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Human Factors Jan 2024In this review, we investigate the relationship between agent transparency, Situation Awareness, mental workload, and operator performance for safety critical domains.
OBJECTIVE
In this review, we investigate the relationship between agent transparency, Situation Awareness, mental workload, and operator performance for safety critical domains.
BACKGROUND
The advancement of highly sophisticated automation across safety critical domains poses a challenge for effective human oversight. Automation transparency is a design principle that could support humans by making the automation's inner workings observable (i.e., "seeing-into"). However, experimental support for this has not been systematically documented to date.
METHOD
Based on the PRISMA method, a broad and systematic search of the literature was performed focusing on identifying empirical research investigating the effect of transparency on central Human Factors variables.
RESULTS
Our final sample consisted of 17 experimental studies that investigated transparency in a controlled setting. The studies typically employed three human-automation interaction types: responding to agent-generated proposals, supervisory control of agents, and monitoring only. There is an overall trend in the data pointing towards a beneficial effect of transparency. However, the data reveals variations in Situation Awareness, mental workload, and operator performance for specific tasks, agent-types, and level of integration of transparency information in primary task displays.
CONCLUSION
Our data suggests a promising effect of automation transparency on Situation Awareness and operator performance, without the cost of added mental workload, for instances where humans respond to agent-generated proposals and where humans have a supervisory role.
APPLICATION
Strategies to improve human performance when interacting with intelligent agents should focus on allowing humans to see into its information processing stages, considering the integration of information in existing Human Machine Interface solutions.
Topics: Humans; Awareness; Task Performance and Analysis; Workload; Cognition; Automation; Man-Machine Systems
PubMed: 35274577
DOI: 10.1177/00187208221077804 -
International Journal of Environmental... Jan 2020The question of how games should be taught is still a controversial subject. There has been a growing number of studies on teaching games and coaching sports since the... (Meta-Analysis)
Meta-Analysis
The question of how games should be taught is still a controversial subject. There has been a growing number of studies on teaching games and coaching sports since the first publication of Bunker and Thorpe on Teaching Games for Understanding (TGfU). In this sense, the present systematic review and meta-analysis aimed to systematically review the scientific literature about the effects of technical and tactical approach interventions on skill execution and decision making, and to examine the influence of the teacher/coach management style. A systematic literature search was carried out in accordance with PRISMA guidelines in Web of Science (WOS), PubMed (Medline), Scopus, and SportDiscus electronic databases. A total of seven and six studies were deemed to meet the inclusion criteria for decision making and skill execution, respectively. Meta-analysis results showed that tactical interventions achieved significant improvements in decision making (effect size = 0.89 with 95% confidence interval (CI) from 0.12 to 1.65), but they did not show significant improvements in skill execution (effect size = 0.89 with 95% CI from -0.45 to 2.23) compared to technical approaches. However, the heterogeneity of interventions was large and the quality of evidence was low according to GRADE. In conclusion, tactical approaches are recommended to teach games and sports in order to develop technique, understanding, tactical knowledge, and decision making, which are demanded in game play. These findings could be useful for teachers and coaches to improve these aspects of their players and students.
Topics: Athletic Performance; Decision Making; Games, Recreational; Humans; Motor Skills; Randomized Controlled Trials as Topic; Sports
PubMed: 31941138
DOI: 10.3390/ijerph17020505 -
PloS One 2023Fundamental movement skills (FMS) are the basic skills children should develop but are low in children from high-income countries. Literature indicates that playgrounds... (Review)
Review
Fundamental movement skills (FMS) are the basic skills children should develop but are low in children from high-income countries. Literature indicates that playgrounds can play an important role challenging children's balance, agility, and coordination. However, knowledge on the influence of playgrounds on children's FMS development is fragmented. The aim of the present scoping review was to create an overview of all research that is relevant when studying the influence of unstructured playground play on children's FMS. Four electronic databases (Scopus, Web of Science, SportDiscus, and PsycInfo) were searched systematically in May 2022 and October 2023 following the PRISMA guidelines, leading to a final set of 14 publications meeting the inclusion criteria. The results of these publications indicate that it is important to design playgrounds with various features targeting balance, climbing, throwing, and catching to provide opportunities for children to enhance each FMS (i.e., stability, locomotor skills, and object control skills). Also, spreading features over a large area of the playground seems to ensure ample space per child, stimulate children to use locomotor skills by moving to and from features, and to play active games without equipment. Possibly, also natural play settings develop children's FMS. These findings, however, should be read with caution. More experimental studies using objective and standardized FMS tests are needed in this research field for a more robust conclusion.
Topics: Child; Humans; Motor Skills; Movement; Parks, Recreational; Bibliometrics; Data Management
PubMed: 38091275
DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0294296 -
Developmental Medicine and Child... Jan 2021To identify and evaluate the evidence documenting the association between neonatal morphine and later childhood neuropsychological development.
AIM
To identify and evaluate the evidence documenting the association between neonatal morphine and later childhood neuropsychological development.
METHOD
We conducted a systematic literature search of eight electronic databases from inception until June 2019. We included all randomized controlled trials (RCTs) and cohort studies recruiting neonates who received morphine treatment, and measuring neuropsychological development outcomes with a minimum follow-up of 6 months.
RESULTS
Twelve separate reports from three RCTs and five cohort studies met our inclusion criteria. Owing to the small number of the included trials and the variable study designs, a meta-analysis was not performed. The findings from this review indicated that neonatal morphine use had no adverse effects on behaviour, cognition, motor, and executive function development at 8 to 9 years and earlier; except for the inconsistent conclusions on internalizing behavioural problems at 5 to 7 years and cognitive and motor developments at 18 months.
INTERPRETATION
Why a child needs morphine may have a more profound impact on later neuropsychological development than morphine itself. The small number, high heterogeneity, and limitations of the included studies limit confidence in the result of this systematic review.
Topics: Behavioral Symptoms; Child; Child Behavior; Child Development; Child, Preschool; Cognition; Executive Function; Humans; Infant; Infant, Newborn; Morphine; Narcotics; Psychomotor Performance
PubMed: 33078421
DOI: 10.1111/dmcn.14703 -
International Journal of Molecular... Jun 2021Supplementation with anthocyanins, which are a type of flavonoids mainly found in various berries, is hypothesized to be a promising approach to lower the risk of... (Meta-Analysis)
Meta-Analysis
Effects of Berry Anthocyanins on Cognitive Performance, Vascular Function and Cardiometabolic Risk Markers: A Systematic Review of Randomized Placebo-Controlled Intervention Studies in Humans.
Supplementation with anthocyanins, which are a type of flavonoids mainly found in various berries, is hypothesized to be a promising approach to lower the risk of developing cognitive decline. The aim of this systematic review was to provide a comprehensive overview of dietary intervention trials describing effects of berry anthocyanins on cognitive performance in humans, while also addressing potential underlying mechanisms. A total of 1197 articles were identified through a systematic search, and 49 studies reporting effects on cognitive performance ( = 18), vascular function ( = 22), or cardiometabolic risk markers ( = 32) were included. Significant improvements were observed on memory, while some of the studies also reported effects on attention and psychomotor speed or executive function. Vascular function markers such as brachial artery flow-mediated vasodilation were also affected and consistent evidence was provided for the beneficial effects of berry anthocyanins on endothelial function. Finally, studies reported improvements in blood pressure, but effects on metabolic risk markers (e.g. carbohydrate and lipid metabolism) were less consistent. In conclusion, this review provides evidence for the beneficial effects of berry anthocyanins on cognitive performance as memory improved. Whether observed anthocyanin-induced improvements in vascular function and blood pressure underlie beneficial effects on cognitive performance warrants further study.
Topics: Anthocyanins; Attention; Biomarkers; Blood Pressure; Blood Vessels; Cardiovascular Diseases; Cognition; Dietary Supplements; Fruit; Humans; Memory; Psychomotor Performance; Pulse Wave Analysis; Randomized Controlled Trials as Topic
PubMed: 34204250
DOI: 10.3390/ijms22126482 -
JAMA Pediatrics Jun 2020Whether quality- or quantity-based physical education (PE) interventions are associated with improvement of health-related physical fitness outcomes and fundamental... (Meta-Analysis)
Meta-Analysis
Association of Physical Education With Improvement of Health-Related Physical Fitness Outcomes and Fundamental Motor Skills Among Youths: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis.
IMPORTANCE
Whether quality- or quantity-based physical education (PE) interventions are associated with improvement of health-related physical fitness outcomes and fundamental motor skills (FMSs) in children and adolescents is unknown.
OBJECTIVE
To examine the association of interventions aimed at optimizing PE in terms of quality (teaching strategies or fitness infusion) or quantity (lessons per week) with health-related physical fitness and FMSs in children and adolescents.
DATA SOURCES
For this systematic review and meta-analysis, studies were identified through a systematic search of Ovid MEDLINE, Embase, Cochrane Controlled Trials Registry, and SPORTDiscus databases (from inception to October 10, 2019) with the keywords physical education OR PE OR P.E. AND fitness AND motor ability OR skills. Manual examination of references in selected articles was also performed.
STUDY SELECTION
Studies that assessed the association of quality- or quantity-based PE interventions with improvement in physical fitness and/or FMSs in youths (aged 3-18 years) were included.
DATA EXTRACTION AND SYNTHESIS
Data were processed according to the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) guideline. Random-effects models were used to estimate the pooled effect size (Hedges g).
MAIN OUTCOMES AND MEASURES
Health-related physical fitness outcomes and FMSs.
RESULTS
Fifty-six trials composed of 48 185 youths (48% girls) were included in the meta-analysis. Quality-based PE interventions were associated with small increases in health-related physical fitness (cardiorespiratory fitness [Hedges g = 0.24; 95% CI, 0.16-0.32] and muscular strength [Hedges g = 0.19; 95% CI, 0.09-0.29]) and FMSs (Hedges g = 0.38; 95% CI, 0.27-0.49). Subgroup analyses found stronger associations for quality-based PE interventions on body mass index (Hedges g = -0.18; 95% CI, -0.26 to -0.09), body fat (Hedges g = -0.28; 95% CI, -0.37 to -0.18), cardiorespiratory fitness (Hedges g = 0.31; 95% CI, 0.23-0.39), and muscular strength (Hedges g = 0.29; 95% CI, 0.18-0.39). Quantity-based PE interventions were associated with small increases in only cardiorespiratory fitness (Hedges g = 0.42; 95% CI, 0.30-0.55), muscular strength (Hedges g = 0.20; 95% CI, 0.08-0.31), and speed agility (Hedges g = 0.29; 95% CI, 0.07-0.51).
CONCLUSIONS AND RELEVANCE
The findings suggest that quality-based PE interventions are associated with small increases in both student health-related physical fitness components and FMSs regardless of frequency or duration of PE lessons. Because PE aims to improve more than health, high levels of active learning time may need to be balanced with opportunities for instruction, feedback, and reflection.
Topics: Adolescent; Child; Child, Preschool; Female; Humans; Male; Motor Skills; Physical Education and Training; Physical Fitness
PubMed: 32250414
DOI: 10.1001/jamapediatrics.2020.0223 -
International Journal of Environmental... Mar 2023Children and adolescents with developmental disabilities are often impaired with motor function, and motor skills are related to the performance of daily living... (Review)
Review
Children and adolescents with developmental disabilities are often impaired with motor function, and motor skills are related to the performance of daily living activities, and their defects may limit social participation and reduce the quality of life. With the progress of information technology, virtual reality is used as an emerging and alternative intervention method for the intervention of its motor skills. However, the application of this field is still limited in our country, so it is of great significance to systematically analyze the foreign intervention in this field. The research used Web of Science, EBSCO, PubMed, and other databases to search the literature published in the past ten years on the application of virtual reality technology in the motor skill intervention of people with developmental disabilities, and analyzed the demographic characteristics, intervention target behavior, intervention time, intervention effect, and statistical methods. The advantages and disadvantages of research in this field are summarized, and on this basis, the reflection and prospects for follow-up intervention research are put forward.
Topics: Child; Adolescent; Humans; Motor Skills; Developmental Disabilities; Quality of Life; Virtual Reality; Technology
PubMed: 36901629
DOI: 10.3390/ijerph20054619 -
Scientific Reports May 2022The unmet timely diagnosis requirements, that take place years after substantial neural loss and neuroperturbations in neuropsychiatric disorders, affirm the dire need... (Meta-Analysis)
Meta-Analysis
The unmet timely diagnosis requirements, that take place years after substantial neural loss and neuroperturbations in neuropsychiatric disorders, affirm the dire need for biomarkers with proven efficacy. In Parkinson's disease (PD), Mild Cognitive impairment (MCI), Alzheimers disease (AD) and psychiatric disorders, it is difficult to detect early symptoms given their mild nature. We hypothesize that employing fine motor patterns, derived from natural interactions with keyboards, also knwon as keystroke dynamics, could translate classic finger dexterity tests from clinics to populations in-the-wild for timely diagnosis, yet, further evidence is required to prove this efficiency. We have searched PubMED, Medline, IEEEXplore, EBSCO and Web of Science for eligible diagnostic accuracy studies employing keystroke dynamics as an index test for the detection of neuropsychiatric disorders as the main target condition. We evaluated the diagnostic performance of keystroke dynamics across 41 studies published between 2014 and March 2022, comprising 3791 PD patients, 254 MCI patients, and 374 psychiatric disease patients. Of these, 25 studies were included in univariate random-effect meta-analysis models for diagnostic performance assessment. Pooled sensitivity and specificity are 0.86 (95% Confidence Interval (CI) 0.82-0.90, I = 79.49%) and 0.83 (CI 0.79-0.87, I = 83.45%) for PD, 0.83 (95% CI 0.65-1.00, I = 79.10%) and 0.87 (95% CI 0.80-0.93, I = 0%) for psychomotor impairment, and 0.85 (95% CI 0.74-0.96, I = 50.39%) and 0.82 (95% CI 0.70-0.94, I = 87.73%) for MCI and early AD, respectively. Our subgroup analyses conveyed the diagnosis efficiency of keystroke dynamics for naturalistic self-reported data, and the promising performance of multimodal analysis of naturalistic behavioral data and deep learning methods in detecting disease-induced phenotypes. The meta-regression models showed the increase in diagnostic accuracy and fine motor impairment severity index with age and disease duration for PD and MCI. The risk of bias, based on the QUADAS-2 tool, is deemed low to moderate and overall, we rated the quality of evidence to be moderate. We conveyed the feasibility of keystroke dynamics as digital biomarkers for fine motor decline in naturalistic environments. Future work to evaluate their performance for longitudinal disease monitoring and therapeutic implications is yet to be performed. We eventually propose a partnership strategy based on a "co-creation" approach that stems from mechanistic explanations of patients' characteristics derived from data obtained in-clinics and under ecologically valid settings. The protocol of this systematic review and meta-analysis is registered in PROSPERO; identifier CRD42021278707. The presented work is supported by the KU-KAIST joint research center.
Topics: Alzheimer Disease; Biomarkers; Cognitive Dysfunction; Fingers; Humans; Motor Skills; Parkinson Disease; Sensitivity and Specificity
PubMed: 35546606
DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-11865-7 -
BMC Oral Health Oct 2023Acquisition of psychomotor skills is of utmost importance for competent preclinical restorative dentistry. Recent advancements in haptic feedback technology have been...
BACKGROUND
Acquisition of psychomotor skills is of utmost importance for competent preclinical restorative dentistry. Recent advancements in haptic feedback technology have been incorporated into preclinical dental education to augment the conventional phantom head-based training.
OBJECTIVE
This systematic review aims to assess the effectiveness of haptic feedback device, Simodont, in improving the skill development and learning outcomes of dental students during their preclinical training.
MATERIALS AND METHODS
Electronic databases Web of Science, Scopus, PubMed were searched for relevant studies since inception up until March, 2023. Only English language studies that assessed the effectiveness of haptic feedback devices in preclinical dental education were included. We excluded studies that did not use Simodont as the haptic feedback device or did not involve preclinical restorative work. Study quality was assessed using the revised Cochrane risk of bias tool and ROBINS-I. The primary goal of the study is to evaluate the efficacy of Simodont as a complementary training modality for dentistry students.
RESULTS
Results from 9 high-quality studies were analyzed and synthesized to evaluate the overall impact of haptic feedback devices on various aspects of preclinical training. The studies were conducted on 826 undergraduate dental students enrolled in various years of their training across dental colleges and universities in different parts of the world. A majority of studies showed some concerns regarding risk of bias. Haptic feedback devices added a new layer to Virtual Reality (VR) through the perception of touch and force feedback. It assisted junior dental students improve their psychomotor skills and movement skills. Instantaneous feedback on the students' performance helped enhance their self-assessment and correction, and also eliminated the subjectivity of evaluation. Data derived from virtual simulators helped stratify dental students and predict their clinical performance, providing an opportunity to tailor the learning process to meet individual diversity in students' expertise.
CONCLUSION
Based on the limited evidence available, Simodont was effective in preclinical training of dental students, offering advantages such as unlimited reproducibility, objective evaluation of preparation by computer assessment, and cost reduction. And further studies are warranted to explore the incorporation of patient's oral environment simulation for better skill training.
Topics: Humans; Feedback; Students, Dental; Haptic Technology; Reproducibility of Results; Touch; Computer Simulation; Clinical Competence; User-Computer Interface
PubMed: 37817151
DOI: 10.1186/s12903-023-03410-3 -
Accident; Analysis and Prevention Nov 2023In conditionally automated driving, the driver is free to disengage from controlling the vehicle, but they are expected to resume driving in response to certain... (Meta-Analysis)
Meta-Analysis
Assessing the physiological effect of non-driving-related task performance and task modality in conditionally automated driving systems: A systematic review and meta-analysis.
In conditionally automated driving, the driver is free to disengage from controlling the vehicle, but they are expected to resume driving in response to certain situations or events that the system is not equipped to respond to. As the level of vehicle automation increases, drivers often engage in non-driving-related tasks (NDRTs), defined as any secondary task unrelated to the primary task of driving. This engagement can have a detrimental effect on the driver's situation awareness and attentional resources. NDRTs with resource demands that overlap with the driving task, such as visual or manual tasks, may be particularly deleterious. Therefore, monitoring the driver's state is an important safety feature for conditionally automated vehicles, and physiological measures constitute a promising means of doing this. The present systematic review and meta-analysis synthesises findings from 32 studies concerning the effect of NDRTs on drivers' physiological responses, in addition to the effect of NDRTs with a visual or a manual modality. Evidence was found that NDRT engagement led to higher physiological arousal, indicated by increased heart rate, electrodermal activity and a decrease in heart rate variability. There was mixed evidence for an effect of both visual and manual NDRT modalities on all physiological measures. Understanding the relationship between task performance and arousal during automated driving is of critical importance to the development of driver monitoring systems and improving the safety of this technology.
Topics: Humans; Task Performance and Analysis; Accidents, Traffic; Automation; Autonomous Vehicles; Awareness
PubMed: 37651857
DOI: 10.1016/j.aap.2023.107243