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Journal of Gastrointestinal and Liver... Apr 2023Gaucher disease (GD) is one of the most common lysosomal storage diseases. It is characterized by the accumulation of glucocerebroside lipids in the macrophages, with...
BACKGROUND AND AIMS
Gaucher disease (GD) is one of the most common lysosomal storage diseases. It is characterized by the accumulation of glucocerebroside lipids in the macrophages, with liver, spleen and bone marrow frequently affected. The affected organs can develop tumor-like lesions (Gaucheromas), which are difficult to diagnose. We present the Gaucheromas and their ultrasonographic characteristics.
METHODS
We selected Gaucheromas and their ultrasonographic characteristics found in the last 5 years during the periodical evaluation of 74 adult GD patients in Romania. All the patients had magnetic resonance imaging examination for comparison. A systematic review of all the Gaucheroma-related articles was performed to compare our results with the literature.
RESULTS
Gaucheromas were found in 7 adult patients: 4 in the spleen, 2 in the liver and one affecting the bone. No malignancy ultrasound characteristics were found and neither on MRI exams. In the literature, 10 articles reported Gaucheromas, most of them in the liver and spleen in type 1 GD patients. All our patients were also type 1 GD, and the ultrasound aspect did not change during the 5 years follow-up.
CONCLUSIONS
Gaucheromas can be found in any patient with GD. Malignancies have to be considered unless proven otherwise. Imaging characterization (ultrasound and MRI) are useful as histopathologic examination is difficult to obtain in all cases.
Topics: Adult; Humans; Bone Marrow; Spleen; Liver; Gaucher Disease; Magnetic Resonance Imaging
PubMed: 37004226
DOI: 10.15403/jgld-4752 -
Animals : An Open Access Journal From... Sep 2021Infectious diseases represent one of the most critical threats to animal production worldwide. Due to the rise of pathogen resistance and consumer concern about... (Review)
Review
Infectious diseases represent one of the most critical threats to animal production worldwide. Due to the rise of pathogen resistance and consumer concern about chemical-free and environmentally friendly productions, the use of antimicrobials drugs is no longer desirable. The close relationship between nutrition and infection has led to numerous studies about livestock. The impact of feeding strategies, including synthetic amino acid supplementation, on host response to various infections has been investigated in different livestock animals. This systematic review provides a synthesis of the experimental studies on the interactions between synthetic amino acid supplementation and immune response to infectious diseases in livestock. Following PRISMA guidelines, quantitative research was conducted using two literature databases, PubMed and Web of Science. The eligibility criteria for the research articles were: (1) the host is a livestock animal; (2) the supplementation with at least one synthetic amino acid; (3) at least one mediator of immunity is measured; (4) at least one production trait is measured. Data were extracted from 58 selected studies. Articles on poultry were the most numerous; few contained experiments using ruminants and pigs. Most of the authors hypothesized that synthetic amino acid supplementation would particularly improve the animals' immune response against intracellular pathogens. An increase in T and natural killer lymphocytes and macrophages activation, intracellular redox state, lymphocytes proliferation and antibodies production were the most described immune mechanisms associated with synthetic amino acid supplementation. Most of the selected studies focused on three amino acids (methionine, threonine and arginine), all of which are associated with a significant improvement of the host immune response. The use of synthetic amino acid supplementation appears as an encouraging perspective for livestock infectious disease management, and research must concentrate on more analytical studies using these three amino acids.
PubMed: 34679833
DOI: 10.3390/ani11102813 -
Cancer Treatment Reviews Jun 2024Gastric cancer (GC), known for its unfavorable prognosis, has been classified in four distinct molecular subtypes. These subtypes not only exhibit differences in their... (Review)
Review
BACKGROUND
Gastric cancer (GC), known for its unfavorable prognosis, has been classified in four distinct molecular subtypes. These subtypes not only exhibit differences in their genome and transcriptome but also in the composition of their tumor immune microenvironment. The microsatellite instable (MSI) and Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) positive GC subtypes show clear clinical benefits from immune checkpoint blockade, likely due to a neoantigen-driven and virus-driven antitumor immune response and high expression of immune checkpoint molecule PD-L1. However, even within these subtypes response to checkpoint inhibition is variable, which is potentially related to heterogeneity in the tumor immune microenvironment (TIME) and expression of co-inhibitory molecules. We conducted a systematic review to outline the current knowledge about the immunological features on the TIME of MSI and EBV + GCs.
METHODS
A systematic search was performed in PubMed, EMBASE and Cochrane Library. All articles from the year 1990 and onwards addressing immune features of gastric adenocarcinoma were reviewed and included based on predefined in- and exclusion criteria.
RESULTS
In total 5962 records were screened, of which 139 were included that reported immunological data on molecular GC subtypes. MSI and EBV + GCs were reported to have a more inflamed TIME compared to non-MSI and EBV- GC subtypes. Compared to microsatellite stable (MSS) tumors, MSI tumors were characterized by higher numbers of CD8 + and FoxP3 + T cells, and tumor infiltrating pro- and anti-inflammatory macrophages. HLA-deficiency was most common in MSI tumors compared to other molecular GC subtypes and associated with lower T and B cell infiltrates compared to HLA-proficient tumors. EBV + was associated with a high number of CD8 + T cells, Tregs, NK cells and macrophages. Expression of PD-L1, CTLA-4, Granzyme A and B, Perforin and interferon-gamma was enriched in EBV + tumors. Overall, MSI tumors harbored a more heterogeneous TIME in terms of immune cell composition and immune checkpoints compared to the EBV + tumors.
DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSION
MSI and EBV + GCs are highly Handbook for Conducting a Literature-Based Health Assessment Using OHAT Approach for Systematic Review and Evidence Integration.; 2019pro-inflammatory immune cell populations. Although studies on the direct comparison of EBV + and MSI tumors are limited, EBV + tumors show less intra-subgroup heterogeneity compared to MSI tumors. More studies are needed to identify how Intra-subgroup heterogeneity impacts response to immunotherapy efficacy.
Topics: Humans; Stomach Neoplasms; Tumor Microenvironment; Epstein-Barr Virus Infections; DNA Mismatch Repair; Herpesvirus 4, Human; Microsatellite Instability
PubMed: 38669788
DOI: 10.1016/j.ctrv.2024.102737 -
The Cochrane Database of Systematic... Jul 2020Burn injuries are an important health problem. They occur frequently in the head and neck region. The face is the area central to a person's identity that provides our...
BACKGROUND
Burn injuries are an important health problem. They occur frequently in the head and neck region. The face is the area central to a person's identity that provides our most expressive means of communication. Topical interventions are currently the cornerstone of treatment of burns to the face.
OBJECTIVES
To assess the effects of topical interventions on wound healing in people with facial burns of any depth.
SEARCH METHODS
In December 2019 we searched the Cochrane Wounds Specialised Register; the Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials (CENTRAL); Ovid MEDLINE (including In-Process & Other Non-Indexed Citations); Ovid Embase and EBSCO CINAHL Plus. We also searched clinical trials registries for ongoing and unpublished studies, and scanned reference lists of relevant included studies as well as reviews, meta-analyses and health technology reports to identify additional studies. There were no restrictions with respect to language, date of publication or study setting.
SELECTION CRITERIA
Randomised controlled trials (RCTs) that evaluated the effects of topical treatment for facial burns were eligible for inclusion in this review.
DATA COLLECTION AND ANALYSIS
Two review authors independently performed study selection, data extraction, risk of bias assessment and GRADE assessment of the certainty of the evidence.
MAIN RESULTS
In this first update, we included 12 RCTs, comprising 507 participants. Most trials included adults admitted to specialised burn centres after recent burn injuries. Topical agents included antimicrobial agents (silver sulphadiazine (SSD), Aquacel-Ag, cerium-sulphadiazine, gentamicin cream, mafenide acetate cream, bacitracin), non-antimicrobial agents (Moist Exposed Burn Ointment (MEBO), saline-soaked dressings, skin substitutes (including bioengineered skin substitute (TransCyte), allograft, and xenograft (porcine Xenoderm), and miscellaneous treatments (growth hormone therapy, recombinant human granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor hydrogel (rhGMCS)), enzymatic debridement, and cream with Helix Aspersa extract). Almost all the evidence included in this review was assessed as low or very low-certainty, often because of high risk of bias due to unclear randomisation procedures (i.e. sequence generation and allocation concealment); lack of blinding of participants, providers and sometimes outcome assessors; and imprecision resulting from few participants, low event rates or both, often in single studies. Topical antimicrobial agents versus topical non-antimicrobial agents There is moderate-certainty evidence that there is probably little or no difference between antimicrobial agents and non-antimicrobial agents (SSD and MEBO) in time to complete wound healing (hazard ratio (HR) 0.84 (95% confidence interval (CI) 0.78 to 1.85, 1 study, 39 participants). Topical antimicrobial agents may make little or no difference to the proportion of wounds completely healed compared with topical non-antimicrobial agents (comparison SSD and MEBO, risk ratio (RR) 0.94, 95% CI 0.68 to 1.29; 1 study, 39 participants; low-certainty evidence). We are uncertain whether there is a difference in wound infection (comparison topical antimicrobial agent (Aquacel-Ag) and MEBO; RR 0.38, 95% CI 0.12 to 1.21; 1 study, 40 participants; very low-certainty evidence). No trials reported change in wound surface area over time or partial wound healing. There is low-certainty evidence for the secondary outcomes scar quality and patient satisfaction. Two studies assessed pain but it was incompletely reported. Topical antimicrobial agents versus other topical antimicrobial agents It is uncertain whether topical antimicrobial agents make any difference in effects as the evidence is low to very low-certainty. For primary outcomes, there is low-certainty evidence for time to partial (i.e. greater than 90%) wound healing (comparison SSD versus cerium SSD: mean difference (MD) -7.10 days, 95% CI -16.43 to 2.23; 1 study, 142 participants). There is very low-certainty evidence regarding whether topical antimicrobial agents make a difference to wound infection (RR 0.73, 95% CI 0.46 to 1.17; 1 study, 15 participants). There is low to very low-certainty evidence for the proportion of facial burns requiring surgery, pain, scar quality, adverse effects and length of hospital stay. Skin substitutes versus topical antimicrobial agents There is low-certainty evidence that a skin substitute may slightly reduce time to partial (i.e. greater than 90%) wound healing, compared with a non-specified antibacterial agent (MD -6.00 days, 95% CI -8.69 to -3.31; 1 study, 34 participants). We are uncertain whether skin substitutes in general make any other difference in effects as the evidence is very low certainty. Outcomes included wound infection, pain, scar quality, adverse effects of treatment and length of hospital stay. Single studies showed contrasting low-certainty evidence. A bioengineered skin substitute may slightly reduce procedural pain (MD -4.00, 95% CI -5.05 to -2.95; 34 participants) and background pain (MD -2.00, 95% CI -3.05 to -0.95; 34 participants) compared with an unspecified antimicrobial agent. In contrast, a biological dressing (porcine Xenoderm) might slightly increase pain in superficial burns (MD 1.20, 95% CI 0.65 to 1.75; 15 participants (30 wounds)) as well as deep partial thickness burns (MD 3.00, 95% CI 2.34 to 3.66; 10 participants (20 wounds)), compared with antimicrobial agents (Physiotulle Ag (Coloplast)). Miscellaneous treatments versus miscellaneous treatments Single studies show low to very low-certainty effects of interventions. Low-certainty evidence shows that MEBO may slightly reduce time to complete wound healing compared with saline soaked dressing (MD -1.7 days, 95% CI -3.32 to -0.08; 40 participants). In addition, a cream containing Helix Aspersa may slightly increase the proportion of wounds completely healed at 14 days compared with MEBO (RR 4.77, 95% CI 1.87 to 12.15; 43 participants). We are uncertain whether any miscellaneous treatment in the included studies makes a difference in effects for the outcomes wound infection, scar quality, pain and patient satisfaction as the evidence is low to very low-certainty.
AUTHORS' CONCLUSIONS
There is mainly low to very low-certainty evidence on the effects of any topical intervention on wound healing in people with facial burns. The number of RCTs in burn care is growing, but the body of evidence is still hampered due to an insufficient number of studies that follow appropriate evidence-based standards of conducting and reporting RCTs.
Topics: Administration, Topical; Anti-Infective Agents; Bias; Burns; Carboxymethylcellulose Sodium; Facial Injuries; Humans; Randomized Controlled Trials as Topic; Skin, Artificial; Wound Healing
PubMed: 32725896
DOI: 10.1002/14651858.CD008058.pub3 -
International Journal of Molecular... Jul 2022Triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC) is an aggressive breast cancer subtype that is often associated with a poorer prognosis and does not respond to hormonal therapy.... (Review)
Review
Triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC) is an aggressive breast cancer subtype that is often associated with a poorer prognosis and does not respond to hormonal therapy. Increasing evidence highlights the exploitability of Annexin A1 (AnxA1), a calcium dependent protein, as a precision medicine for TNBC. To systematically summarize the role of AnxA1 and its associated mechanisms in TNBC, we performed data mining using three main databases: PubMed, Scopus, and Ovid/Medline. The papers retrieved were based on two different sets of key words such as "Annexin A1" or "Lipocortin 1" and "Breast cancer" or "TNBC". A total of 388 articles were identified, with 210 chosen for comprehensive screening and 13 papers that met inclusion criteria were included. Current evidence from cell culture studies showed that AnxA1 expression is correlated with NF-κB, which promotes migration by activating ERK phosphorylation. AnxaA1 also activates TGF-β signaling which upregulates MMP-9 and miR196a expression to enhance epithelial-mesenchymal transition and migratory capacity of TNBC cells. AnxA1 can steer the macrophage polarization toward the M2 phenotype to create a pro-tumor immune environment. Existing research suggests a potential role of AnxA1 in the metastasis and immune landscape of TNBC tumors. Preclinical and clinical experiments are warranted to investigate the feasibility and effectiveness of targeting AnxA1 in TNBC.
Topics: Annexin A1; Cell Line, Tumor; Cell Movement; Cell Proliferation; Epithelial-Mesenchymal Transition; Humans; NF-kappa B; Triple Negative Breast Neoplasms
PubMed: 35897832
DOI: 10.3390/ijms23158256 -
Frontiers in Cardiovascular Medicine 2022Myocardial infarction is the leading cause of death and disability worldwide, and the development of new treatments can help reduce the size of myocardial infarction and...
Myocardial infarction is the leading cause of death and disability worldwide, and the development of new treatments can help reduce the size of myocardial infarction and prevent adverse cardiovascular events. Cardiac repair after myocardial infarction can effectively remove necrotic tissue, induce neovascularization, and ultimately replace granulation tissue. Cardiac inflammation is the primary determinant of whether beneficial cardiac repair occurs after myocardial infarction. Immune cells mediate inflammatory responses and play a dual role in injury and protection during cardiac repair. After myocardial infarction, genetic ablation or blocking of anti-inflammatory pathways is often harmful. However, enhancing endogenous anti-inflammatory pathways or blocking endogenous pro-inflammatory pathways may improve cardiac repair after myocardial infarction. A deficiency of neutrophils or monocytes does not improve overall cardiac function after myocardial infarction but worsens it and aggravates cardiac fibrosis. Several factors are critical in regulating inflammatory genes and immune cells' phenotypes, including DNA methylation, histone modifications, and non-coding RNAs. Therefore, strict control and timely suppression of the inflammatory response, finding a balance between inflammatory cells, preventing excessive tissue degradation, and avoiding infarct expansion can effectively reduce the occurrence of adverse cardiovascular events after myocardial infarction. This article reviews the involvement of neutrophils, monocytes, macrophages, and regulatory T cells in cardiac repair after myocardial infarction. After myocardial infarction, neutrophils are the first to be recruited to the damaged site to engulf necrotic cell debris and secrete chemokines that enhance monocyte recruitment. Monocytes then infiltrate the infarct site and differentiate into macrophages and they release proteases and cytokines that are harmful to surviving myocardial cells in the pre-infarct period. As time progresses, apoptotic neutrophils are cleared, the recruitment of anti-inflammatory monocyte subsets, the polarization of macrophages toward the repair phenotype, and infiltration of regulatory T cells, which secrete anti-inflammatory factors that stimulate angiogenesis and granulation tissue formation for cardiac repair. We also explored how epigenetic modifications regulate the phenotype of inflammatory genes and immune cells to promote cardiac repair after myocardial infarction. This paper also elucidates the roles of alarmin S100A8/A9, secreted frizzled-related protein 1, and podoplanin in the inflammatory response and cardiac repair after myocardial infarction.
PubMed: 36698953
DOI: 10.3389/fcvm.2022.1077290 -
Journal of Reproductive Immunology Aug 2022The fallopian tubes (FT) play a key role in fertility by facilitating the movement of gametes to promote fertilisation and, subsequently, passage of the zygote for... (Review)
Review
The fallopian tubes (FT) play a key role in fertility by facilitating the movement of gametes to promote fertilisation and, subsequently, passage of the zygote for implantation. Histologically, the FT mucosa consists of three main cell types: secretory, ciliated and peg cells. In addition, several studies have reported the presence of immune cells. This systematic review aims to present a comprehensive analysis of the immune cell populations in the human FT, both in health and benign pathology, to promote a better understanding of tubal pathologies and their influence on infertility. A comprehensive literature search was conducted across five databases and augmented with manual citation chaining. Forty-two eligible studies were selected in accordance with PRISMA guidelines. Following screening, risk of bias assessments were conducted, data extracted and the findings presented thematically. T lymphocytes, predominantly CD8 T cells, represent the most abundant immune cell population within the healthy FT, with B lymphocytes, macrophages, NK cells and dendritic cells also localised to the tubal mucosa. There is evidence to suggest that lymphocyte and macrophage populations are susceptible to changes in the concentration of reproductive hormones. Tubal ectopic pregnancy, salpingitis, hydrosalpinx and endometriosis are all characterised by an increased population of macrophages in comparison to healthy FT. However, given the inconsistent evidence presented between studies, and the lack of studies examining all immune cell subtypes in tubal pathologies, only limited conclusions can be formulated on pathology-specific immune cell populations, and further research is required for validation.
Topics: CD8-Positive T-Lymphocytes; Fallopian Tubes; Female; Humans; Mucous Membrane; Pregnancy; Pregnancy, Tubal; Salpingitis
PubMed: 35644062
DOI: 10.1016/j.jri.2022.103646 -
Journal of Tissue Viability May 2022Pressure injury imposes a significant burden for patients and healthcare systems and the majority of pressure injuries are preventable. The early identification of... (Meta-Analysis)
Meta-Analysis
BACKGROUND
Pressure injury imposes a significant burden for patients and healthcare systems and the majority of pressure injuries are preventable. The early identification of pressure injury is critical for its prevention. As an objective measure, biomarkers have preliminarily shown the potential to identify individuals at risk for developing pressure injury before it is visually observed to occur. However, these results have not been synthesized.
OBJECTIVE
To assess and synthesise the predictive effect of different biomarkers in the early detection of pressure injury formation.
DESIGN
A systematic review and meta-analysis.
DATA SOURCES
PubMed, EMBASE, CINAHL Complete and the Cochrane Library were comprehensively searched for articles up to June 2021. No restrictions were applied to study design type, language, country, race or date of publication.
REVIEW METHODS
Two reviewers independently extracted data from all original eligible studies using a specified data extraction form, resolved disagreements through discussion and the involvement of an additional reviewer. Methodological quality of all included studies was independently appraised by two authors with the Joanna Briggs Institute (JBI) Critical Appraisal Checklist and the Newcastle-Ottawa Quality Assessment Scale (NOS). Heterogeneity of each study was estimated using the I statistic, and the data was synthesized using StataSE15.
RESULTS
Eight observational studies involving 10595 participants were included. The overall pooled area under curve (AUC) and the 95% confidence intervals (CIs) of Serum albumin (Alb) was 0.66(0.62-0.70), and the Serum haemoglobin (Hb) was 0.67(0.60-0.74). The AUC and 95% CI of C-reactive protein (CRP) was 0.62(0.50-0.74), Braden score was 0.56 (0.429-0.691), Waterlow score was 0.729(0.654-0.803), Alb with Waterlow was 0.741(0.694-0.787), and the combination of Hb, CRP, Alb, Age and Gender was 0.79(0.682-0.898). Besides, the chemokine interferon-γ-induced protein of 10kd/CXCL10, cytokine interferon-α, tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α), granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF), interleukin-15 (IL-15) and combination of creatine kinase (CK), myoglobin (Mb), heart-type fatty acid binding protein (H-FABP) and CRP may prove potential for detecting pressure injury.
CONCLUSION
The findings suggest the combination of Hb, CRP, Alb, Age and Gender is superior to other biomarkers. However, the predictive effect of biomarkers needs to be confirmed by more researches and patient-level data.
Topics: Humans; Biomarkers; Crush Injuries; Early Diagnosis; Research Design; Risk Assessment; Pressure Ulcer
PubMed: 35227559
DOI: 10.1016/j.jtv.2022.02.005 -
Frontiers in Immunology 2024The research & development (R&D) of novel therapeutic agents for the treatment of autoimmune diseases is challenged by highly complex pathogenesis and multiple... (Review)
Review
The research & development (R&D) of novel therapeutic agents for the treatment of autoimmune diseases is challenged by highly complex pathogenesis and multiple etiologies of these conditions. The number of targeted therapies available on the market is limited, whereas the prevalence of autoimmune conditions in the global population continues to rise. Mathematical modeling of biological systems is an essential tool which may be applied in support of decision-making across R&D drug programs to improve the probability of success in the development of novel medicines. Over the past decades, multiple models of autoimmune diseases have been developed. Models differ in the spectra of quantitative data used in their development and mathematical methods, as well as in the level of "mechanistic granularity" chosen to describe the underlying biology. Yet, all models strive towards the same goal: to quantitatively describe various aspects of the immune response. The aim of this review was to conduct a systematic review and analysis of mathematical models of autoimmune diseases focused on the mechanistic description of the immune system, to consolidate existing quantitative knowledge on autoimmune processes, and to outline potential directions of interest for future model-based analyses. Following a systematic literature review, 38 models describing the onset, progression, and/or the effect of treatment in 13 systemic and organ-specific autoimmune conditions were identified, most models developed for inflammatory bowel disease, multiple sclerosis, and lupus (5 models each). ≥70% of the models were developed as nonlinear systems of ordinary differential equations, others - as partial differential equations, integro-differential equations, Boolean networks, or probabilistic models. Despite covering a relatively wide range of diseases, most models described the same components of the immune system, such as T-cell response, cytokine influence, or the involvement of macrophages in autoimmune processes. All models were thoroughly analyzed with an emphasis on assumptions, limitations, and their potential applications in the development of novel medicines.
Topics: Humans; Autoimmune Diseases; Models, Theoretical; Multiple Sclerosis; Immunity; T-Lymphocytes
PubMed: 38550585
DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2024.1371620 -
Rheumatology International Jul 2023A literature review on new-onset autoimmune connective tissue diseases (ACTDs) following COVID-19 is lacking. We evaluated potential associations between COVID-19 and...
A literature review on new-onset autoimmune connective tissue diseases (ACTDs) following COVID-19 is lacking. We evaluated potential associations between COVID-19 and the development of new-onset ACTDs. The "population" was adults with disease terms for ACTDs, including systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE), Sjogren's syndrome, systemic sclerosis (SSc), idiopathic inflammatory myositis (IIM), anti-synthetase syndrome, mixed CTD and undifferentiated CTD, and "intervention" as COVID-19 and related terms. Databases were searched for English-language articles published until September 2022. We identified 2236 articles with 28 ultimately included. Of the 28 included patients, 64.3% were female, with a mean age was 51.1 years. The USA reported the most cases (9/28). ACTD diagnoses comprised: 11 (39.3%) IIM (including four dermatomyositis); 7 (25%) SLE; four (14.3%) anti-synthetase syndrome; four (14.3%) SSc; two (7.1%) other ACTD (one lupus/MCTD overlap). Of eight, four (14.3%) patients (including that with lupus/MCTD) had lupus nephritis. The average time from COVID-19 to ACTD diagnosis was 23.7 days. A third of patients were admitted to critical care, one for treatment of haemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis in SLE (14 sessions of plasmapheresis, rituximab and intravenous corticosteroids) and nine due to COVID-19. 80% of patients went into remission of ACTD following treatment, while three (10%) patients died-one due to macrophage activation syndrome with anti-synthetase syndrome and two from unreported causes. Our results suggest a potential association between COVID-19 and new-onset ACTDs, notably in young females, reflecting more comprehensive CTD epidemiology. The most common diagnosis in our cohort was IIM. The aetiology and mechanisms by which ACTDs emerge following COVID-19 remain unknown and require further research.
Topics: Adult; Humans; Female; Middle Aged; Male; Mixed Connective Tissue Disease; Incidence; COVID-19; Connective Tissue Diseases; Autoimmune Diseases; Lupus Erythematosus, Systemic; Scleroderma, Systemic; Prognosis; Lupus Nephritis; Myositis
PubMed: 36786873
DOI: 10.1007/s00296-023-05283-9