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Advances in Food and Nutrition Research 2024Historically vitamin D deficiency had devastating consequences for children causing rickets resulting in severe bone deformities often leading to death. The mystery of... (Review)
Review
Historically vitamin D deficiency had devastating consequences for children causing rickets resulting in severe bone deformities often leading to death. The mystery of the cause of rickets finally came to light when it was observed that cod liver oil and sunlight could prevent and cure rickets. The first vitamin D to be discovered was vitamin D from ergosterol in ultraviolet irradiated yeast. Vitamin D was discovered from UV exposure to the skin. Investigations revealed the two major functions of vitamin D were to increase intestinal calcium and phosphate absorption and mobilize calcium from the skeleton to maintain calcium and phosphorus homeostasis. Later studies demonstrated that vitamin D does not have an active role in bone mineralization. Vitamin D deficiency results in secondary hyperparathyroidism increasing bone resorption. As a result, this decreases bone mineral content and compromises the architectural integrity increasing risk for fracture. Vitamin D deficiency has also been shown to enhance aging of the bone causing cracks and enhancing bone fractures. Vitamin D deficiency also causes osteomalacia. Therefore, vitamin D sufficiency is extremely important to maximize bone health throughout life. It helps to prevent bone loss, but it cannot restore bone loss due to increased bone resorption that can occur under a variety of circumstances including menopause. The Endocrine Society Guidelines recommends for all ages that adequate vitamin D obtained from the sun, foods and supplements is necessary in order to maintain a circulating concentration of 25-hydroxyvitamin D of at least 30 ng/mL for maximum bone health.
Topics: Humans; Vitamin D; Vitamin D Deficiency; Bone and Bones; Rickets; Bone Density; Osteomalacia; Dietary Supplements
PubMed: 38777417
DOI: 10.1016/bs.afnr.2024.04.002 -
Journal of Biomechanics Nov 2022Ossification of growth plate cartilage mediates longitudinal extension of long bones. Biomechanical and biochemical disruptions of growth plate function may lead to...
Ossification of growth plate cartilage mediates longitudinal extension of long bones. Biomechanical and biochemical disruptions of growth plate function may lead to abnormal bone growth. In humans and animals, severe dietary vitamin D deficiency can lead to rickets which features growth plate widening, resulting in abnormalities in growth. However, effects of marginal vitamin D deficiencies on growth plates are not well understood. The purpose of this study was to examine the effects of a vitamin D deficient diet in the 26-day nursery phase on mechanical properties (ultimate normal stress, ultimate shear stress, ultimate strain, and tangent modulus) of porcine growth plate. Standard uniaxial tensile tests were applied on bone-growth plate-bone sections and the total stress was decomposed into normal stress and shear stress. Ultimate shear stress and ultimate strain traits were lower in the vitamin D deficient group than in the control. Regional differences were observed in all four variables. Ultimate normal stress was higher in the anterior region, which was consistent with a previous study. Sex differences were detected in ultimate normal stress, which was higher in females than in males. Interestingly, the classical finding of growth plate widening seen in severe vitamin D deficiency was not observed in the pigs with marginal vitamin D deficiency utilized in this study.
Topics: Humans; Swine; Female; Male; Animals; Growth Plate; Vitamin D Deficiency; Rickets; Stress, Mechanical; Vitamin D
PubMed: 36182792
DOI: 10.1016/j.jbiomech.2022.111314 -
BMJ (Clinical Research Ed.) Apr 2020
Topics: Anemia, Pernicious; Attention; Erythrocyte Indices; Fatigue; Humans; Hydroxocobalamin; Injections, Intramuscular; Missed Diagnosis; Peripheral Nervous System Diseases; Vitamin B 12 Deficiency; Vitamin B Complex
PubMed: 32332011
DOI: 10.1136/bmj.m1319 -
Endocrinology and Metabolism Clinics of... Dec 2023Nutritional rickets is a global health problem reflecting both historical and contemporary health disparities arising from racial, ethnic, environmental, and... (Review)
Review
Nutritional rickets is a global health problem reflecting both historical and contemporary health disparities arising from racial, ethnic, environmental, and geopolitical circumstances. It primarily affects marginalized populations and can contribute to long-term morbidity. Deficits in bone health in childhood may also contribute to osteomalacia/osteoporosis. Solutions require a global public health approach.
Topics: Humans; Vitamin D; Global Health; Rickets; Osteomalacia; Osteoporosis; Vitamin D Deficiency
PubMed: 37865479
DOI: 10.1016/j.ecl.2023.05.011 -
Indian Journal of Pediatrics Dec 2023
Topics: Humans; Infant; Rickets; Vitamin D Deficiency; Vitamin D; Calcium
PubMed: 37665516
DOI: 10.1007/s12098-023-04808-1 -
Endocrine, Metabolic & Immune Disorders... 2023Autoimmune thyroid diseases (AITD) are the most prevalent organ-specific autoimmune disorders. Vitamin B12 plays an important role in the proper functioning of the... (Observational Study)
Observational Study
BACKGROUND
Autoimmune thyroid diseases (AITD) are the most prevalent organ-specific autoimmune disorders. Vitamin B12 plays an important role in the proper functioning of the immune system. The aim of this study was therefore to investigate the correlation between vitamin B12 deficiency and AITD.
MATERIALS AND METHODS
A total of 306 patients (aged 18-65 years, mean - 37.6 ± 11.3 years and comprising 87 males and 219 females) were studied retrospectively (observational study). Patients were divided into groups: with and without vitamin B12 deficiency, and with and without AITD. Differences between groups were evaluated by Fisher's exact test for qualitative variables and by Student's t-test for quantitative variables. Correlations for quantitative factors were determined by the Pearson correlation coefficient and for qualitative factors by Spearman correlation analysis. The sensitivity and specificity of vitamin B12 deficiency for AITD were calculated by ROC analysis.
RESULTS
The vitamin B12 level was significantly lower in patients with AITD (and 200.70 + 108.84) compared to controls (393.41+150.78 p<0.0001). Patients with vitamin B12 deficiency were characterized by significantly higher mean values of anti-TPO (236.60+455.74) compared to controls (39.51+165.57 p<0.0001). Vitamin B12 levels were inversely correlated to anti-TPO levels (r=- 0.233, p<0.001). Roc analysis of vitamin B12 as a diagnostic test for AITD gave the area under curve as 0.881 (95% CI: 0.839-0.924), a sensitivity of - 0.947, a specificity of - 0.768, and a cutoff value of - 178.9.
CONCLUSION
The vitamin B12 level correlates significantly to AITD. The concentration of vitamin B12 should therefore be determined in patients with autoimmune thyroiditis as a diagnostic test with high sensitivity and good specificity.
Topics: Female; Male; Humans; Retrospective Studies; Vitamin B 12 Deficiency; Hashimoto Disease; Vitamin B 12; Thyroiditis, Autoimmune
PubMed: 35761487
DOI: 10.2174/1871530322666220627145635 -
Nutrients Aug 2023Studies indicate a high prevalence of vitamin D deficiency in both the general population and at-risk groups. Given the association between vitamin D deficiency and... (Review)
Review
INTRODUCTION
Studies indicate a high prevalence of vitamin D deficiency in both the general population and at-risk groups. Given the association between vitamin D deficiency and various diseases, addressing this concern becomes crucial, especially in situations where routine monitoring is challenging.
MATERIALS AND METHODS
A systematic literature review of the current knowledge on vitamin D dosing in diverse at-risk populations and the application of the findings to a broader clinical perspective.
RESULTS
The reviewed studies revealed a high prevalence of vitamin D deficiency among patients with musculoskeletal disorders, systemic connective tissue diseases, corticosteroid use, endocrine and metabolic conditions, malabsorption syndromes, obesity, chronic kidney disease, cancer, and central nervous system diseases. Vitamin D deficiency was often more severe compared to the general population. Higher dosages of vitamin D beyond the recommended levels for the general population were shown to be effective in improving vitamin D status in these at-risk individuals. Additionally, some studies suggested a potential link between intermittent vitamin D administration and improved adherence.
CONCLUSION
Simplified dosing could empower clinicians to address vitamin D deficiency, particularly in high-risk populations, even without routine monitoring. Further research is needed to establish the optimal dosing regimens for specific at-risk populations.
Topics: Humans; Vitamin D; Vitamins; Vitamin D Deficiency; Knowledge; Malabsorption Syndromes
PubMed: 37686757
DOI: 10.3390/nu15173725 -
Circulation Aug 2019
Topics: Ascorbic Acid Deficiency; Chest Pain; Female; Humans; Middle Aged; Pericarditis; Scurvy
PubMed: 31403849
DOI: 10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.119.040894 -
Medical Hypotheses Feb 2020Vitamins are indispensable nutrients for metabolism. Adequate vitamin intake plays vital role in physiological processes including embryonic development, cellular and... (Review)
Review
Vitamins are indispensable nutrients for metabolism. Adequate vitamin intake plays vital role in physiological processes including embryonic development, cellular and immunity proliferation and differentiation, DNA synthesis and oxidative response. In contrast, insufficient vitamin levels usually lead to a large number of clinical manifestations including xerophthalmia, nyctalopia, hyperpigmentation, vitiligo, jaundice, megaloblastic anemia, glossitis, scurvy, stroke, cancer, coronary heart disease, Alzheimer's disease, multiple sclerosis and Parkinson's disease. In recent years, more and more researches have focused on the relationship between vitamin family and otorhinolaryngologic diseases. This review will summarize the current knowledge of vitamin family and vitamin-mediated regulating role in those related otorhinolaryngologic diseases.
Topics: Avitaminosis; DNA; Epistaxis; Head and Neck Neoplasms; Humans; Meniere Disease; Neoplasms; Otorhinolaryngologic Diseases; Oxygen; Pharyngitis; Rhinitis; Rosacea; Sinusitis
PubMed: 31733530
DOI: 10.1016/j.mehy.2019.109448 -
Pediatric Endocrinology Reviews : PER Aug 2020Vitamin D is important for skeletal growth, bone mineralization and dental health. Vitamin D deficiency is reported in many countries, may have several causes and can... (Review)
Review
Vitamin D is important for skeletal growth, bone mineralization and dental health. Vitamin D deficiency is reported in many countries, may have several causes and can cause rickets in children. A guideline with recommendations of vitamin D supplementation to prevent nutritional rickets was published recently. The vitamin D receptor is present in many cells of the body including cells of the immune system. Many studies have been published on associations between vitamin D deficiency and extra skeletal effects, mainly without proof of causality in intervention studies. This review aims to summarize available evidence of the skeletal and extra-skeletal effects of vitamin D. For the extra-skeletal effects there is proof that vitamin D supplementation can prevent acute respiratory infections in children with vitamin D deficiency and can reduce the rate of asthma exacerbations requiring corticosteroids in children with vitamin D deficiency. The evidence of benefit of vitamin D supplementation is too limited for pediatric patients with other infectious, inflammatory, and autoimmune diseases.
Topics: Child; Dietary Supplements; Humans; Rickets; Vitamin D; Vitamin D Deficiency
PubMed: 32780952
DOI: 10.17458/per.vol17.2020.srb.vitamindpediatricpopulation