear institutional arrangements-"the policies, practices and systems that allow for effective functioning of an organization or group" (United Nations Development Programme, Capacity development: a UNDP primer. New York: United Nations Development Programme, 2009). An example of a component of institutional arrangements is the establishment of a multisectoral national CRVS coordination committee consisting of representatives from key stakeholder groups that can facilitate participatory decision-making and continuous communication. Another important component of institutional arrangements is to create a linkage between CRVS and the national identity management system using unique identification numbers, enabling continuously updated vital events data to be accessible to the civil identification agency. By using birth registration in the civil registry to trigger the generation of a new identification and death registration to close it, this link accounts for the flow of people into and out of the identification management system. Expanding this data link to enable interoperability between different databases belonging to various ministries and agencies can enhance the efficiency of public and private services, save resources, and improve the quality of national statistics which are useful for monitoring the national development goals and the Sustainable Development Goals. Examples from countries that have successfully implemented the recommended components of an integrated CRVS and national identity management system are presented in the paper.
Topics: Humans; Interinstitutional Relations; Population Surveillance; Records; Registries; Sustainable Development; United Nations; Vital Statistics
PubMed: 31627747
DOI: 10.1186/s41043-019-0179-z -
Health Reports Jun 2020Subjective and objective measures of isolation have been associated with increased risk of mortality in many studies, and some have found differential effects.
BACKGROUND
Subjective and objective measures of isolation have been associated with increased risk of mortality in many studies, and some have found differential effects.
DATA AND METHODS
Canadian Community Health Survey-Healthy Aging data (2008/2009) linked to the Canadian Vital Statistics-Death Database were used to estimate the prevalence of social isolation measured objectively (low social participation) and subjectively (feelings of loneliness and weak sense of community belonging). Associations with death during the 8 to 9 year follow-up period were examined with multivariate Cox proportional hazards models controlling for sociodemographic and health-related characteristics. Structural equation models (SEM) examined direct paths with survival time and indirect effects through health status controlling for covariates that were significant in the Cox models. Analyses were stratified by sex.
RESULTS
An estimated 525,000 people (12%) aged 65 or older felt socially isolated and over 1 million (1,018,000) (24%) reported low participation. In multivariate Cox models, low participation was significantly associated with death for men and women even when the potential confounding effects of subjective isolation, socio-demographic characteristics, health status, and health behaviours were considered. Subjective isolation was not associated with death in final multivariate models for men or women. SEM revealed significant associations between low participation and survival time for men and women. In addition to the direct effects, there were significant indirect effects mediated by health status. There were no direct effects of subjective isolation on survival for men or women, only indirect effects mediated through health status.
DISCUSSION
Subjective and objective isolation differed in their association with mortality.
Topics: Aged; Aged, 80 and over; Aging; Canada; Female; Health Status; Health Surveys; Humans; Loneliness; Male; Middle Aged; Models, Statistical; Mortality; Social Isolation
PubMed: 32644761
DOI: 10.25318/82-003-x202000300003-eng -
Journal of Health, Population, and... Oct 2019The World Bank Group (WBG), in partnership with the Global Civil Registration and Vital Statistics (CRVS) Group, the Korea Ministry of Economy and Finance, and the WBG...
The World Bank Group (WBG), in partnership with the Global Civil Registration and Vital Statistics (CRVS) Group, the Korea Ministry of Economy and Finance, and the WBG Open Learning Campus, launched the first comprehensive CRVS eLearning course in May 2017. The development of this course demonstrates the commitment and collaboration of development partners and governments working closely together in building the capacity of national institutions to improve CRVS systems in low- and middle-income countries. As of December 2018, over 2300 learners from 137 countries have enrolled in the course. This paper discusses how the course has been developed, disseminated, and evaluated thus far. It also presents the challenges faced and how the course has improved based on feedback from course participants.
Topics: Computer-Assisted Instruction; Curriculum; Health Knowledge, Attitudes, Practice; Humans; Interinstitutional Relations; International Agencies; Program Development; Program Evaluation; Registries; Republic of Korea; United Nations; Vital Statistics
PubMed: 31627748
DOI: 10.1186/s41043-019-0182-4 -
Canadian Journal of Public Health =... Oct 2022Attributing individual deaths to extreme heat events (EHE) in Canada and elsewhere is important for understanding the risk factors, protective interventions, and burden...
Attributing individual deaths to extreme heat events (EHE) in Canada and elsewhere is important for understanding the risk factors, protective interventions, and burden of mortality associated with climate change. However, there is currently no single mechanism for identifying individual deaths due to EHE and different agencies have taken different approaches, including (1) vital statistics coding based on medical certificates of death, (2) probabilistic methods, and (3) enhanced surveillance. The 2018 EHE in Montréal provides an excellent case study to compare EHE deaths identified by these different approaches. There were 353 deaths recorded in the vital statistics data over an 8-day period, of which 102 were potentially attributed to the EHE by at least one approach and 251 were not attributed by any approach. Only nine of the 102 deaths were attributed to the EHE by all three approaches, 23 were attributed by two approaches, and 70 were attributed by only one approach. Given that there were approximately 50 excess deaths during the EHE, it remains unclear exactly which of the total 353 deaths should be attributed to the extreme temperatures. These results highlight the need for a more systematic and cooperative approach to EHE mortality in Canada, which will continue to increase as the climate changes.
Topics: Canada; Climate Change; Extreme Heat; Humans; Vital Statistics
PubMed: 35951167
DOI: 10.17269/s41997-022-00672-2 -
Salud Publica de Mexico 2020To provide an overview of morbidity and mortality due to acute diarrheal disease in Mexico in order to understand its magnitude, distribution, and evolution from 2000 to... (Review)
Review
OBJECTIVE
To provide an overview of morbidity and mortality due to acute diarrheal disease in Mexico in order to understand its magnitude, distribution, and evolution from 2000 to 2016.
MATERIALS AND METHODS
We carried out a longitudinal ecological study with secondary sources of information. We used data from epidemiological surveillance, health services, and vital statistics. We calculated and mapped measures of utilization of health services rates and mortality due to diarrheal diseases.
RESULTS
Diarrhea morbidity decreased by 42.1% across the period. However, emergency department attendances increased by 50.7% in the Ministry of Health. The hospitalization rate and mortality among the general population decreased by 37.6 and 39.7%, respectively, and the infant mortality rate decreased by 72.3% among children under five years of age. Chiapas and Oaxaca had the highest mortality among the states of Mexico.
CONCLUSIONS
Cases of diarrhea, including rotavirus, have decreased in Mexico. However, in 2016, 3.4 per 100 000 people died due to diarrhea, which could have been avoided with health promotion.
Topics: Acute Disease; Adolescent; Adult; Aged; Ambulatory Care; Child; Child, Preschool; Diarrhea; Emergency Medical Services; Female; Health Services Needs and Demand; Hospitalization; Humans; Infant; Longitudinal Studies; Male; Mexico; Middle Aged; Morbidity; Population Surveillance; Space-Time Clustering; Young Adult
PubMed: 31314211
DOI: 10.21149/9954 -
BMC Pregnancy and Childbirth Mar 2024In Japan, difference in birth rates depending on educational attainment has not been investigated. This study aimed to reveal birth rates in Japan depending on the... (Comparative Study)
Comparative Study
BACKGROUND
In Japan, difference in birth rates depending on educational attainment has not been investigated. This study aimed to reveal birth rates in Japan depending on the highest level of educational attainment and their trends over the years using nationwide government statistics data.
METHODS
Individual-level data from Vital Statistics and the Census from 2000, 2010, and 2020 were used for birth and population data, respectively. Data linkage was conducted for males and females in the Census and fathers and mothers in the Vital Statistics using information about gender, household, nationality, marital status, birth year, birth month, prefecture, and municipality for individuals. The birth rate was calculated by gender, a five-year age group, the highest level of educational attainment achieved, and year. In addition, the slope index of inequality (SII) and relative index of inequality (RII) were calculated to evaluate the degree of inequality in birth rates, depending on the educational attainment.
RESULTS
Birth rates were higher in persons with lower educational attainment compared to those with a higher educational attainment among males and females in their twenties, while they tended to be higher in persons with higher educational attainment among those in their thirties and forties. Additionally, an increase in the birth rate from 2000 to 2020 was the largest in university graduates among males aged 25-49 years and women aged 30-49 years, and a decrease in the birth rate was the smallest in university graduates among males and females aged 20-24 years. As a result, SII and RII increased from 2000 to 2020 among males and females in their thirties and forties.
CONCLUSIONS
In conclusion, persons with higher educational attainment tended to have a relatively favorable trend in the birth rate compared with persons with lower educational attainment in recent decades. It suggested that enhanced administrative support for individuals with lower educational attainment or lower socioeconomic status may be required to ameliorate the declining birth rate in Japan.
Topics: Female; Humans; Male; Birth Rate; Censuses; Educational Status; Japan; Socioeconomic Factors; Young Adult; Adult; Middle Aged
PubMed: 38486147
DOI: 10.1186/s12884-024-06382-6 -
Disaster Medicine and Public Health... Mar 2022The aim of this study was to examine birth outcomes in areas affected by Hurricane Michael.
OBJECTIVE
The aim of this study was to examine birth outcomes in areas affected by Hurricane Michael.
METHODS
Vital statistics data of 2017-2019 were obtained from the state of Florida. Births occurring in the year before and after the date of Hurricane Michael (October 7, 2018) were used. Florida counties were divided into 3 categories reflecting extent of impact from Hurricane Michael. Birth outcomes including incidence of preterm birth (PTB), low birth weight (LBW), and small for gestational age (SGA) were also compared before and after Hurricane Michael. Spontaneous and indicated PTBs were distinguished based on previously published algorithms. Multiple regression was used to control for potential confounders.
RESULTS
Both LBW (aRR 1.19, 95% CI: 1.07, 1.32) and SGA (aRR 1.11, 95% CI: 1.01, 1.21) were higher in the year after Michael than the year before in the most-affected area; a similar effect was not seen in other areas. A stronger effect was seen for exposure in the first trimester or in the 2 months after Michael than in the second or third trimester.
CONCLUSION
Consistent with many previous studies, this study of Hurricane Michael found an effect on fetal growth.
Topics: Female; Infant, Newborn; Humans; Premature Birth; Florida; Cyclonic Storms; Vital Statistics; Pregnancy Complications
PubMed: 35236537
DOI: 10.1017/dmp.2021.367 -
BMC Pediatrics Mar 2023To evaluate the association between gestational weight gain (GWG) and preterm birth and post-term birth.
BACKGROUND
To evaluate the association between gestational weight gain (GWG) and preterm birth and post-term birth.
METHODS
This longitudinal-based research studied singleton pregnant women from the National Vital Statistics System (NVSS) (2019). Total GWG (kg) was converted to gestational age-standardized z scores. The z-scores of GWG were divided into four categories according to the quartile of GWG, and the quantile 2 interval was used as the reference for the analysis. Univariate and multivariate logistic regression analyses were performed to investigate the association between GWG and preterm birth, post-term birth, and total adverse outcome (preterm birth + post-term birth). Subgroup analysis stratified by pre-pregnancy body mass index (BMI) was used to estimate associations between z-scores and outcomes.
RESULTS
Of the 3,100,122 women, preterm birth occurred in 9.45% (292,857) population, with post-term birth accounting for 4.54% (140,851). The results demonstrated that low GWG z-score [odds ratio (OR): 1.04, 95% confidence interval (CI): 1.03 to 1.05, P < 0.001], and higher GWG z-scores (quantile 3: OR: 1.42, 95% CI: 1.41 to 1.44, P < 0.001; quantile 4: OR: 2.79, 95% CI: 2.76 to 2.82, P < 0.001) were positively associated with preterm birth. Low GWG z-score (OR: 1.18, 95% CI: 1.16 to 1.19, P < 0.001) was positively associated with an increased risk of post-term birth. However, higher GWG z-scores (quantile 3: OR: 0.84, 95% CI: 0.83 to 0.85, P < 0.001; quantile 4: 0.59, 95% CI: 0.58 to 0.60, P < 0.001) was associated with a decreased risk of post-term birth. In addition, low GWG z-score and higher GWG z-scores were related to total adverse outcome. A subgroup analysis demonstrated that pre-pregnancy BMI, low GWG z-score was associated with a decreased risk of preterm birth among BMI-obesity women (OR: 0.96, 95% CI: 0.94 to 0.98, P < 0.001).
CONCLUSION
Our result suggests that the management of GWG may be an important strategy to reduce the number of preterm birth and post-term birth.
Topics: Female; Pregnancy; Infant, Newborn; Humans; Premature Birth; Gestational Weight Gain; Longitudinal Studies; Term Birth; Risk Factors; Pregnancy Outcome; Body Mass Index; Vital Statistics; Birth Weight
PubMed: 36941673
DOI: 10.1186/s12887-023-03951-0