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Frontiers in Plant Science 2022In monocots, the prophyll (or flower bracteole) is the first leaf of the lateral shoot. Typically, the prophyll occurs in an adaxial position toward the main axis; it...
In monocots, the prophyll (or flower bracteole) is the first leaf of the lateral shoot. Typically, the prophyll occurs in an adaxial position toward the main axis; it bears two teeth at its apex and often two keels on the dorsal side. Some authors have hypothesized that the prophyll appeared in evolution as a result of the fusion of two phyllomes. However, in different monocot taxa, prophyll morphology results from the mechanical pressure of the surrounding organs and it cannot be regarded as two fused leaves. In Commelinaceae, if the lateral shoot develops extravaginally (i.e., penetrates the sheath) and the prophyll is not under pressure, the apical teeth and keels are missing. If the lateral shoot starts development intravaginally and under moderate pressure, the prophyll exhibits keels and a bidentate shape. In the bulbs of Amaryllidaceae, which are under strong pressure, the teeth of the prophyll become more pronounced, and the prophyll is dissected into two distinct lobes. In some monocots, the evolutionary trend leads to complete prophyll reduction. Investigations of lateral shoot phyllotaxis have found that the positions of all the subsequent phyllomes of the lateral shoot are sensitive to the prophyll position; they become rearranged if the prophyll deviates from the standard adaxial location (e.g., becoming oblique or transversal). As a generalization in Amaryllidaceae, I have proposed the axiomatic "phantom" method for modeling the prophyll position and shoot branching in cases of complete prophyll reduction. Using the phantom method, I reinvestigated the structure of sympodial units in (Araceae). Previous interpretation of the two-keeled cataphyll as a prophyll appeared to be erroneous. In a new interpretation of the sympodial unit, the prophyll and the subsequent leaf are reduced and the cataphyll is the third leaf in the leaf series. A comparative morphological study in Araceae has revealed that prophylls of vegetative shoots rarely elongate and resemble round scales with obscure boundaries with the main axis. This observation could explain prophyll reduction in . As such, the positional control of phyllotaxis by the prophyll may be revealed even when the prophyll is completely reduced.
PubMed: 35498710
DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2022.855146 -
PloS One 2021While multiple studies have examined the brain functional correlates of reward, meta-analyses have either focused on studies using the monetary incentive delay (MID)... (Meta-Analysis)
Meta-Analysis
BACKGROUND
While multiple studies have examined the brain functional correlates of reward, meta-analyses have either focused on studies using the monetary incentive delay (MID) task, or have adopted a broad strategy, combining data from studies using both monetary and non-monetary reward, as probed using a wide range of tasks.
OBJECTIVE
To meta-analyze fMRI studies that used monetary reward and in which there was a definable cue-reward contingency. Studies were limited to those using monetary reward in order to avoid potential heterogeneity from use of other rewards, especially social rewards. Studies using gambling or delay discounting tasks were excluded on the grounds that reward anticipation is not easily quantifiable.
STUDY ELIGIBILITY
English-language fMRI studies (i) that reported fMRI findings on healthy adults; (ii) that used monetary reward; and (iii) in which a cue that was predictive of reward was compared to a no win (or lesser win) condition. Only voxel-based studies were included; those where brain coverage was incomplete were excluded.
DATA SOURCES
Ovid, Medline and PsycInfo, from 2000 to 2020, plus checking of review articles and meta-analyses.
DATA SYNTHESIS
Data were pooled using Seed-based d Mapping with Permutation of Subject Images (SDM-PSI). Heterogeneity among studies was examined using the I2 statistic. Publication bias was examined using funnel plots and statistical examination of asymmetries. Moderator variables including whether the task was pre-learnt, sex distribution, amount of money won and width of smoothing kernel were examined.
RESULTS
Pooled data from 45 studies of reward anticipation revealed activations in the ventral striatum, the middle cingulate cortex/supplementary motor area and the insula. Pooled data from 28 studies of reward delivery again revealed ventral striatal activation, plus cortical activations in the anterior and posterior cingulate cortex. There was relatively little evidence of publication bias. Among moderating variables, only whether the task was pre-learnt exerted an influence.
CONCLUSIONS
According to this meta-analysis monetary reward anticipation and delivery both activate the ventral but not the dorsal striatum, and are associated with different patterns of cortical activation.
Topics: Magnetic Resonance Imaging; Motivation; Reward
PubMed: 34351957
DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0255292 -
F1000Research 2023A zoonotic, double-stranded DNA virus belonging to the genus Orthopoxvirus, the mpox virus (MPXV) is most common in tropical regions of Central and West Africa. The... (Meta-Analysis)
Meta-Analysis
BACKGROUND
A zoonotic, double-stranded DNA virus belonging to the genus Orthopoxvirus, the mpox virus (MPXV) is most common in tropical regions of Central and West Africa. The frequency of monkeypox (mpox) cases, however, has sharply climbed globally since May 2022.
OBJECTIVES
To establish the threat of mpox in terms of the oral lesions caused in sufferers.
MATERIALS AND METHODS
After a thorough study of the literature identified in the PubMed, Web of Science, and Cochrane library databases using the PRISMA framework, 103 papers were found. Using inclusion and exclusion criteria, we chose research that was relevant for our review before shortlisting 14 papers that conformed to the review's guidelines.
RESULTS
In the 14 selected studies, it was found that oral lesions were among the first clinical signs of a mpox affliction, with ulcers on the dorsal surface of tongue lips being the most common areas affected.
CONCLUSION
The rarely observed oral lesions of mpox infection may help in the diagnosis and management of this condition. It is critical to keep in mind that recognising and detecting oral lesions in mpox patients opens the door to more research and efficient patient management.
Topics: Mpox (monkeypox); Humans; Monkeypox virus; Animals; Mouth Diseases
PubMed: 38845619
DOI: 10.12688/f1000research.137363.2 -
Hand (New York, N.Y.) Dec 2022Distal radius fractures (DRFs) are among the most common fractures in the United States. Despite their high incidence, there is no consensus on the optimal type of cast... (Meta-Analysis)
Meta-Analysis Review
Distal radius fractures (DRFs) are among the most common fractures in the United States. Despite their high incidence, there is no consensus on the optimal type of cast or splint to treat these fractures. The purpose of this systematic review is to evaluate the available literature pertaining to the outcomes for different constructs used to conservatively treat DRFs. A literature search of PubMed, Medline, and Embase was conducted to identify research comparing the outcomes of various immobilization mechanisms. In particular, endpoints included complications (eg, loss of reduction, pain), radiographic outcomes, and Disabilities of the Arm, Shoulder, and Hand (DASH) scores. A total of 1655 articles were identified during the literature search, and 22 ultimately fulfilled inclusion criteria. These 22 studies included 1826 conservatively treated DRFs. The different immobilization mechanisms were divided into 8 groupings: above-elbow casts, above-elbow splints, below-elbow casts, below-elbow splints, gutter or spica casts, gutter or spica splints, dorsal-volar splints, and dorsal splints. Qualitative review of the studies determined that below-elbow constructs result in equal or better functional and radiologic outcomes when compared with above-elbow constructs. Meta-analysis demonstrated that a statistically significant difference ( = .04) existed in the incidence of loss of reduction between the immobilization constructs, although post hoc analysis did not detect significant differences between 2 particular constructs.
Topics: Humans; United States; Casts, Surgical; Radius Fractures; Conservative Treatment; Wrist Fractures; Splints
PubMed: 35373590
DOI: 10.1177/15589447221081864 -
Journal of Wrist Surgery Feb 2023As the popularity of wrist arthroscopy grows, it continues to prove useful in the treatment of ganglion cysts. Previous studies comparing an arthroscopic technique...
As the popularity of wrist arthroscopy grows, it continues to prove useful in the treatment of ganglion cysts. Previous studies comparing an arthroscopic technique to traditional open excision have demonstrated generally equivalent results regarding complications and cyst recurrence. However, this systematic review compares the two treatment methods not only regarding cyst recurrence but also regarding patient-centered outcomes. Additionally, new studies in the available literature may allow for further analysis. This systematic review identified 23 articles published between 2000 and 2021 that met inclusion criteria. Articles were assessed for quality, and reported cyst recurrence rates, patient satisfaction, patients' preoperative and postoperative pain, and complications associated with either open or arthroscopic excisions were pooled into open excision and arthroscopic excision groups for analysis. In total, 23 studies accounted for 1,670 cases. Pooled data for patient-centered outcomes indicated a significantly higher patient satisfaction rate (89.2 vs 85.6%, < 0.001) and higher reported pain relief (69.5 vs. 66.7%, = 0.011) associated with arthroscopic excision versus open excision. Recurrence rates were also significantly lower for the arthroscopic excision group (9.4 vs. 11.2%, < 0.001). Overall, the complication rate was significantly lower for arthroscopic excision (7.5 vs. 10.7%, < 0.001), but the complication profile distinctly differed between the two methods. Both arthroscopic and open excision of dorsal wrist ganglions are viable treatment options. However, the results of this meta-analysis suggest benefits associated with the arthroscopic technique in both patient-centered outcomes and in traditional, surgical outcomes. This may prove advantageous as wrist arthroscopy becomes more common.
PubMed: 36644727
DOI: 10.1055/s-0042-1749678 -
Molecular Psychiatry Nov 2023In the past two decades, over-prescription of opioids for pain management has driven a steep increase in opioid use disorder (OUD) and death by overdose, exerting a...
In the past two decades, over-prescription of opioids for pain management has driven a steep increase in opioid use disorder (OUD) and death by overdose, exerting a dramatic toll on western countries. OUD is a chronic relapsing disease associated with a lifetime struggle to control drug consumption, suggesting that opioids trigger long-lasting brain adaptations, notably through functional genomic and epigenomic mechanisms. Current understanding of these processes, however, remain scarce, and have not been previously reviewed systematically. To do so, the goal of the present work was to synthesize current knowledge on genome-wide transcriptomic and epigenetic mechanisms of opioid action, in primate and rodent species. Using a prospectively registered methodology, comprehensive literature searches were completed in PubMed, Embase, and Web of Science. Of the 2709 articles identified, 73 met our inclusion criteria and were considered for qualitative analysis. Focusing on the 5 most studied nervous system structures (nucleus accumbens, frontal cortex, whole striatum, dorsal striatum, spinal cord; 44 articles), we also conducted a quantitative analysis of differentially expressed genes, in an effort to identify a putative core transcriptional signature of opioids. Only one gene, Cdkn1a, was consistently identified in eleven studies, and globally, our results unveil surprisingly low consistency across published work, even when considering most recent single-cell approaches. Analysis of sources of variability detected significant contributions from species, brain structure, duration of opioid exposure, strain, time-point of analysis, and batch effects, but not type of opioid. To go beyond those limitations, we leveraged threshold-free methods to illustrate how genome-wide comparisons may generate new findings and hypotheses. Finally, we discuss current methodological development in the field, and their implication for future research and, ultimately, better care.
Topics: Animals; Humans; Analgesics, Opioid; Opioid-Related Disorders; Drug Overdose; Chronic Disease; Genomics; Models, Animal
PubMed: 37723284
DOI: 10.1038/s41380-023-02238-1 -
International Journal of Surgery... Aug 2019To evaluate current views on comparing delayed ligature of the dorsal venous complex (D-DVC) with standard ligature of the dorsal venous complex (S-DVC) for safety,... (Comparative Study)
Comparative Study Meta-Analysis
PURPOSE
To evaluate current views on comparing delayed ligature of the dorsal venous complex (D-DVC) with standard ligature of the dorsal venous complex (S-DVC) for safety, urinary control and oncological outcomes during laparoscopic radical prostatectomy.
METHODS
A comprehensive searching of PubMed, Web of science, Embase and the Cochrane Library was made and then we performed a meta-analysis, including all randomized controlled trials (RCTs) and retrospective studies, to evaluate the two different techniques.
RESULTS
Two RCTs and six retrospective studies containing 1822 cases (222 cases from RCTs and 1600 cases from retrospective studies) were identified. Although D-DVC was related to more blood loss (WMD: 7.30 mL; 95% CI, 2.43 to 12.16; p = 0.003), the blood transfusion rate between the two groups showed no significant difference (OR = 1.93; 95% CI, 0.55 to 6.73; p = 0.31), and patients in the D-DVC group could benefit from a shorter operative time (WMD: -30.83 min; 95% CI, -53.32 to -8.35; p = 0.007). Positive apical margin events were significantly less in the D-DVC group (OR = 0.39; 95% CI, 0.22 to 0.71; p = 0.002). As for urinary control, there were no differences in continence rates after 3 months (OR = 1.64; 95% CI, 0.98 to 2.73; p = 0.06) and 12 months (OR = 1.00; 95% CI, 0.63 to 1.57; p = 0.99) of follow-up. However, there was a significantly higher continence rate after 6 months of follow-up in the D-DVC group (OR = 1.46; 95% CI, 1.02 to 2.11; p = 0.04).
CONCLUSIONS
Standard and delayed approaches to DVC are equally safe and result in similar urinary control. The delayed approach could decrease the positive apical margin rate. However, further large-scale prospective studies are needed to investigate and compare the prognosis and long-term functional outcomes between the two approaches.
Topics: Humans; Laparoscopy; Ligation; Male; Prostatectomy; Prostatic Neoplasms; Retrospective Studies; Veins
PubMed: 31271930
DOI: 10.1016/j.ijsu.2019.06.015 -
Current Psychology (New Brunswick, N.J.) Nov 2022Increasing incidence of problem gambling has led to prioritizing the problem from the point of view of public health. Additionally, gambling disorder has been recently...
Increasing incidence of problem gambling has led to prioritizing the problem from the point of view of public health. Additionally, gambling disorder has been recently classified as a behavioral addiction, with implications for both its diagnosis and treatment. However, the shared neural substrate of addictions, to substances and behavioral, is still discussed. Thus, this systematic review aims to provide up-to-date knowledge from the past five years (2017-2022) concerning the neural correlates of gambling related stimuli (cue-reactivity) on the basis of a previous review (Brevers et al., Cognitive, Affective and Behavioral Neuroscience 18:718-729, 2019). A total of five studies were included in the review. Activation of brain areas related to memory, reward and executive functions could be the underlying mechanism of this behavioral addiction. Specifically, nucleus accumbens and striatum (ventral and dorsal), parahippocampal regions, the right amygdala and several prefrontal cortex regions have systematically been found more active in those subjects exposed to gambling-related cues. Also, the insula could play a pivotal role connecting these three systems in a highly integrated neural network with several implications for reward processing modulation, associative learning and top-down attentional regulation to improve saliency of addiction-related cues. These results are consistent with previous findings on other substance addictions, such as alcohol, tobacco, marijuana or cocaine. The study of neural reactivity to stimuli related to addiction could be useful as a biomarker of the severity of the disorder, the efficacy of the treatment, the risk of relapse, in addition to being an objective criterion to measure the effectiveness of prevention campaigns.
PubMed: 36373116
DOI: 10.1007/s12144-022-03915-0 -
Neuroendocrinology 2023Brain insulin resistance is an important hallmark of age-related conditions, including type 2 diabetes (T2D) and dementia. This systematic review summarized effects of...
Effects of Intranasal Insulin Administration on Cerebral Blood Flow and Cognitive Performance in Adults: A Systematic Review of Randomized, Placebo-Controlled Intervention Studies.
INTRODUCTION
Brain insulin resistance is an important hallmark of age-related conditions, including type 2 diabetes (T2D) and dementia. This systematic review summarized effects of cerebral blood flow (CBF) responses to intranasal insulin to assess brain insulin sensitivity in healthy and diseased populations. We also explored relationships between changes in brain insulin sensitivity and cognitive performance.
METHODS
A systemic literature search (PROSPERO: CRD42022309770) identified 58 randomized, placebo-controlled trials (RCTs) that investigated effects of intranasal insulin on (regional) CBF, cognitive performance, and systemic spill-over in adults.
RESULTS
Acute intranasal insulin did not affect whole-brain CBF in healthy adults, but increased regional CBF of the inferior frontal gyrus, dorsal striatum, and insular cortex, and reduced CBF around the middle frontal gyrus and hypothalamus. Obese adults showed increased CBF responses following internasal insulin for the middle frontal gyrus but decreased CBF for hypothalamic and cortico-limbic regions. Furthermore, increased CBF responses were reported for the insular cortex in T2D patients and for occipital and thalamic regions in older adults. The spray also improved memory and executive function, but a causal relation with regional CBF still needs to be established. Finally, intranasal insulin resulted in only a small amount of systemic spill-over, which is unlikely to have an impact on the observed findings.
CONCLUSIONS
Region-specific changes in CBF after intranasal insulin administration were affected by obesity, T2D, and normal aging, indicating altered brain insulin sensitivity. Future RCTs should investigate longer-term effects of intranasal insulin and explore potential associations between effects on CBF and cognitive performance.
Topics: Humans; Aged; Insulin; Insulin Resistance; Brain; Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2; Obesity; Cognition; Cerebrovascular Circulation; Magnetic Resonance Imaging; Administration, Intranasal; Randomized Controlled Trials as Topic
PubMed: 36219990
DOI: 10.1159/000526717 -
Frontiers in Neuroscience 2021Fatigue and cognitive dysfunction commonly co-occur in breast cancer patients and survivors. However, the underlying neural mechanism is not clear. We performed a...
Fatigue and cognitive dysfunction commonly co-occur in breast cancer patients and survivors. However, the underlying neural mechanism is not clear. We performed a systematic review of studies that used neuroimaging methods to investigate structural and functional changes in the brain associated with fatigue in breast cancer patients and survivors. We searched PubMed, Scopus, EmBase, and Cochrane CENTRAL from January 2009 to May 2021 for studies that reported brain neuroimaging findings in relationship to fatigue in breast cancer patients or survivors. Neuroimaging methods included magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), positron emission tomography (PET), and electroencephalogram (EEG). We summarized structural and functional neuroimaging changes associated with fatigue. Of the 176 articles retrieved, ten MRI studies reported neuroimaging findings in relationship to fatigue. Together these studies compared 385 breast cancer patients or survivors to 205 controls. Fatigue was associated with reduced white matter integrity and increased glutamate in the insula but changes in gray matter volume were not associated with fatigue score. Nine of the ten studies found significant associations between fatigue and functional changes in the frontoparietal cortex. In response to memory and planning tasks, fatigue was associated with increased activations in several regions of the frontoparietal cortex, however, overall performance on tasks was not reduced. Fatigue was also associated with extensive changes in the connectivity of brain networks that filter endogenous signals (salience network), internal attention (default mode network), and external attention (dorsal attention network). Subcortical regions associated with fatigue included insula (interoception), superior colliculus (sleep regulation), and thalamus (alertness). Functional brain changes before initiation of chemotherapy were a better predictor of post-treatment fatigue than chemotherapy itself. Fatigue in breast cancer is associated with widespread functional changes of brain regions and networks that affect executive function including memory, planning, internal and external attention. Observed changes likely represent a compensatory mechanism through which breast cancer patients and survivors try to maintain adequate executive function. Breast cancer patients scheduled to undergo chemotherapy are at high risk for developing fatigue even before the start of treatment.
PubMed: 34858127
DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2021.735945