-
Cancer Management and Research 2022Research in mice showed that vitamin D receptor deficiency was correlated with an increased rate of non-melanoma skin cancer. Therapeutic supplemental vitamin D has also... (Review)
Review
INTRODUCTION
Research in mice showed that vitamin D receptor deficiency was correlated with an increased rate of non-melanoma skin cancer. Therapeutic supplemental vitamin D has also been reported to reduce cell growth in both melanoma and non-melanoma skin cancer. This paper aims to describe the existing research studies that discuss the potential and role of vitamin D in the management of skin cancer.
METHODS
Articles were searched from three databases (PubMed, ScienceDirect, Scopus) and manual search. 18 articles were included. These were further divided into in vivo and in vitro studies. The literature search was based on the following Patients, Intervention, Control, and Outcome (PICO) criteria: Patients with any types of skin cancer; Vitamin D and their derivates as the intervention; placebo or standard regimen as control, and survival rate or response rate as primary outcome.
RESULTS
From the three databases, we obtained 802 studies. Prior to screening of the literature obtained, several studies were excluded. In the eligibility assessment, seven studies were excluded due to their outcomes being not eligible for analysis, and two studies were excluded due to inaccessible full texts. The remaining 18 studies were included. Five studies had a clinical research design (randomized controlled trial or interventional study), which use vitamin D3 as vitamin D derivatives and the results showed that the administration of vitamin D3 reduces the proliferation of skin cancer cells. Similar results were also reported in studies with pre-clinical research designs, either in vivo or in vitro, where six were in vivo studies and nine studies were in vitro studies.
CONCLUSION
Our literature review revealed that that vitamin D derivatives, such as 1,25(OH)2D3 or 20(OH)D3 can effectively reduce the proliferation of skin cancer cells by contributing in the inhibition of cell growth and development, highlighting vitamin D's role as good prognostic factor.
PubMed: 36583029
DOI: 10.2147/CMAR.S389591 -
JAMA Dermatology May 2022Ultraviolet radiation exposure is an important modifiable risk factor for keratinocyte carcinoma (KC) in fair-skinned non-Hispanic White populations; however, the...
IMPORTANCE
Ultraviolet radiation exposure is an important modifiable risk factor for keratinocyte carcinoma (KC) in fair-skinned non-Hispanic White populations; however, the evidence for this relationship in darker-skinned populations is less certain.
OBJECTIVE
To assess and synthesize the published data concerning the association between UV exposure and the risk of KC in individuals with skin of color.
EVIDENCE REVIEW
PubMed, Cochrane, and Web of Science databases were searched from database origin through January 2022. Studies deemed eligible included UV exposure as a risk factor for KC in individuals with skin of color, defined as any race other than non-Hispanic White, Fitzpatrick skin types IV to VI, or tanning ability of rarely or never burns. The UV index, irradiance, latitude, history of phototherapy, history of sunburn, or occupational exposure were used as measures of exposure. The Oxford Centre for Evidence-Based Medicine guidelines were used to assess evidence quality.
FINDINGS
A total of 72 716 articles appeared in the search. After duplicate removal, 29 393 database records were screened, 454 full-text articles were assessed, a forward and reverse citation search was performed, and 12 articles, with clinical data spanning the years 1990 to 2019, met inclusion criteria. More than 32 970 KCs in individuals with skin of color were included. Eight studies found no association between UV exposure and KC, while 4 studies showed a positive association. Study types included 1 ecological study, 9 cohort studies, and 2 case-control studies. The quality of the studies was rated from moderate to low (2b to 4).
CONCLUSIONS AND RELEVANCE
Results of this systematic review show that the evidence assessing the association of UV exposure with KC is of moderate to low quality. The studies that found no association were among patients receiving phototherapy. Studies assessing nonphototherapy-related UV exposure, such as geographic location or occupation, found small positive associations in primarily East Asian individuals. There were no studies performed in the US, no studies among Black individuals, and only 1 study among a Hispanic population. Further research is required to better assess whether these associations exist across populations of patients with darker skin types.
Topics: Humans; Carcinoma; Keratinocytes; Sunburn; Ultraviolet Rays; Racial Groups
PubMed: 35319719
DOI: 10.1001/jamadermatol.2022.0263 -
Cancer Management and Research 2022Human papillomavirus targets the skin and mucous membranes, producing benign hyperplastic lesions and precancerous and cancerous lesions. An increasing number of head... (Review)
Review
BACKGROUND
Human papillomavirus targets the skin and mucous membranes, producing benign hyperplastic lesions and precancerous and cancerous lesions. An increasing number of head and neck cancersin particular, oropharyngeal squamous cell carcinoma, laryngeal squamous cell carcinoma, and oral squamous cell carcinoma, are attributable to HPV infection. HPV-induced HNCs typically affect younger, nonsmoking patients with no prior history of heavy alcohol use, more extensive sexual history, and higher socioeconomic status.
AIM
The purpose of the review is to present the most recent and well-established findings concerning HPV-induced head and neck cancers and consequently to provide medical specialists with essential information regarding the epidemiology, the role of HPV in HNC cancerogenesis, prevention, diagnosis, and treatment.
MATERIAL AND METHODS
All authors independently have searched The EMbase, Medline/Pubmed, and Cochrane databases by using the following keywords "head and neck cancer", "human papillomavirus", "HPV", "HPV biology", "oropharyngeal squamous cell carcinoma", "carcinogenesis", "transoral surgery", "robotic surgery". The last search was conducted in March 2022. The references of the publications of interest were also screened for relevant papers. There were no limitations in regard to the publication date.
CONCLUSION
Aiming to avoid the epidemic of HPV-induced HNC, it is paramount to improve the access to vaccination as well as resolve parental concerns regarding vaccine safety. Physicians should rely on reduced-dose radiation and aim to reduce the overall treatment time. Thanks to a more elaborate understanding of the genomic background of HPV-induced HNC, precision medicine could become a relevant part of patients' management. In comparison to traditional techniques and non-operative treatment, transoral robotic surgery (TORS) offers similar oncologic and functional outcomes, with a possible benefit on long-term quality of life. However, more research is needed to establish clear guidelines indicating when TORS resections should be supported with adjuvant therapy.
PubMed: 36465708
DOI: 10.2147/CMAR.S379173 -
Journal of the European Academy of... Jan 2023Keratinocyte skin cancers are the most frequent malignancy, accounting for approximately 30% of all cancers. Although beta genus HPV are the main etiologic agents for... (Review)
Review
Keratinocyte skin cancers are the most frequent malignancy, accounting for approximately 30% of all cancers. Although beta genus HPV are the main etiologic agents for squamous cell carcinoma development in patients with epidermodysplasia verruciformis and organ transplant recipients, their role in non-melanoma skin cancer (NMSC) progression in the general population remains controversial. The aim of our review is to summarize current scientific data and to systematically analyse evidence regarding the role of HPV in keratinocyte skin cancers. A total of 2284 patients were included, of which 724 with actinic keratoses, 290 with Bowen's disease, 949 with cutaneous squamous cell carcinomas and 321 with keratoacanthomas. In the case of actinic keratoses, the majority were positive for beta (n = 372, 58.49%) and gamma HPV (n = 256, 40.25%) and only a few (n = 6, 0.94%) were positive for alpha subtypes. Similarly, most of the cutaneous squamous cell carcinomas were positive for beta (n = 248, 55.98%) and gamma HPV (n = 172, 33.82%) and 23 cases (2.42%) were positive for alpha subtypes. Bowen's disease lesions were mostly positive for beta (n = 43, 55.84%) and alpha HPV (n = 30, 38.96%), in contrast to the gamma genus (n = 4, 5.19%). Keratoacanthomas showed a high distribution among beta genus (n = 79, 50.31%) and an equal proportion between alpha (n = 39, 24.84%) and gamma (n = 39, 24.84%) genera. Studies published so far identifying HPV in keratinocyte skin cancers reflect the difference in detection methods rather than a type-specific tendency towards either actinic keratoses, Bowen's disease, squamous cell carcinoma or keratoacanthoma. On the other hand, recent evidence regarding the role of HPV vaccination in patients with non-melanoma skin cancer brings into perspective the idea of a beta-HPV vaccine or a combined alpha and beta-HPV vaccine that could be used as an adjuvant treatment measure in patients with recalcitrant non-melanoma skin cancer.
Topics: Humans; Bowen's Disease; Keratoacanthoma; Keratosis, Actinic; Papillomavirus Infections; Papillomaviridae; DNA, Viral; Skin Neoplasms; Carcinoma, Squamous Cell; Keratinocytes; Papillomavirus Vaccines
PubMed: 36000380
DOI: 10.1111/jdv.18548 -
Journal of Clinical Medicine Mar 2024: The umbilicus is a fibrous remnant located in the centre of the abdomen. Various entities may be encountered in this special anatomical location; however, little is... (Review)
Review
: The umbilicus is a fibrous remnant located in the centre of the abdomen. Various entities may be encountered in this special anatomical location; however, little is known about their dermoscopic presentation. The aim of this study was to provide a comprehensive summary of existing evidence on dermoscopic features of umbilical lesions. : Studies assessing dermoscopic images of umbilical lesions were included in this study. No age, ethnicity or skin phototype restrictions were applied. Papers assessing lesions outside of the umbilical area, lacking dermoscopic images and/or dermoscopic description and not related to the topic were excluded. Embase, Medline and Cochrane Library were searched from inception to the end of May 2023. The Joanna Briggs Institute critical appraisal tools were used to evaluate the risk of bias of the selected studies. The quality and the level of evidence of included studies were assessed according to the Oxford 2011 Levels of Evidence. Thirty-four studies reporting a total of 39 lesions met the inclusion criteria and were included in qualitative analysis. : A qualitative synthesis of the following entities was performed: melanoma, nevi, basal cell carcinoma, fibroepithelioma of Pinkus, Sister Mary Joseph nodule, mycosis fungoides, dermatofibroma, endometriosis, epidermal cyst, granuloma, intravascular papillary endothelial hyperplasia, lichen planus, omphalolith, seborrheic keratosis, and syringoma. : Dermoscopy is a non-invasive technique that may be useful in the differential diagnosis of umbilical lesions. The main limitations of this study were lack of a high level of evidence in the studies and the lack of uniformity in applied dermoscopic terminology between included studies.
PubMed: 38542014
DOI: 10.3390/jcm13061790 -
International Journal of Molecular... May 2023Micro RNAs (miRNAs) are a type of non-coding RNA (ncRNA) and typically interact with specific target mRNAs through complementary base pairing, affecting their... (Review)
Review
Micro RNAs (miRNAs) are a type of non-coding RNA (ncRNA) and typically interact with specific target mRNAs through complementary base pairing, affecting their translation and/or stability. MiRNAs regulate nearly all cellular functions, including the cell fate of mesenchymal stromal cells (MSCs). It is now accepted that various pathologies arise at the stem level, and, in this scenario, the role played by miRNAs in the fate of MSCs becomes of primary concern. Here we have considered the existing literature in the field of miRNAs, MSCs and skin diseases, classified as inflammatory (such as psoriasis and atopic dermatitis-AD) and neoplastic (melanoma and non-melanoma-skin-cancer including squamous cell and basal cell carcinoma) diseases. In this scoping review article, the evidence recovered indicates that this topic has attracted attention, but it is still a matter of opinion. A protocol for this review was registered in PROSPERO with the registration number "CRD42023420245". According to the different skin disorders and to the specific cellular mechanisms considered (cancer stem cells, extracellular vesicles, inflammation), miRNAs may play a pro- or anti-inflammatory, as well as a tumor suppressive, or supporting, role, indicating a complex regulation of their function. It is evident that the mode of action of miRNAs is more than a switch on-off, and all the observed effects of their dysregulated expression must be checked in a detailed analysis of the targeted proteins. The involvement of miRNAs has been studied mainly for squamous cell carcinoma and melanoma, and much less in psoriasis and AD; different mechanisms have been considered, such as miRNAs included in extracellular vesicles derived both from MSCs or tumor cells, miRNAs involved in cancer stem cells formation, up to miRNAs as candidates to be new therapeutic tools.
Topics: Humans; MicroRNAs; Mesenchymal Stem Cells; Cell Differentiation; Skin Diseases; Neoplasms; Psoriasis
PubMed: 37239847
DOI: 10.3390/ijms24108502 -
BMC Cancer Oct 2023Previous studies reported inconsistent results regarding the association between keratinocyte carcinoma (KC) and exogenous hormone therapy. This study aimed to... (Meta-Analysis)
Meta-Analysis
Previous studies reported inconsistent results regarding the association between keratinocyte carcinoma (KC) and exogenous hormone therapy. This study aimed to investigate the association between the use of exogenous sex hormones and the risk of KC among women. The databases of PubMed, Ovid Medline, Cochrane, and Web of Science were searched until May 2023. A total of 5293 patients with KC and 106,424 controls were included for analysis. The meta-analysis indicated that oral contraceptives (OC) and hormonal replacement therapy (HRT) use were associated with an increased risk of squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) (OR/RR = 1.25, 95% CI 1.10 to 1.43, I = 41.6%, p = 0.080). Subgroup analysis showed that OC use increased the risk of SCC (OR/RR = 1.37, 95% CI 1.15 to 1.63), whereas no significant association was shown between HRT use and risk of SCC (OR/RR = 1.13, 95% CI 0.93 to 1.37). Additionally, OC and HRT use were linked to an increased risk of basal cell carcinoma (BCC) (OR/RR = 1.16, 95% CI 1.09 to 1.25, I = 30.1%, p = 0.188). Further subgroup analysis suggested both OC and HRT use were associated with an increased risk of BCC (OC: OR/RR = 1.13, 95% CI 1.01 to 1.25; HRT: OR/RR = 1.19, 95% CI 1.09 to 1.30). In conclusion, our findings support the hypothesis that the risk of KC among women may be affected by the use of exogenous hormones.
Topics: Humans; Female; Carcinoma, Basal Cell; Contraceptives, Oral; Carcinoma, Squamous Cell; Gonadal Steroid Hormones; Keratinocytes; Skin Neoplasms
PubMed: 37803321
DOI: 10.1186/s12885-023-11459-0 -
Skin Health and Disease Sep 2021Non-melanoma skin cancers (NMSCs) are common and consume many healthcare resources. A health utility is a single preference-based value for assessing health-related...
BACKGROUND
Non-melanoma skin cancers (NMSCs) are common and consume many healthcare resources. A health utility is a single preference-based value for assessing health-related quality of life, which can be used in economic evaluations. There are scarce data on health utilities for NMSCs.
OBJECTIVES
Using a systematic review approach, we synthesized the current data on NMSC-related health utilities.
METHODS
A systematic review of studies of NMSC-related health utilities was conducted in Medline, Embase, and Cochrane databases. Data were extracted based on the protocol and a quality assessment was performed for each study.
RESULTS
The protocol resulted in 16 studies, involving 121 621 participants. Mean utility values across the studies ranged from 0.56 to 1 for undifferentiated NMSC, 0.84 to 1 for actinic keratosis, 0.45 to 1 for squamous cell carcinoma, and 0.67 to 1 for basal cell carcinoma. There was considerable variability in utilities by type of cancer, stage of diagnosis, time to treatment, treatment modality, and quality of life instrument or method. Utility values were predominantly based on the EuroQol 5-dimension instrument and ranged from 0.45 to 0.96, while other measurement methods produced values ranging from 0.67 to 1. Lower utility values were observed for advanced cancers and for the time period during and immediately after treatment, after which values gradually returned to pre-treatment levels.
CONCLUSIONS
Most utility values clustered around relatively high values of 0.8 to 1, suggesting small decrements in quality of life associated with most NMSCs and their precursors. Variability in utilities indicates that careful characterization is required for measures to be used in economic evaluations.
PubMed: 35663144
DOI: 10.1002/ski2.51 -
Cancers Aug 2023The outcomes of orbital exenteration (OE) in patients with craniofacial lesions (CFLs) remain unclear. The present review summarizes the available literature on the... (Review)
Review
BACKGROUND
The outcomes of orbital exenteration (OE) in patients with craniofacial lesions (CFLs) remain unclear. The present review summarizes the available literature on the clinical outcomes of OE, including surgical outcomes and overall survival (OS).
METHODS
Relevant articles were retrieved from Medline, Scopus, and Cochrane according to PRISMA guidelines. A systematic review and meta-analysis were conducted on the clinical characteristics, management, and outcomes.
RESULTS
A total of 33 articles containing 957 patients who underwent OE for CFLs were included (weighted mean age: 64.3 years [95% CI: 59.9-68.7]; 58.3% were male). The most common lesion was squamous cell carcinoma (31.8%), and the most common symptom was disturbed vision/reduced visual acuity (22.5%). Of the patients, 302 (31.6%) had total OE, 248 (26.0%) had extended OE, and 87 (9.0%) had subtotal OE. Free flaps (33.3%), endosseous implants (22.8%), and split-thickness skin grafts (17.2%) were the most used reconstructive methods. Sino-orbital or sino-nasal fistula (22.6%), flap or graft failure (16.9%), and hyperostosis (13%) were the most reported complications. Regarding tumor recurrences, 38.6% were local, 32.3% were distant, and 6.7% were regional. The perineural invasion rate was 17.4%, while the lymphovascular invasion rate was 5.0%. Over a weighted mean follow-up period of 23.6 months (95% CI: 13.8-33.4), a weighted overall mortality rate of 39% (95% CI: 28-50%) was observed. The 5-year OS rate was 50% (median: 61 months [95% CI: 46-83]). The OS multivariable analysis did not show any significant findings.
CONCLUSIONS
Although OE is a disfiguring procedure with devastating outcomes, it is a viable option for carefully selected patients with advanced CFLs. A patient-tailored approach based on tumor pathology, extension, and overall patient condition is warranted.
PubMed: 37686561
DOI: 10.3390/cancers15174285 -
The British Journal of Dermatology Feb 2021Individual studies have suggested that the association between occupational exposure to solar ultraviolet radiation (UVR) and the development of keratinocyte cancers... (Review)
Review
Individual studies have suggested that the association between occupational exposure to solar ultraviolet radiation (UVR) and the development of keratinocyte cancers (KCs) may only be valid in populations of European ancestry living in certain geographical regions. Comparative global data are scarce and so this review aimed to summarize current evidence on the association between occupational exposure to solar UVR and the development of KCs, with a specific focus on geographical location and skin colour. Ovid MEDLINE, PubMed, Embase and Web of Science were searched for potentially relevant records. Extracted data were summarized by study, country and region. We included one prospective cohort study and 18 case-control studies (n = 15 233) from 12 countries in regions where the majority of the population is white skinned (Americas, Europe and Oceania). Eighteen of the 19 studies reported effect estimates suggesting an increased risk of basal cell carcinoma (BCC) and/or squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) among outdoor workers. Only 11 studies found a significantly increased risk and many had imprecise estimates. There was a significantly increased risk of BCC and SCC in individual studies in North America, Latin America and the Caribbean, Western Europe and Southern Europe, but not across regions or countries. Overall, 95% of studies reported higher risks among outdoor workers, although the increases in risk were statistically significant in just over half of the studies. Well-designed and sufficiently powered occupational case-control and cohort studies with adequate adjustment for confounding factors and other risk factors are required to provide more accurate risk estimates for occupational KC.
Topics: Carcinoma, Basal Cell; Caribbean Region; Europe; Humans; Keratinocytes; North America; Occupational Diseases; Occupational Exposure; Prospective Studies; Skin Neoplasms; Sunlight; Ultraviolet Rays
PubMed: 32320481
DOI: 10.1111/bjd.19152