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Clinical Cardiology Aug 2021Atrial fibrillation (AF) is the most common cardiac rhythm disturbance and leads to morbidity and mortality. Peripheral artery disease (PAD) is associated with... (Meta-Analysis)
Meta-Analysis Review
BACKGROUND
Atrial fibrillation (AF) is the most common cardiac rhythm disturbance and leads to morbidity and mortality. Peripheral artery disease (PAD) is associated with atherosclerotic risk factors and always classified as a vascular disease and deemed to be a bad complication of AF. In patients with AF, the risk and prognostic value of PAD have not been estimated comprehensively.
HYPOTHESIS
PAD is associated with all-cause mortality, cardiovascular (CV) mortality, and other outcomes in patients with AF.
METHODS
We searched PubMed, Embase, and Cochrane Library databases for prospective studies published before April 2021 that provided outcomes data on PAD in confirmed patients with AF. Heterogeneity was estimated using the I statistic. The fixed-effects model was used for low to moderate heterogeneity studies, and the random-effects model was used for high heterogeneity studies.
RESULTS
Eight prospective studies (Newcastle-Ottawa score range, 7-8) with 39 654 patients were enrolled. We found a significant association between PAD and all-cause mortality (hazard ratio [HR], 1.42; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.25-1.62; p < .001), CV mortality (HR, 1.64; 95% CI, 1.32-2.05; p < .001) and MACE (HR, 1.75; 95% CI, 1.38-2.22; p < .001) in patients with AF. No significant relationship was found in major bleeding (HR, 1.22; 95% CI, 0.95-1.57; p = 0.118), myocardial infarction (MI) (HR, 2.07; 95% CI, 1.17-3.67; p = .038), and stroke (HR, 1.14; 95% CI, 0.87-1.50, p = 0.351).
CONCLUSIONS
PAD is associated with an increased risk of all-cause mortality, CV mortality, and MACE in patients with AF. However, no significant association was found with major bleeding, MI, and stroke.
Topics: Atrial Fibrillation; Hemorrhage; Humans; Peripheral Arterial Disease; Prospective Studies; Risk Factors; Stroke
PubMed: 34170015
DOI: 10.1002/clc.23678 -
Scientific Reports Aug 2023This systematic review and meta-analysis aimed to compare the effects of high-intensity interval training (HIIT) and moderate-intensity continuous training (MICT) on the... (Meta-Analysis)
Meta-Analysis
High-intensity interval training versus moderate-intensity continuous training on patient quality of life in cardiovascular disease: a systematic review and meta-analysis.
This systematic review and meta-analysis aimed to compare the effects of high-intensity interval training (HIIT) and moderate-intensity continuous training (MICT) on the quality of life (QOL) and mental health (MH) of patients with cardiovascular disease (CVDs). Web of Science, Medline, Embase, Cochrane (CENTRAL), CINAHL, China National Knowledge Infrastructure, Wanfang, and China Science and Technology Journal databases were searched from their date of establishment to July, 2023. A total of 5798 articles were screened, of which 25 were included according to the eligibility criteria. The weighted mean difference (WMD) and standardized mean difference (SMD) were used to analyze data from the same and different indicator categories, respectively. The fixed-effects model (FE) or random-effects model (RE) combined data based on the between-study heterogeneity. There were no statistically significant differences regarding QOL, physical component summary (PCS), mental component summary (MCS), and MH, including depression and anxiety levels, between the HIIT and MICT groups [SMD = 0.21, 95% confidence interval (CI) - 0.18-0.61, Z = 1.06, P = 0.290; SMD = 0.10, 95% CI - 0.03-0.23, Z = 1.52, P = 0.128; SMD = 0.07, 95% CI - 0.05-0.20, Z = 1.13, P = 0.25; SMD = - 0.08, 95% CI - 0.40-0.25, Z = - 0.46, P = 0.646; WMD = 0.14. 95% CI - 0.56-0.84, Z = 0.39, P = 0.694, respectively]. HIIT significantly improved PCS in the coronary artery disease (CAD) population subgroup relative to MICT. HIIT was also significantly superior to MICT for physical role, vitality, and social function. We conclude that HIIT and MICT have similar effects on QOL and MH in patients with CVD, while HIIT is favorable for improving patients' self-perceived physiological functioning based on their status and social adjustment, and this effect is more significant in patients with CAD.
Topics: Humans; Cardiovascular Diseases; Quality of Life; High-Intensity Interval Training; Coronary Artery Disease; China
PubMed: 37626066
DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-40589-5 -
PloS One 2022Atherosclerosis(AS) is widely recognized as a risk factor for incident cardiovascular and cerebrovascular diseases. Tetramethylpyrazine (TMP) is the active ingredient of... (Meta-Analysis)
Meta-Analysis
BACKGROUND
Atherosclerosis(AS) is widely recognized as a risk factor for incident cardiovascular and cerebrovascular diseases. Tetramethylpyrazine (TMP) is the active ingredient of Ligusticum wallichii that possesses a variety of biological activities against atherosclerosis.
OBJECTIVE
This systematic review and meta-analysis sought to study the impact of and mechanism of tetramethylpyrazine for atherosclerosis in animal models.
METHODS
A systematic search was conducted of PubMed, Embase, Cochrane Library, Web of Science database, Chinese Biomedical (CBM) database, China National Knowledge Infrastructure (CNKI), WanFang data, and Vip Journal Integration Platform, covering the period from the respective start date of each database to December 2021. We used SYRCLE's 10-item checklist and Rev-Man 5.3 software to analyze the data and the risk of bias.
RESULTS
Twelve studies, including 258 animals, met the inclusion criteria. Compared with the control group, TMP significantly reduced aortic atherosclerotic lesion area, and induced significant decreases in levels of TC (SMD = -2.67, 95% CI -3.68 to -1.67, P < 0.00001), TG (SMD = -2.43, 95% CI -3.39 to -1.47, P < 0.00001), and LDL-C (SMD = -2.87, 95% CI -4.16 to -1.58, P < 0.00001), as well as increasing HDL-C (SMD = 2.04, 95% CI 1.05 to 3.03, P = 0.001). TMP also significantly modulated plasma inflammatory responses and biological signals associated with atherosclerosis. In subgroup analysis, the groups of high-dose TMP (≥50 mg/kg) showed better results than those of the control group. No difference between various durations of treatment groups or various assessing location groups.
CONCLUSION
TMP exerts anti-atherosclerosis functions in an animal model of AS mediated by anti-inflammatory action, antioxidant action, ameliorating lipid metabolism disorder, protection of endothelial function, antiplatelet activity, reducing the proliferation and migration of smooth muscle cells, inhibition of angiogenesis, antiplatelet aggregation. Due to the limitations of the quantity and quality of current studies, the above conclusions need to be verified by more high-quality studies.
TRIAL REGISTRATION NUMBER
PROSPERO registration no.CRD42021288874.
Topics: Animals; Aortic Diseases; Atherosclerosis; Disease Models, Animal; Humans; Pyrazines
PubMed: 35500001
DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0267968 -
Cardiovascular Diabetology Dec 2022Apolipoprotein C1 (apoC1) is a small size apolipoprotein whose exact role is not totally clarified but which seems to modulate significantly the metabolism of... (Review)
Review
Apolipoprotein C1 (apoC1) is a small size apolipoprotein whose exact role is not totally clarified but which seems to modulate significantly the metabolism of lipoproteins. ApoC1 is involved in the metabolism of triglyceride-rich lipoproteins by inhibiting the binding of very low density lipoproteins (VLDL) to VLDL-receptor (VLDL-R), to low density lipoprotein receptor (LDL-R) and to LDL receptor related protein (LRP), by reducing the activity of lipoprotein lipase (LPL) and by stimulating VLDL production, all these effects leading to increase plasma triglycerides. ApoC1 takes also part in the metabolism of high density lipoproteins (HDL) by inhibiting Cholesterol Ester Transfer Protein (CETP). The functionality of apoC1 on CETP activity is impaired in diabetes that might account, at least in part, for the increased plasma CETP activity observed in patients with diabetes. Its different effects on lipoprotein metabolism with a possible role in the modulation of inflammation makes the net impact of apoC1 on cardiometabolic risk difficult to figure out and apoC1 might be considered as pro-atherogenic or anti-atherogenic depending on the overall metabolic context. Making the link between total plasma apoC1 levels and the risk of cardio-metabolic diseases is difficult due to the high exchangeability of this small protein whose biological effects might depend essentially on its association with VLDL or HDL. The role of apoC1 in humans is not entirely elucidated and further studies are needed to determine its precise role in lipid metabolism and its possible pleiotropic effects on inflammation and vascular wall biology. In this review, we will present data on apoC1 structure and distribution among lipoproteins, on the effects of apoC1 on VLDL metabolism and HDL metabolism and we will discuss the possible links between apoC1, atherosclerosis and diabetes.
Topics: Humans; Apolipoprotein C-I; Atherosclerosis; Cholesterol Ester Transfer Proteins; Diabetes Mellitus; Inflammation; Lipoproteins, HDL; Lipoproteins, VLDL; Triglycerides
PubMed: 36471375
DOI: 10.1186/s12933-022-01703-5 -
Journal of the American Heart... Aug 2023Background Sodium-glucose cotransporter-2 (SGLT2) inhibitors reduce atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease (ASCVD) events in patients with prior ASCVD and type 2... (Meta-Analysis)
Meta-Analysis
Background Sodium-glucose cotransporter-2 (SGLT2) inhibitors reduce atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease (ASCVD) events in patients with prior ASCVD and type 2 diabetes; however, this benefit is uncertain in patients without established ASCVD. Methods and Results Large-scale cardiovascular outcome randomized controlled trials or their prespecified subgroup analyses were selected, evaluating SGLT2 inhibitors versus placebo for primary prevention of ASCVD (inception, March 2023). The primary outcome was atherosclerotic major adverse cardiovascular events (MACEs), which was a composite of cardiovascular mortality, myocardial infarction, and stroke. The secondary outcomes were individual components of MACEs and all-cause mortality. The outcomes were reported as random-effect relative risk (RR) with a 95% CI. This analysis, comprising 23 987 patients enrolled in 5 randomized controlled trials with a mean follow-up duration of ≈135 weeks, found no significant reduction in atherosclerotic MACEs with SGLT2 inhibitors in comparison to placebo (RR, 0.85 [95% CI, 0.71-1.01]; =0.07; I=44). There were no significant differences in cardiovascular mortality (RR, 0.93 [95% CI, 0.77-1.14]; =0.50; I=0), myocardial infarction (RR, 0.88 [95% CI, 0.69-1.11]; =0.28; I=23), and stroke (RR, 0.84 [95% CI, 0.62-1.16]; =0.29; I=46). SGLT2 inhibitors significantly improved all-cause mortality (RR, 0.85 [95% CI, 0.72-1.0]; =0.04; I=23). On subgroup analyses, the use of SGLT2 inhibitors led to significant reductions in MACEs (RR, 0.74 [95% CI, 0.61-0.89]; =0.001), myocardial infarction (RR, 0.67 [95% CI, 0.47-0.97]; =0.03), and stroke (RR, 0.61 [95% CI, 0.41-0.91]; =0.01) primarily in patients with chronic kidney disease along with type 2 diabetes, whereas these benefits were not observed in patients with type 2 diabetes without chronic kidney disease. Conclusions SGLT2 inhibitors significantly reduced atherosclerotic MACEs in subjects having both chronic kidney disease and type 2 diabetes without established ASCVD.
Topics: Humans; Atherosclerosis; Cardiovascular Diseases; Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2; Myocardial Infarction; Primary Prevention; Randomized Controlled Trials as Topic; Renal Insufficiency, Chronic; Sodium-Glucose Transporter 2 Inhibitors; Stroke
PubMed: 37581396
DOI: 10.1161/JAHA.123.030578 -
Journal of Vascular Surgery Mar 2023The objective of this study was to evaluate the application of the Global Anatomic Staging System (GLASS) in the endovascular treatment of chronic limb-threatening... (Meta-Analysis)
Meta-Analysis Review
OBJECTIVE
The objective of this study was to evaluate the application of the Global Anatomic Staging System (GLASS) in the endovascular treatment of chronic limb-threatening ischemia (CLTI).
METHODS
We performed systematic research between June 2019 and February 2022, including articles investigating the relationship of GLASS classification with the outcomes of endovascular interventions in the treatment of CLTI. Data from the included studies were pooled and meta-analyzed. The primary endpoints were limb-based patency (LBP) at 1-year follow-up and immediate technical failure (ITF). Secondary endpoints included major amputation. We performed subgroup analysis between studies that reported on calcium modifier inclusion during GLASS classification and studies that did not.
RESULTS
Eleven studies, including 1816 patients (1975 limbs) met the inclusion criteria. The pooled ITF rates for GLASS stages I, II, and III are 5.52% (95% confidence interval [CI], 3.74%-8.07%), 7.39% (95% CI, 5.32%-10.18%), and 21.07% (95% CI, 13.48%-31.39%) respectively. The pooled LBP for GLASS stages I, II, and III are 68.43% (95% CI, 53.44%-80.37%), 41.52% (95% CI, 18.91%-68.37%), and 38.64% (95% CI, 19.83%-61.57%). The relative risk (RR) for ITF regarding composite GLASS I and II stages vs GLASS III is 3.96 (95% CI, 1.96-7.98). The RR for LBP of GLASS I and II versus GLASS stage III is 1.51 (95% CI, 0.86-2.64). Pooled major amputation rates for the composite GLASS I, II and GLASS III stages are 7.62% (95% CI, 5.44%-10.58%) and 15.43% (95% CI, 11.72%-20.05%) respectively, whereas the RR between GLASS I, II, and GLASS III stages is 1.84 (95% CI, 1.18-2.87).
CONCLUSIONS
Our study demonstrated that patients with CLTI undergoing endovascular interventions classified as GLASS stage III had almost a four-fold risk increase for ITF and 1.84 times the risk of major amputation compared with stages I and II. Additionally, GLASS classification correctly predicted ITF for all three stages, whereas it failed to predict stage I and II LBP outcomes. Safe conclusions regarding LBP cannot be drawn due to the low quality and small number of the included studies, necessitating further research. Furthermore, we displayed the importance of calcium moderator inclusion in the accurate classification of GLASS.
Topics: Humans; Chronic Limb-Threatening Ischemia; Endovascular Procedures; Treatment Outcome; Calcium; Risk Factors; Limb Salvage; Ischemia; Peripheral Arterial Disease; Retrospective Studies; Chronic Disease
PubMed: 35953002
DOI: 10.1016/j.jvs.2022.07.183 -
The Cochrane Database of Systematic... Nov 2019Although vascular dementia is the second most common cause of dementia globally, evidence-based treatments are still lacking. Cerebrolysin is a porcine brain-derived... (Meta-Analysis)
Meta-Analysis
BACKGROUND
Although vascular dementia is the second most common cause of dementia globally, evidence-based treatments are still lacking. Cerebrolysin is a porcine brain-derived preparation that is said to have neurotrophic and neuroprotective activity. In many parts of the world Cerebrolysin, given as a series of daily intravenous infusions, is used as a potential intervention for vascular dementia. A previous Cochrane Review on Cerebrolysin in vascular dementia yielded inconsistent results. We wished to update the review to add new studies from the international literature and employ contemporary methods for appraising the strength of the evidence. This is the first update of a review first published in 2013.
OBJECTIVES
Primary: to assess the effect of Cerebrolysin on cognitive function, global function, and all-cause mortality in people living with vascular dementia. Secondary: to assess the adverse effects of Cerebrolysin and to assess the effect of Cerebrolysin on quality of life and caregiver burden.
SEARCH METHODS
We searched ALOIS, MEDLINE, Embase, PsycINFO, CINAHL, ISI Web of Knowledge, LILACS, the Cochrane Library, ClinicalTrials.gov, and the WHO ICTRP on 16 June 2017, 9 May 2018, and 9 May 2019. We expanded the search by adding four Chinese databases, searched from 1 January 2012 to 19 May 2019. We checked bibliographies of relevant papers identified and contacted pharmaceutical companies, trial authors, and experts in the field to identify any additional published or unpublished data.
SELECTION CRITERIA
We included all randomised controlled trials of Cerebrolysin used in people living with vascular dementia. We applied no language restriction.
DATA COLLECTION AND ANALYSIS
Two review authors independently selected trials for inclusion and evaluated their methodological quality. Data were extracted and analysed using mean differences (MDs) or standardised mean differences (SMDs) with 95% confidence intervals (95% CI) for continuous outcomes. We reported dichotomous outcomes as risk ratio (RR) with 95% CI. We assessed the strength of the available evidence using the GRADE approach.
MAIN RESULTS
We identified six randomised controlled trials with a total of 597 participants that were eligible for inclusion in the 2013 review. No new studies were eligible for inclusion in this update. Participants in the included studies, where dementia severity was reported, had mild to moderate severity of vascular dementia (four trials). The included studies tested varying doses and duration of Cerebrolysin treatment. Follow-up ranged from 15 days to three years. Five of included studies were conducted in China (three studies), Russia (one study), and Romania (one study), while relevant information of other study was unclear. Where details of funding were available, all studies were supported by the pharmaceutical industry (three studies). Cognitive function was measured using the Mini-Mental State Examination (MMSE) or Alzheimer's Disease Assessment Scale Cognitive Subpart, extended version (ADAS-cog+). Combining the MMSE and ADAS-cog+ data (three studies, 420 people), there was a beneficial effect of Cerebrolysin (SMD 0.36, 95% CI 0.13 to 0.58; very low-quality evidence). Global function was measured by Clinician's Interview-Based Impression of Change plus Caregiver Input (CIBIC+) or Investigator's Clinical Global Impression (CGI). We assessed response rates on these measures (the proportion of participants with a CIBIC+ score of < 3; or at least moderate improvement of the CGI rating at the last visit). There was a beneficial effect of Cerebrolysin (two studies, 379 participants, RR 2.69, 95% CI 1.82 to 3.98; very low-quality evidence). Only one trial described mortality and reported no deaths. Four studies reported adverse events; data from two studies (379 people) were in a format that permitted meta-analysis, and there was no difference in rates of adverse effects (RR 0.91, 95% CI 0.29 to 2.85; very low-quality evidence). No studies reported on quality of life or caregiver burden.
AUTHORS' CONCLUSIONS
Courses of intravenous Cerebrolysin improved cognition and general function in people living with vascular dementia, with no suggestion of adverse effects. However, these data are not definitive. Our analyses were limited by heterogeneity, and the included papers had high risk of bias. If there are benefits of Cerebrolysin, the effects may be too small to be clinically meaningful. There have been no new studies of Cerebrolysin in vascular dementia since the last Cochrane Review. Cerebrolysin continues to be used and promoted as a treatment for vascular dementia, but the supporting evidence base is weak. Adequately powered, methodologically robust trials are needed to properly assess the effects of Cerebrolysin in vascular dementia.
Topics: Amino Acids; Cognition; Cost of Illness; Dementia, Vascular; Humans; Nootropic Agents; Quality of Life; Randomized Controlled Trials as Topic
PubMed: 31710397
DOI: 10.1002/14651858.CD008900.pub3 -
European Journal of Vascular and... Mar 2022Intravascular lithotripsy (IVL) is a novel technique for plaque modification during endovascular revascularisation for peripheral artery disease (PAD) with severe... (Meta-Analysis)
Meta-Analysis Review
OBJECTIVE
Intravascular lithotripsy (IVL) is a novel technique for plaque modification during endovascular revascularisation for peripheral artery disease (PAD) with severe calcification. The aim of this paper was to perform a systematic review and meta-analysis of contemporary data to elucidate the efficacy and safety of IVL in lower extremity PAD.
DATA SOURCES
A systematic literature search with pre-defined search terms was performed using PubMed, Web of Sciences, OvidSP, and EMBASE.
REVIEW METHODS
A meta-analysis was performed in accordance with the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses statement. Patient characteristics, lesion calcification, pre-IVL and post-IVL diameter stenosis, complications, and stent rates were evaluated.
RESULTS
Nine studies were included, encompassing a total of 681 patients (769 lesions) with IVL performed for PAD, of which 75.53% (95% confidence interval [CI] 66.08% - 83.03%) of the lesions were reported to have severe calcification. Comparison between pre-IVL and post-IVL diameter stenosis demonstrated a diameter stenosis reduction of 59.3% (95% CI 53.30% - 65.31%). Vascular complications were rare, with flow limiting or type D/E/F dissection occurring in only 1.25% (95% CI 0.60% - 2.61%) of cases. The overall pooled event rate for stent placement was 15.89% (95% CI 5.22% - 39.34%).
CONCLUSION
This meta-analysis supports IVL as an effective and safe approach for calcified plaque modification in lower extremity PAD, achieving a diameter stenosis reduction of 59.3% (95% CI 53.30% - 65.31%) with minimal vascular complications. Routine use of this device is not recommended; further high quality evidence is required to elucidate the efficacy of IVL with respect to different clinical characteristics such as lesion location and length, and in comparison with other treatment modalities such as atherectomy.
Topics: Humans; Lithotripsy; Lower Extremity; Peripheral Arterial Disease; Treatment Outcome; Vascular Calcification
PubMed: 34887206
DOI: 10.1016/j.ejvs.2021.10.035 -
British Journal of Clinical Pharmacology May 2020Inflammatory cytokines, particularly tumour necrosis factor-α (TNFα), are thought to promote arterial disease through a variety of mechanisms leading to... (Review)
Review
AIMS
Inflammatory cytokines, particularly tumour necrosis factor-α (TNFα), are thought to promote arterial disease through a variety of mechanisms leading to arteriosclerosis and atherosclerosis. We reviewed the existing evidence of the effect of anti-TNFα treatment on arteriosclerosis and atherosclerosis in chronic inflammatory disease.
METHODS
We performed a systematic review of studies examining effects of monoclonal antibodies against TNFα on subclinical measures of arteriosclerosis (arterial pulse wave velocity) and atherosclerosis (endothelial function measured by flow-mediated dilation or forearm blood flow responses to endothelium-dependent agonists, and common carotid intima-media thickness).
RESULTS
We identified 60 studies (of 854 potential studies identified using a systematic search) in which effects of anti-TNFα biologics on these measures were assessed in patients receiving anti-TNFα therapy for a clinical indication (usually an inflammatory disease such as an inflammatory arthritis, psoriasis or inflammatory bowel disease). Of these, only 6 were randomised clinical controlled trials. Whilst many observational studies and noncontrolled studies reported positive findings, positive finding were reported in only 1 of 6 randomised clinical controlled trials.
CONCLUSIONS
There is no strong evidence for an effect of anti-TNFα biologics on the subclinical measures of arteriosclerosis or atherosclerosis examined in this review. This does not exclude a positive effect of TNFα biologics on clinical outcomes through alternate pathways including those induced by remission of the primary inflammatory disease.
Topics: Atherosclerosis; Biological Products; Carotid Intima-Media Thickness; Humans; Pulse Wave Analysis; Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha
PubMed: 31957052
DOI: 10.1111/bcp.14215 -
Dementia and Geriatric Cognitive... 2021Emerging evidence suggests that cognitive impairment (CI) and different etiologies of dementia, including Alzheimer's disease (AD), are associated with vascular risk... (Meta-Analysis)
Meta-Analysis
BACKGROUND
Emerging evidence suggests that cognitive impairment (CI) and different etiologies of dementia, including Alzheimer's disease (AD), are associated with vascular risk factors and atherosclerosis. In clinical practice, carotid intima-media thickness (CIMT) measured by ultrasonography may be a marker of atherosclerosis. Many studies report increased CIMT in patients with dementia and CI although a firm association has not yet been established.
AIM
This systematic review and meta-analysis were conducted to study the relationship between CIMT, dementia, and CI.
METHODS
The literature search was performed according to the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses guidelines and included the following databases: Medline, Embase, Cochrane Library, and Epistemonikos. The search spanned from 2000 to 2020 and was limited to English and Scandinavian languages.
RESULTS
The main analysis of CIMT in subjects with CI compared to subjects with no cognitive impairment (NCI) included 12 studies; 1,089 subjects with CI and 5,223 with NCI. There was no significant difference in CIMT between the CI and NCI groups. However, subgroup analyses revealed significantly higher CIMT in the mild cognitive impairment (MCI) and dementia groups than the NCI group. In addition, patients with dementia had increased CIMT compared to patients with MCI, and patients with AD demonstrated higher CIMT than those with vascular cognitive impairment (VCI).
CONCLUSION
CIMT may be higher in subjects with CI than in cognitively healthy subjects although no significant difference was observed in our main analysis. CIMT was higher in the dementia group than the MCI group and in the AD group compared to the VCI group.
Topics: Alzheimer Disease; Atherosclerosis; Carotid Intima-Media Thickness; Cognitive Dysfunction; Humans; Risk Factors
PubMed: 34808621
DOI: 10.1159/000518295