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Biological Trace Element Research Jan 2023To date, no study has critically reviewed the current literature on the association between magnesium (Mg) and sleep health. Therefore, we carried out a systematic...
To date, no study has critically reviewed the current literature on the association between magnesium (Mg) and sleep health. Therefore, we carried out a systematic review to assess the association between Mg and sleep patterns in adults' population through observational and interventional studies. We searched for relevant studies through PubMed ( http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed ), Scopus ( http://www.scopus.com ), and ISI Web of Science ( http://www.webofscience.com ) from the earliest available date until November 2021. Eligibility criteria for study selection were guided by the following components identified using the PI(E)CO (Population, Intervention (Exposure), Comparison, Outcome) framework: P (adult population), I(E) (high dietary intake or supplementation of Mg), C (low dietary intake of Mg or placebo group), and O (sleep pattern including sleep duration, sleep-onset latency, night awakenings, sleep stages, and sleep phases). The present study involved 7,582 subjects from 9 published cross-sectional, cohort, and RCT systematically reviewed the possible links between Mg and sleep quality (daytime falling asleep, sleepiness, snoring, and sleep duration) in an adult population. Observational studies suggested an association between Mg statuses and sleep quality, while the RCTs reported contradictory findings. This systematic review revealed an association between magnesium status and sleep quality (daytime falling asleep, sleepiness, snoring, and sleep duration) according to the observational studies, while the randomized clinical trials showed an uncertain association between magnesium supplementation and sleep disorders. The association between dietary magnesium and sleep patterns needs well-designed randomized clinical trials with a larger sample size and longer follow-up time (more than 12 weeks) to further clarify the relationship.
Topics: Adult; Humans; Magnesium; Snoring; Cross-Sectional Studies; Sleepiness; Sleep
PubMed: 35184264
DOI: 10.1007/s12011-022-03162-1 -
BMC Complementary Medicine and Therapies Apr 2021Magnesium supplementation is often purported to improve sleep; however, as both an over-the-counter sleep aid and a complementary and alternative medicine, there is... (Meta-Analysis)
Meta-Analysis
BACKGROUND
Magnesium supplementation is often purported to improve sleep; however, as both an over-the-counter sleep aid and a complementary and alternative medicine, there is limited evidence to support this assertion. The aim was to assess the effectiveness and safety of magnesium supplementation for older adults with insomnia.
METHODS
A search was conducted in MEDLINE, EMBASE, Allied and Complementary Medicine, clinicaltrials.gov and two grey literature databases comparing magnesium supplementation to placebo or no treatment. Outcomes were sleep quality, quantity, and adverse events. Risk of bias and quality of evidence assessments were carried out using the RoB 2.0 and Grading of Recommendations Assessment, Development and Evaluation (GRADE) approaches. Data was pooled and treatment effects were quantified using mean differences. For remaining outcomes, a modified effects direction plot was used for data synthesis.
RESULTS
Three randomized control trials (RCT) were identified comparing oral magnesium to placebo in 151 older adults in three countries. Pooled analysis showed that post-intervention sleep onset latency time was 17.36 min less after magnesium supplementation compared to placebo (95% CI - 27.27 to - 7.44, p = 0.0006). Total sleep time improved by 16.06 min in the magnesium supplementation group but was statistically insignificant. All trials were at moderate-to-high risk of bias and outcomes were supported by low to very low quality of evidence.
CONCLUSION
This review confirms that the quality of literature is substandard for physicians to make well-informed recommendations on usage of oral magnesium for older adults with insomnia. However, given that oral magnesium is very cheap and widely available, RCT evidence may support oral magnesium supplements (less than 1 g quantities given up to three times a day) for insomnia symptoms.
Topics: Aged; Dietary Supplements; Female; Humans; Magnesium; Male; Phytotherapy; Sleep Initiation and Maintenance Disorders
PubMed: 33865376
DOI: 10.1186/s12906-021-03297-z -
Journal of Gastroenterology and... Dec 2022Potassium-competitive acid blocker (PCAB) is a recent alternative to proton pump inhibitor (PPI) for potent acid suppression. The current systematic review and... (Meta-Analysis)
Meta-Analysis
A comparison of efficacy and safety of potassium-competitive acid blocker and proton pump inhibitor in gastric acid-related diseases: A systematic review and meta-analysis.
BACKGROUND AND AIM
Potassium-competitive acid blocker (PCAB) is a recent alternative to proton pump inhibitor (PPI) for potent acid suppression. The current systematic review and meta-analysis aimed to compare the efficacy and safety of PCAB versus PPI in treating gastric acid-related diseases.
METHODS
We searched up to June 5, 2022, for randomized controlled trials of gastric acid-related diseases that included erosive esophagitis, symptomatic gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD), peptic ulcers, and Helicobacter pylori infection. The pooled risk ratio (RR) was evaluated for the efficacy outcome and treatment-emergent adverse events (TEAEs) as the safety outcome. Sensitivity analyses were performed to test the robustness of the study findings.
RESULTS
Of the 710 screened studies, 19 studies including 7023 participants were analyzed. The RRs for the healing of erosive esophagitis with Vonoprazan versus PPI were 1.09 (95% confidence interval [CI] 1.03-1.14), 1.03 (95% CI 1.00-1.07), and 1.02 (95% CI 1.00-1.05) in Weeks 2, 4, and 8, respectively. There were no differences in the improvement of GERD symptoms and healing of gastric and duodenal ulcers between PCAB and PPI. The pooled eradication rates of H. pylori were significantly higher in Vonoprazan versus PPI first-line treatment (RR 1.13; 95% CI 1.04-1.22). The overall RR of TEAEs with Vonoprazan versus PPI was 1.08 (95% CI 0.89-1.31). Overall, the risk of bias was low to some concerns. Furthermore, sensitivity analyses confirmed the robustness of the study's conclusion.
CONCLUSION
Vonoprazan is superior to PPI in first-line H. pylori eradication and erosive esophagitis but non-inferior in other gastric acid-related diseases. Likewise, short-term safety is comparable in both treatment groups.
Topics: Humans; Gastric Acid; Proton Pump Inhibitors; Potassium; Helicobacter Infections; Helicobacter pylori
PubMed: 36181401
DOI: 10.1111/jgh.16017 -
Human Reproduction Update Nov 2022Lifestyle (dietary and/or physical activity [PA]) modification is recommended as first-line therapy to manage polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS). Current recommendations... (Meta-Analysis)
Meta-Analysis
BACKGROUND
Lifestyle (dietary and/or physical activity [PA]) modification is recommended as first-line therapy to manage polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS). Current recommendations are based on healthy lifestyle practices for the general public since evidence for unique lifestyle approaches in PCOS is limited and low quality.
OBJECTIVE AND RATIONALE
We aimed to synthesize evidence on dietary and PA behaviors between women with PCOS and those without PCOS. Primary outcomes were overall diet quality, total energy intake and total PA, and secondary outcomes included macronutrients, micronutrients, food groups, foods, glycemic indices, sedentary time and sitting levels. We conducted this work to identify any unique lifestyle behaviors in women with PCOS that could underlie the propensity of weight gain and obesity in PCOS and be targeted for precision nutrition and PA interventions. These findings could be used to inform future practice recommendations and research that more effectively address complications (weight gain, obesity, diabetes, infertility, cardiovascular disease and mental health) in this high-risk population.
SEARCH METHODS
Databases of MEDLINE, Web of Science, Scopus and CINAHL were searched until 15 February 2022 to identify observational studies documenting dietary and PA behaviors between women with PCOS and without PCOS (Controls). Studies on children, adolescents (<18 years), pregnant or menopausal-aged women (>50 years) were excluded. Data were pooled by random-effects models and expressed as (standardized) mean differences (MD) and 95% CIs. The risk of bias was assessed by the Newcastle-Ottawa scale (NOS).
OUTCOMES
Fifty-four studies (N = 39 471 participants; [n = 8736 PCOS; 30 735 Controls]) were eligible (96%; [52/54] NOS scores ≥ 7). Women with PCOS had higher cholesterol (MD: 12.78, 95% CI: 1.48 to 24.08 mg/day; P = 0.03; I2 = 19%), lower magnesium (MD: -21.46, 95% CI: -41.03 to -1.91 mg/day; P = 0.03; I2 = 76%), and a tendency for lower zinc (MD: -1.08, 95% CI: -2.19 to -0.03 mg/day; P = 0.05; I2 = 96%) intake, despite lower alcohol consumption (MD: -0.95, 95% CI: -1.67 to 0.22 g/day; P = 0.02; I2 = 0%) versus Controls. Also, women with PCOS had lower total PA (standardized mean difference: -0.38, 95% CI: -0.72 to 0.03; P = 0.03; I2 = 98%). Conversely, energy, macronutrients (carbohydrate, fat, protein, fiber), micronutrients (folic acid, iron, calcium, sodium), glycemic index and glycemic load were similar (all: P ≥ 0.06). Most eligible studies reported lower total adherence to healthy eating patterns or poorer consumption of major food groups (grains, fruits, vegetables, proteins, seeds, nuts, dairy) in women with PCOS, as described narratively since variable study methodology did not permit meta-analyses.
WIDER IMPLICATIONS
Collective evidence supports that women with PCOS have a lower overall diet quality, poorer dietary intakes (higher cholesterol, lower magnesium and zinc) and lower total PA, despite lower alcohol consumption versus those without PCOS. Considerable heterogeneity among studies reinforces the need for research to address any relative contributions of other factors (e.g. genetic, metabolic or sociodemographic) to the observed differences. These clarifications may contribute to future evidence-based guideline recommendations on monitoring and managing PCOS in the era of precision lifestyle medicine.
Topics: Adolescent; Child; Female; Humans; Aged; Polycystic Ovary Syndrome; Magnesium; Diet; Obesity; Exercise; Weight Gain; Micronutrients; Zinc; Cholesterol
PubMed: 35639552
DOI: 10.1093/humupd/dmac023 -
The Cochrane Database of Systematic... Sep 2022Hypertrophic and keloid scars are common skin conditions resulting from abnormal wound healing. They can cause itching, pain and have a negative physical and... (Review)
Review
BACKGROUND
Hypertrophic and keloid scars are common skin conditions resulting from abnormal wound healing. They can cause itching, pain and have a negative physical and psychological impact on patients' lives. Different approaches are used aiming to improve these scars, including intralesional corticosteroids, surgery and more recently, laser therapy. Since laser therapy is expensive and may have adverse effects, it is critical to evaluate the potential benefits and harms of this therapy for treating hypertrophic and keloid scars.
OBJECTIVES
To assess the effects of laser therapy for treating hypertrophic and keloid scars.
SEARCH METHODS
In March 2021 we searched the Cochrane Wounds Specialised Register, CENTRAL, MEDLINE, Embase, CINAHL EBSCO Plus and LILACS. To identify additional studies, we also searched clinical trials registries for ongoing and unpublished studies, and scanned reference lists of relevant included studies as well as reviews, meta-analyses, and health technology reports. There were no restrictions with respect to language, date of publication, or study setting.
SELECTION CRITERIA
We included randomised controlled trials (RCTs) for treating hypertrophic or keloid scars (or both), comparing laser therapy with placebo, no intervention or another intervention.
DATA COLLECTION AND ANALYSIS
Two review authors independently selected studies, extracted the data, assessed the risk of bias of included studies and carried out GRADE assessments to assess the certainty of evidence. A third review author arbitrated if there were disagreements.
MAIN RESULTS
We included 15 RCTs, involving 604 participants (children and adults) with study sample sizes ranging from 10 to 120 participants (mean 40.27). Where studies randomised different parts of the same scar, each scar segment was the unit of analysis (906 scar segments). The length of participant follow-up varied from 12 weeks to 12 months. All included trials had a high risk of bias for at least one domain: all studies were deemed at high risk of bias due to lack of blinding of participants and personnel. The variability of intervention types, controls, follow-up periods and limitations with report data meant we pooled data for one comparison (and only two outcomes within this). Several review secondary outcomes - cosmesis, tolerance, preference for different modes of treatment, adherence, and change in quality of life - were not reported in any of the included studies. Laser versus no treatment: We found low-certainty evidence suggesting there may be more hypertrophic and keloid scar improvement (that is scars are less severe) in 585-nm pulsed-dye laser (PDL) -treated scars compared with no treatment (risk ratio (RR) 1.96; 95% confidence interval (CI): 1.11 to 3.45; two studies, 60 scar segments). It is unclear whether non-ablative fractional laser (NAFL) impacts on hypertrophic scar severity when compared with no treatment (very low-certainty evidence). It is unclear whether fractional carbon dioxide (CO) laser impacts on hypertrophic and keloid scar severity compared with no treatment (very low-certainty evidence). Eight studies reported treatment-related adverse effects but did not provide enough data for further analyses. Laser versus other treatments: We are uncertain whether treatment with 585-nm PDL impacts on hypertrophic and keloid scar severity compared with intralesional corticosteroid triamcinolone acetonide (TAC), intralesional Fluorouracil (5-FU) or combined use of TAC plus 5-FU (very low-certainty evidence). It is also uncertain whether erbium laser impacts on hypertrophic scar severity when compared with TAC (very low-certainty evidence). Other comparisons included 585-nm PDL versus silicone gel sheeting, fractional CO laser versus TAC and fractional CO laser versus verapamil. However, the authors did not report enough data regarding the severity of scars to compare the interventions. As only very low-certainty evidence is available on treatment-related adverse effects, including pain, charring (skin burning so that the surface becomes blackened), telangiectasia (a condition in which tiny blood vessels cause thread-like red lines on the skin), skin atrophy (skin thinning), purpuric discolorations, hypopigmentation (skin colour becomes lighter), and erosion (loss of part of the top layer of skin, leaving a denuded surface) secondary to blistering, we are not able to draw conclusions as to how these treatments compare. Laser plus other treatment versus other treatment: It is unclear whether 585-nm PDL plus TAC plus 5-FU leads to a higher percentage of good to excellent improvement in hypertrophic and keloid scar severity compared with TAC plus 5-FU, as the certainty of evidence has been assessed as very low. Due to very low-certainty evidence, it is also uncertain whether CO laser plus TAC impacts on keloid scar severity compared with cryosurgery plus TAC. The evidence is also very uncertain about the effect of neodymium-doped yttrium aluminium garnet (Nd:YAG) laser plus intralesional corticosteroid diprospan plus 5-FU on scar severity compared with diprospan plus 5-FU and about the effect of helium-neon (He-Ne) laser plus decamethyltetrasiloxane, polydimethylsiloxane and cyclopentasiloxane cream on scar severity compared with decamethyltetrasiloxane, polydimethylsiloxane and cyclopentasiloxane cream. Only very low-certainty evidence is available on treatment-related adverse effects, including pain, atrophy, erythema, telangiectasia, hypopigmentation, regrowth, hyperpigmentation (skin colour becomes darker), and depigmentation (loss of colour from the skin). Therefore, we are not able to draw conclusions as to how these treatments compare. AUTHORS' CONCLUSIONS: There is insufficient evidence to support or refute the effectiveness of laser therapy for treating hypertrophic and keloid scars. The available information is also insufficient to perform a more accurate analysis on treatment-related adverse effects related to laser therapy. Due to the heterogeneity of the studies, conflicting results, study design issues and small sample sizes, further high-quality trials, with validated scales and core outcome sets should be developed. These trials should take into consideration the consumers' opinion and values, the need for long-term follow-up and the necessity of reporting the rate of recurrence of scars to determine whether lasers may achieve superior results when compared with other therapies for treating hypertrophic and keloid scars.
Topics: Adrenal Cortex Hormones; Adult; Aluminum; Atrophy; Carbon Dioxide; Child; Cicatrix, Hypertrophic; Dimethylpolysiloxanes; Erbium; Fluorouracil; Helium; Humans; Hypertrophy; Hypopigmentation; Keloid; Laser Therapy; Neodymium; Neon; Pain; Silicone Gels; Telangiectasis; Triamcinolone Acetonide; Verapamil; Wound Healing; Yttrium
PubMed: 36161591
DOI: 10.1002/14651858.CD011642.pub2 -
Frontiers in Endocrinology 2022Ferroptosis is a newly discovered form of cell death that differs from other forms of regulated cell death at morphological, biochemical, and genetic levels, and is... (Review)
Review
Ferroptosis is a newly discovered form of cell death that differs from other forms of regulated cell death at morphological, biochemical, and genetic levels, and is characterized by iron-dependent accumulation of lipid peroxides. Ferroptosis is closely related to intracellular metabolism of amino acids, lipids, and iron. Hence, its regulation may facilitate disease intervention and treatment. Diabetic kidney disease is one of the most serious complications of diabetes, which leads to serious psychological and economic burdens to patients and society when it progresses to end-stage renal disease. At present, there is no effective treatment for diabetic kidney disease. Ferroptosis has been recently identified in animal models of diabetic kidney disease. Herein, we systematically reviewed the regulatory mechanism of ferroptosis, its association with different forms of cell death, summarized its relationship with diabetic kidney disease, and explored its regulation to intervene with the progression of diabetic kidney disease or as a treatment.
Topics: Amino Acids; Animals; Diabetes Mellitus; Diabetic Nephropathies; Ferroptosis; Iron; Lipid Peroxides
PubMed: 36246888
DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2022.945976 -
International Journal of Environmental... Feb 2022The aim of this systematic review was to summarize the literature regarding the clinical performance of zirconia crowns for primary teeth. (Meta-Analysis)
Meta-Analysis Review
OBJECTIVE
The aim of this systematic review was to summarize the literature regarding the clinical performance of zirconia crowns for primary teeth.
MATERIALS AND METHODS
Four electronic databases, Ovid, PubMed, Scopus, and Web of Science were searched. Clinical, observational, and laboratory studies were included. Studies that assessed the performance of zirconia crowns for primary teeth using outcomes such as gingival and periodontal health, parental satisfaction, color stability, crown retention, contour, fracture resistance, marginal integrity, surface roughness, and recurrent caries were included. Risk of bias was assessed using different assessment tools depending on the type of the assessed study.
RESULTS
Out of the 2400 retrieved records, 73 full-text records were assessed for eligibility. Thirty-six studies were included for qualitative analysis. The included studies reported that zirconia crowns for primary teeth were associated with better gingival and periodontal health, good retention, high fracture resistance, color stability, high parental acceptance, good marginal adaptation, smooth cosmetic surface, and no recurrent caries.
CONCLUSION
Zirconia crowns are promising alternative to other restorative materials and crowns in the field of pediatric dentistry. They showed higher properties and performance in different clinical aspects and great parental satisfaction.
Topics: Child; Crowns; Gingiva; Humans; Tooth, Deciduous; Zirconium
PubMed: 35270531
DOI: 10.3390/ijerph19052838 -
International Journal of Environmental... Mar 2022The majority of reviews on sports nutrition issues focus on macronutrients, often omitting or paying less attention to substances such as sodium. Through the literature,... (Review)
Review
The majority of reviews on sports nutrition issues focus on macronutrients, often omitting or paying less attention to substances such as sodium. Through the literature, it is clear that there are no reviews that focus entirely on the effects of sodium and in particular on endurance sports. Sodium intake, both at high and low doses, has been found to be associated with health and performance issues in athletes. Besides, there have been theories that an electrolyte imbalance, specifically sodium, contributes to the development of muscle cramps (EAMC) and hyponatremia (EAH). For this reason, it is necessary to create this systematic review, in order to report extensively on the role of sodium consumption in the population and more specifically in endurance and ultra-endurance athletes, the relationship between the amount consumed and the occurrence of pathological disorders, the usefulness of simultaneous hydration and whether a disturbance of this substance leads to EAH and EAMC. As a method of data collection, this study focused on exploring literature from 1900-2021. The search was conducted through the research engines PubMed and Scopus. In order to reduce the health and performance effects in endurance athletes, simultaneous emphasis should be placed on both sodium and fluid intake.
Topics: Athletes; Humans; Physical Endurance; Sodium; Sodium, Dietary; Sports
PubMed: 35329337
DOI: 10.3390/ijerph19063651 -
ESC Heart Failure Jun 2023In modern cardiology, sodium-glucose cotransporter 2 (SGLT2) inhibitors are critical components of heart failure (HF) treatment algorithms and exert their effects... (Review)
Review
In modern cardiology, sodium-glucose cotransporter 2 (SGLT2) inhibitors are critical components of heart failure (HF) treatment algorithms and exert their effects primarily by preventing glucose reabsorption and facilitating its urinary excretion. The objective was to systematically review randomized controlled trials (RCTs) assessing the effects of SGLT2 inhibitors, particularly canagliflozin, empagliflozin, dapagliflozin, ertugliflozin, sotagliflozin (dual SGLT inhibitor), and their use in HF. Systematic searches of PubMed/Medline, The Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials (CENTRAL), and ClinicalTrials.gov databases were performed. There were no restrictions imposed on the date and status of publication; however, there were restrictions on language for the searched studies. A total of 1139 records were identified in the bibliographic searches from both databases and the register of choice for this systematic review. Following duplicate removal, screening for titles and abstracts, and thorough assessment of full-text articles, 12 RCTs met the inclusion criteria. Altogether, 83 878 patients were included in this review. Among the included studies, two RCTs, with six respective reports, investigated canagliflozin, four RCTs with 13 derived reports investigated dapagliflozin, three RCTs with 12 separate reports studied the effects of empagliflozin, one RCT and its three respective reports assessed ertugliflozin's effects, and two RCTs with one added report investigated the dual inhibitor sotagliflozin. Pooled meta-analytic effects of SGLT2 inhibitors were as follows: on atrial fibrillation odds ratio (OR) = 0.83, 95% confidence interval (CI): 0.68-1.01, prediction interval (PI): 0.57-1.19; on HF hospitalization OR = 0.69, 95% CI: 0.60-0.78, PI: 0.60-0.78; on cardiovascular death OR = 0.82, 95% CI: 0.58-1.15, PI: 0.42-1.60; and on major adverse cardiovascular events OR = 0.90, 95% CI: 0.77-1.06, PI: 0.71-1.15. SGLT2 inhibitors significantly improve the quality of life in HF patients. Their beneficial effects on HF, especially in left ventricular dysfunction, have made their use possible irrespective of diabetes mellitus or atrial fibrillation status.
Topics: Humans; Atrial Fibrillation; Canagliflozin; Glucose; Heart Failure; Hypoglycemic Agents; Sodium; Sodium-Glucose Transporter 2 Inhibitors
PubMed: 36967133
DOI: 10.1002/ehf2.14355 -
Sports Medicine (Auckland, N.Z.) Feb 2022Body-fluid loss during prolonged continuous exercise can impair cardiovascular function, harming performance. Delta percent plasma volume (dPV) represents the change in... (Meta-Analysis)
Meta-Analysis
The Hydrating Effects of Hypertonic, Isotonic and Hypotonic Sports Drinks and Waters on Central Hydration During Continuous Exercise: A Systematic Meta-Analysis and Perspective.
BACKGROUND
Body-fluid loss during prolonged continuous exercise can impair cardiovascular function, harming performance. Delta percent plasma volume (dPV) represents the change in central and circulatory body-water volume and therefore hydration during exercise; however, the effect of carbohydrate-electrolyte drinks and water on the dPV response is unclear.
OBJECTIVE
To determine by meta-analysis the effects of ingested hypertonic (> 300 mOsmol kg), isotonic (275-300 mOsmol kg) and hypotonic (< 275 mOsmol kg) drinks containing carbohydrate and electrolyte ([Na] < 50 mmol L), and non-carbohydrate drinks/water (< 40 mOsmol kg) on dPV during continuous exercise.
METHODS
A systematic review produced 28 qualifying studies and 68 drink treatment effects. Random-effects meta-analyses with repeated measures provided estimates of effects and probability of superiority (p) during 0-180 min of exercise, adjusted for drink osmolality, ingestion rate, metabolic rate and a weakly informative Bayesian prior.
RESULTS
Mean drink effects on dPV were: hypertonic - 7.4% [90% compatibility limits (CL) - 8.5, - 6.3], isotonic - 8.7% (90% CL - 10.1, - 7.4), hypotonic - 6.3% (90% CL - 7.4, - 5.3) and water - 7.5% (90% CL - 8.5, - 6.4). Posterior contrast estimates relative to the smallest important effect (dPV = 0.75%) were: hypertonic-isotonic 1.2% (90% CL - 0.1, 2.6; p = 0.74), hypotonic-isotonic 2.3% (90% CL 1.1, 3.5; p = 0.984), water-isotonic 1.3% (90% CL 0.0, 2.5; p = 0.76), hypotonic-hypertonic 1.1% (90% CL 0.1, 2.1; p = 0.71), hypertonic-water 0.1% (90% CL - 0.8, 1.0; p = 0.12) and hypotonic-water 1.1% (90% CL 0.1, 2.0; p = 0.72). Thus, hypotonic drinks were very likely superior to isotonic and likely superior to hypertonic and water. Metabolic rate, ingestion rate, carbohydrate characteristics and electrolyte concentration were generally substantial modifiers of dPV.
CONCLUSION
Hypotonic carbohydrate-electrolyte drinks ingested continuously during exercise provide the greatest benefit to hydration.
Topics: Bayes Theorem; Dehydration; Exercise; Humans; Osmolar Concentration; Sodium; Water-Electrolyte Balance
PubMed: 34716905
DOI: 10.1007/s40279-021-01558-y