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Journal of Clinical Medicine May 2022To create a systematic overview of the available reconstructive techniques, facial nerve grading scales, physical evaluation, the reversibility of paralysis,... (Review)
Review
PURPOSE
To create a systematic overview of the available reconstructive techniques, facial nerve grading scales, physical evaluation, the reversibility of paralysis, non-reconstructive procedures and medical therapy, physical therapy, the psychological aspect of facial paralysis, and the prevention of facial nerve injury in order to elucidate the gaps in the knowledge and discuss potential research aims in this area. A further aim was to propose an algorithm simplifying the selection of reconstructive strategies, given the variety of available reconstructive methods and the abundance of factors influencing the selection.
METHODOLOGICAL APPROACH
A total of 2439 papers were retrieved from the Medline/Pubmed and Cochrane databases and Google Scholar. Additional research added 21 articles. The primary selection had no limitations regarding the publication date. We considered only papers written in English. Single-case reports were excluded. Screening for duplicates and their removal resulted in a total of 1980 articles. Subsequently, we excluded 778 articles due to the language and study design. The titles or abstracts of 1068 articles were screened, and 134 papers not meeting any exclusion criterion were obtained. After a full-text evaluation, we excluded 15 papers due to the lack of information on preoperative facial nerve function and the follow-up period. This led to the inclusion of 119 articles.
CONCLUSIONS
A thorough clinical examination supported by advanced imaging modalities and electromyographic examination provides sufficient information to determine the cause of facial palsy. Considering the abundance of facial nerve grading scales, there is an evident need for clear guidelines regarding which scale is recommended, as well as when the postoperative evaluation should be carried out. Static procedures allow the restoral of facial symmetry at rest, whereas dynamic reanimation aims to restore facial movement. The modern approach to facial paralysis involves neurotization procedures (nerve transfers and cross-facial nerve grafts), muscle transpositions, and microsurgical free muscle transfers. Rehabilitation provides patients with the possibility of effectively controlling their symptoms and improving their facial function, even in cases of longstanding paresis. Considering the mental health problems and significant social impediments, more attention should be devoted to the role of psychological interventions. Given that each technique has its advantages and pitfalls, the selection of the treatment approach should be individualized in the case of each patient.
PubMed: 35629016
DOI: 10.3390/jcm11102890 -
Animals : An Open Access Journal From... Nov 2022To explore the scientific evidence for therapeutic ultrasound (TU), we conducted a systematic review of the literature on TU in dogs, horses, donkeys, and cats. (Review)
Review
BACKGROUND
To explore the scientific evidence for therapeutic ultrasound (TU), we conducted a systematic review of the literature on TU in dogs, horses, donkeys, and cats.
METHODS
In three major databases, relevant articles published in 1980-2020 were identified. The risk of bias in each article was evaluated.
RESULTS
Twenty-four relevant articles on the effects of TU in dogs, nine in horses, two in donkeys, and one in cats were identified. TU usually involved 2-6 treatments weekly for up to 4 weeks. Articles on tendon, ligament, and bone healing, acute aseptic arthritis, osteoarthritis, paraparesis, hindquarter weakness, and back muscle pain were identified. In experimental bone lesions in dogs, there is moderate scientific evidence for enhanced healing. For the treatment of other musculoskeletal conditions, the scientific evidence is insufficient due to the high risk of bias. There is substantial evidence that continuous TU increases tissue temperature in muscles and tendons by up to 5 °C in healthy animals. For disorders in tendons, ligaments, muscles, and joints in sport and companion animals, there is insufficient evidence for the clinical effects of TU.
PubMed: 36428372
DOI: 10.3390/ani12223144 -
Archivos Espanoles de Urologia Jan 2024Prostate cancer is one of the most frequently diagnosed cancers in males. Treatment options cause a series of side effects that can lead to a deterioration in the... (Review)
Review
INTRODUCTION
Prostate cancer is one of the most frequently diagnosed cancers in males. Treatment options cause a series of side effects that can lead to a deterioration in the physical and quality of life of patients, such as musculoskeletal changes, atrophy or muscle weakness, due to the testosterone suppression. Scientific evidence has shown that exercise mitigates the side effects induced by cancer treatment. This study aimed to analyse the effects of muscular strength work on the organism of patients with prostate cancer in the treatment phase.
MATERIAL AND METHODS
PubMed, Scopus, SPORTDiscus, CINAHL, Medline, Web of Science and PEDro databases were searched in January 2022. The Medical Subject Headings "resistance training", "prostatic neoplasms", "strength training" and "prostate cancer" were used.
RESULTS
A total of 13 articles were analysed. In all of them, statistically significant changes were found in strength, physical performance, muscle mass and cardiovascular and respiratory health after the implementation of a strength exercise program. Other variables did not achieve the expected changes.
CONCLUSIONS
A strength exercise program improves strength, physical performance, muscle mass and cardiovascular health in patients with prostate cancer. However, whether it improves other parameters, such as body fat, power, bone density and quality of life, is unclear.
Topics: Male; Humans; Resistance Training; Quality of Life; Prostatic Neoplasms; Muscle Strength; Muscles
PubMed: 38374007
DOI: 10.56434/j.arch.esp.urol.20247701.1 -
Physical Therapy Oct 2022The purpose of this study was to critically appraise and summarize the evidence for reliability of muscle strength and muscle power assessment in patients with...
OBJECTIVE
The purpose of this study was to critically appraise and summarize the evidence for reliability of muscle strength and muscle power assessment in patients with neuromuscular diseases (NMDs) using isokinetic dynamometry.
METHODS
PubMed, CINAHL, and Embase electronic databases were searched from inception to March 8, 2022. Studies designed to evaluate reliability of muscle strength and power measurements using isokinetic dynamometry were included in this review. First, the methodological quality of the studies was assessed according to the Consensus-Based Standards for the Selection of Health Measurement Instruments guidelines. Next, the quality of measurement properties was determined. Finally, the methodological quality and quality of measurement properties of the studies were combined to obtain a best-evidence synthesis.
RESULTS
A best-evidence synthesis of reliability was performed in 11 studies including postpoliomyelitis syndrome (n = 5), hereditary motor and sensory neuropathy (n = 2), motor neuron diseases (n = 1), myotonic dystrophy (n = 1), and groups of pooled NMDs (n = 2). A best-evidence synthesis on measurement error could not be performed. Quality of evidence on reliability ranged from high in postpoliomyelitis syndrome to very low in hereditary motor and sensory neuropathy, motor neuron diseases, and groups of pooled NMDs. The most frequently used outcome measure was peak torque, which was reliable in all populations (intraclass correlation coefficient >0.7).
CONCLUSION
The quality of evidence for reliability of isokinetic dynamometry was found to vary substantially among different NMDs. High quality of evidence has been obtained only in patients with postpoliomyelitis syndrome. Further research is needed in the majority of known NMDs to determine reliability and validity of isokinetic dynamometry.
IMPACT
The ability of isokinetic dynamometers to capture clinically relevant changes in muscle strength and muscle power in NMDs remains unclear. Isokinetic dynamometry results in NMDs should be interpreted with caution.
Topics: Humans; Muscle Strength Dynamometer; Reproducibility of Results; Postpoliomyelitis Syndrome; Muscle Strength; Neuromuscular Diseases; Hereditary Sensory and Motor Neuropathy; Muscles; Muscle, Skeletal
PubMed: 35899532
DOI: 10.1093/ptj/pzac099 -
Scientific Reports Mar 2021The aim of this systematic review was to perform qualitative and quantitative analysis on the toxic effects of chloroquine (CQ) and hydroxychloroquine (HCQ) on skeletal... (Meta-Analysis)
Meta-Analysis
The aim of this systematic review was to perform qualitative and quantitative analysis on the toxic effects of chloroquine (CQ) and hydroxychloroquine (HCQ) on skeletal muscles. We designed the study according to PRISMA guidelines. Studies for qualitative and quantitative analyses were selected according to the following inclusion criteria: English language; size of sample (> 5 patients), adult (> age of 18) patients, treated with CQ/HCQ for inflammatory diseases, and presenting and not presenting with toxic effects on skeletal muscles. We collected data published from 1990 to April 2020 using PubMed, Cochrane Library, EMBASE, and SciELO. Risk of bias for observational studies was assessed regarding the ROBIN-I scale. Studies with less than five patients (case reports) were selected for an additional qualitative analysis. We used the software Comprehensive Meta-Analysis at the confidence level of 0.05. We identified 23 studies for qualitative analysis (17 case-reports), and five studies were eligible for quantitative analysis. From case reports, 21 patients presented muscle weakness and confirmatory biopsy for CQ/HCQ induced myopathy. From observational studies, 37 patients out of 1,367 patients from five studies presented muscle weakness related to the use of CQ/HCQ, and 252 patients presented elevated levels of muscle enzymes (aldolase, creatine phosphokinase, and lactate dehydrogenase). Four studies presented data on 34 patients with confirmatory biopsy for drug-induced myopathy. No study presented randomized samples. The chronic use of CQ/HCQ may be a risk for drug-induced myopathy. There is substantiated need for proper randomized trials and controlled prospective studies needed to assess the clinical and subclinical stages of CQ/HCQ -induced muscle myopathy.
Topics: Adult; Aged; Creatine Kinase; Fructose-Bisphosphate Aldolase; Humans; Hydroxychloroquine; L-Lactate Dehydrogenase; Middle Aged; Muscle Weakness; Muscle, Skeletal; Observational Studies as Topic
PubMed: 33758324
DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-86079-4 -
Journal of Cystic Fibrosis : Official... Sep 2021There is conflicting evidence regarding the presence of limb muscle impairments in adults with cystic fibrosis (CF), and the factors associated with these muscle... (Meta-Analysis)
Meta-Analysis
BACKGROUND
There is conflicting evidence regarding the presence of limb muscle impairments in adults with cystic fibrosis (CF), and the factors associated with these muscle impairments. The objectives of this study were to compare limb muscle size and function between adults with CF and healthy controls; and to examine their associations with demographic and clinical variables in adults with CF.
METHODS
The systematic review was performed using PRISMA guidelines. Studies were included if they measured any aspect of limb muscle size or function in adults with CF. Meta-analyses were performed to compare muscle variables between CF and healthy controls; and to examine their associations with demographic and clinical variables.
RESULTS
Twenty-eight studies were included, with 747 adults with CF. The meta-analyses showed that adults with CF have smaller thigh muscles [standardized mean difference (SMD) = 0.57, p<.0011, I=0%], and lower handgrip strength (SMD = 0.89, p=.0034, I=74.03%), which was weakly correlated with forced expiratory volume in one second (FEV) (r=0.24, p=.035, I=0%) and lower in females with CF (SMD = 2.05, p<.0001, I=0%). There is no significant difference between adults with CF and controls in knee extensor strength (SMD = 0.25, p=.095, I=42.79%).
CONCLUSIONS
Leg muscle atrophy and lower handgrip strength were noted. There may be a subgroup of adults with CF with knee extensor (quadriceps) weakness. Future studies are needed to better understand muscle impairments in people with CF; to explore the factors that can predict these muscle impairments; and to investigate their clinical significance in people with CF.
Topics: Cystic Fibrosis; Hand Strength; Humans; Lower Extremity; Muscle Contraction; Muscle Strength; Muscle, Skeletal; Respiratory Function Tests; Sex Factors
PubMed: 33648899
DOI: 10.1016/j.jcf.2021.02.010 -
European Journal of Physical and... Aug 2021Peripheral muscle and tendon changes after stroke can influence the functional outcome of patients. The aim of this systematic review was to summarize the evidence of...
INTRODUCTION
Peripheral muscle and tendon changes after stroke can influence the functional outcome of patients. The aim of this systematic review was to summarize the evidence of ultrasonographic changes in morphological muscle and tendon properties of the spastic hemiparetic lower leg in patients with first ever stroke.
EVIDENCE ACQUISITION
A systematic search was conducted through PubMed, Embase, Scopus, Cinahl, Cochrane Library, and manual searches from inception until May 1, 2020. Observational case control or cohort studies were included. Risk of bias was evaluated by using the Newcastle-Ottawa Quality Assessment Scale. Outcome parameters of interest included muscle thickness, muscle and tendon length, fascicle length, pennation angle and echo-intensity.
EVIDENCE SYNTHESIS
Nine studies investigated outcome parameters beyond one-month after stroke. We are unable to make a comprehensive statement. Nevertheless, there are some arguments for reduced muscle thickness and reduced fascicle length of the hemiplegic, spastic leg.
CONCLUSIONS
Despite the fact that objective assessment by ultrasonography holds promise for diagnosis and follow-up of spastic hemiparesis after stroke, more evidence is needed to determine how changes in morphological muscle and tendon properties are related to muscle weakness, severity of spasticity and compensation strategies such as disuse or overuse in longitudinal studies starting early after stroke.
Topics: Humans; Muscle Spasticity; Range of Motion, Articular; Stroke; Ultrasonography; Walk Test
PubMed: 33305547
DOI: 10.23736/S1973-9087.20.06462-X -
Sports Medicine - Open Dec 2022The trunk is the foundation for transfer and dissipation of forces throughout the lower extremity kinetic chain. Individuals with knee disorders may employ trunk...
BACKGROUND
The trunk is the foundation for transfer and dissipation of forces throughout the lower extremity kinetic chain. Individuals with knee disorders may employ trunk biomechanical adaptations to accommodate forces at the knee or compensate for muscle weakness. This systematic review aimed to synthesize the literature comparing trunk biomechanics between individuals with knee disorders and injury-free controls.
METHODS
Five databases were searched from inception to January 2022. Observational studies comparing trunk kinematics or kinetics during weight-bearing tasks (e.g., stair negotiation, walking, running, landings) between individuals with knee disorders and controls were included. Meta-analyses for each knee disorder were performed. Outcome-level certainty was assessed using the Grading of Recommendations Assessment, Development, and Evaluation (GRADE), and evidence gap maps were created.
RESULTS
A total of 81 studies investigating trunk biomechanics across six different knee disorders were included (i.e., knee osteoarthritis [OA], total knee arthroplasty [TKA], patellofemoral pain [PFP], patellar tendinopathy [PT], anterior cruciate ligament deficiency [ACLD], and anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction [ACLR]). Individuals with knee OA presented greater trunk flexion during squatting (SMD 0.88, 95% CI 0.58-1.18) and stepping tasks (SMD 0.56, 95% CI 0.13-.99); ipsilateral and contralateral trunk lean during walking (SMD 1.36; 95% CI 0.60-2.11) and sit-to-stand (SMD 1.49; 95% CI 0.90-2.08), respectively. Greater trunk flexion during landing tasks in individuals with PFP (SMD 0.56; 95% CI 0.01-1.12) or ACLR (SMD 0.48; 95% CI 0.21-.75) and greater ipsilateral trunk lean during single-leg squat in individuals with PFP (SMD 1.01; 95% CI 0.33-1.70) were also identified. No alterations in trunk kinematics of individuals with TKA were identified. Evidence gap maps outlined the lack of investigations for individuals with PT or ACLD, as well as for trunk kinetics across knee disorders.
CONCLUSION
Individuals with knee OA, PFP, or ACLR present with altered trunk kinematics in the sagittal and frontal planes. The findings of this review support the assessment of trunk biomechanics in these individuals in order to identify possible targets for rehabilitation and avoidance strategies.
TRIAL REGISTRATION
PROSPERO registration number: CRD42019129257.
PubMed: 36503991
DOI: 10.1186/s40798-022-00536-6 -
Pharmacological Reports : PR Oct 2020Duchenne muscular dystrophy (DMD) is a severe X-linked neuromuscular childhood disorder that causes progressive muscle weakness and degeneration and results in...
BACKGROUND
Duchenne muscular dystrophy (DMD) is a severe X-linked neuromuscular childhood disorder that causes progressive muscle weakness and degeneration and results in functional decline, loss of ambulation and early death of young men due to cardiac or respiratory failure. Although the major cause of the disease has been known for many years-namely mutation in the DMD gene encoding dystrophin, one of the largest human genes-DMD is still incurable, and its treatment is challenging.
METHODS
A comprehensive and systematic review of literature on the gene, cell, and pharmacological experimental therapies aimed at restoring functional dystrophin or to counteract the associated processes contributing to disease progression like inflammation, fibrosis, calcium signaling or angiogenesis was carried out.
RESULTS
Although some therapies lead to satisfying effects in skeletal muscle, they are highly ineffective in the heart; therefore, targeting defective cardiac and respiratory systems is vital in DMD patients. Unfortunately, most of the pharmacological compounds treat only the symptoms of the disease. Some drugs addressing the underlying cause, like eteplirsen, golodirsen, and ataluren, have recently been conditionally approved; however, they can correct only specific mutations in the DMD gene and are therefore suitable for small sub-populations of affected individuals.
CONCLUSION
In this review, we summarize the possible therapeutic options and describe the current status of various, still imperfect, strategies used for attenuating the disease progression.
Topics: Animals; Dystrophin; Heart; Humans; Muscle, Skeletal; Muscular Dystrophy, Duchenne; Mutation
PubMed: 32691346
DOI: 10.1007/s43440-020-00134-x -
Journal of Clinical Neuroscience :... May 2023Although global vaccination against COVID-19 infection has its excellence, potential side effects are yet of concern. Several lines of evidence have proposed ADEM... (Review)
Review
BACKGROUND
Although global vaccination against COVID-19 infection has its excellence, potential side effects are yet of concern. Several lines of evidence have proposed ADEM occurrence after SARS-CoV-2 infection. Moreover, a large number of case reports and case series have also suggested the casual association between ADEM and COVID-19 vaccination. To better understand the development of ADEM following COVID-19 vaccination and its potential association, we aimed to systematically review ADEM cases reported after COVID-19 vaccination.
METHODS
We conducted a comprehensive systematic search using three databases including PubMed, Scopus, and Web of Science. Studies that reported ADEM after COVID-19 vaccination were eligible to include in our study. Observational studies, case reports, and case series which reported cases of ADEM with sufficient detail to confirm clinical diagnosis following COVID-19 vaccination were eligible to enter our study.
RESULTS
Twenty studies were included in our systematic review after the abstract and full-text screening with a total of 54 cases. Among included patients, 45 (85.1 %) developed ADEM after the first dose of the COVID-19 vaccine, and seven (12.9 %) cases experienced ADEM after the second dose. The median time interval between vaccination and neurological symptoms was 14 days which ranged from 12 h to 63 days. Twelve (22.2 %) patients experienced symptoms of muscle weakness, ten (18.5 %) presented unconsciousness, nine (16.6 %) patients had urinary complaints, nine (16.6 %) had visual impairments, and five (9.2 %) experienced a seizure. After treatments, four (13.8 %) patients died. Forty-six patients had clinical improvement (85.1 %), also improvement in brain MRI was observed among 44 (81.4 %) patients.
CONCLUSION
In conclusion, it is not clear that ADEM could be a potential complication of COVID-19 vaccination based on the current evidence and further studies are needed. However, this rare condition should not trigger stopping the mass vaccination programs since the only way to eradicate the current pandemic of COVID-19 is to extend the number of immunized people.
Topics: Humans; COVID-19; COVID-19 Vaccines; Encephalomyelitis, Acute Disseminated; Observational Studies as Topic; SARS-CoV-2; Vaccination
PubMed: 36963124
DOI: 10.1016/j.jocn.2023.03.008