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Viruses Apr 2022As rivals over the long history of co-evolution, viruses and host plants have each developed specialized strategies and machineries to cope with the rivalry [...].
As rivals over the long history of co-evolution, viruses and host plants have each developed specialized strategies and machineries to cope with the rivalry [...].
Topics: DNA Viruses; Plant Diseases; Plant Viruses; Plants; Viruses, Unclassified
PubMed: 35632605
DOI: 10.3390/v14050864 -
Talanta May 2022Virus surveillance and discovery are crucial for virus prediction and outbreak preparedness. Virus samples are frequently bulky and complicated so that effective virus...
Virus surveillance and discovery are crucial for virus prediction and outbreak preparedness. Virus samples are frequently bulky and complicated so that effective virus detection remain challenging. Herein, we develop an 3D electrostatic microfluidic platform to rapidly and label-free enrich viruses from bulky samples at low concentrations. The platform consists of double microchannels for streamlining large volume processing and electrodes for enriching viruses by electrostatic interaction. The trajectories of simulation show that particle is successfully enriched under different forces of electrostatic field and different sample flow rates. We demonstrate that the electrostatic microfluidic platform can increase the limit of detection in 100-fold higher based on real-time PCR quantified analysis. Our design thus provides a simple, rapid, label-free and high-throughput viruses concentration platform and would thus have significant utility for various viral detection.
Topics: DNA Viruses; Electrodes; Microfluidic Analytical Techniques; Microfluidics; Static Electricity; Viruses
PubMed: 35189409
DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2021.122989 -
Nature May 2023CrAssphage and related viruses of the order Crassvirales (hereafter referred to as crassviruses) were originally discovered by cross-assembly of metagenomic sequences....
CrAssphage and related viruses of the order Crassvirales (hereafter referred to as crassviruses) were originally discovered by cross-assembly of metagenomic sequences. They are the most abundant viruses in the human gut, are found in the majority of individual gut viromes, and account for up to 95% of the viral sequences in some individuals. Crassviruses are likely to have major roles in shaping the composition and functionality of the human microbiome, but the structures and roles of most of the virally encoded proteins are unknown, with only generic predictions resulting from bioinformatic analyses. Here we present a cryo-electron microscopy reconstruction of Bacteroides intestinalis virus ΦcrAss001, providing the structural basis for the functional assignment of most of its virion proteins. The muzzle protein forms an assembly about 1 MDa in size at the end of the tail and exhibits a previously unknown fold that we designate the 'crass fold', that is likely to serve as a gatekeeper that controls the ejection of cargos. In addition to packing the approximately 103 kb of virus DNA, the ΦcrAss001 virion has extensive storage space for virally encoded cargo proteins in the capsid and, unusually, within the tail. One of the cargo proteins is present in both the capsid and the tail, suggesting a general mechanism for protein ejection, which involves partial unfolding of proteins during their extrusion through the tail. These findings provide a structural basis for understanding the mechanisms of assembly and infection of these highly abundant crassviruses.
Topics: Humans; Capsid; Cryoelectron Microscopy; DNA Viruses; Virion; Virus Assembly; Intestines; Viral Proteins; Protein Unfolding; Protein Folding
PubMed: 37138077
DOI: 10.1038/s41586-023-06019-2 -
Frontiers in Cellular and Infection... 2022
Topics: Humans; Neoplasms; DNA Viruses
PubMed: 36569205
DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2022.1103505 -
Applied Microbiology and Biotechnology Jun 2021Time and again, yeast has proven to be a vital model system to understand various crucial basic biology questions. Studies related to viruses are no exception to this.... (Review)
Review
Time and again, yeast has proven to be a vital model system to understand various crucial basic biology questions. Studies related to viruses are no exception to this. This simple eukaryotic organism is an invaluable model for studying fundamental cellular processes altered in the host cell due to viral infection or expression of viral proteins. Mechanisms of infection of several RNA and relatively few DNA viruses have been studied in yeast to date. Yeast is used for studying several aspects related to the replication of a virus, such as localization of viral proteins, interaction with host proteins, cellular effects on the host, etc. The development of novel techniques based on high-throughput analysis of libraries, availability of toolboxes for genetic manipulation, and a compact genome makes yeast a good choice for such studies. In this review, we provide an overview of the studies that have used yeast as a model system and have advanced our understanding of several important viruses. KEY POINTS: • Yeast, a simple eukaryote, is an important model organism for studies related to viruses. • Several aspects of both DNA and RNA viruses of plants and animals are investigated using the yeast model. • Apart from the insights obtained on virus biology, yeast is also extensively used for antiviral development.
Topics: Animals; DNA Viruses; Saccharomyces cerevisiae; Viral Proteins; Virus Replication; Viruses
PubMed: 34086116
DOI: 10.1007/s00253-021-11331-w -
The Journal of General Virology Jul 2021Members of the family have linear dsDNA genomes of 27 to 29 kbp and are the first viruses known to infect mesophilic ammonia-oxidizing archaea of the phylum...
Members of the family have linear dsDNA genomes of 27 to 29 kbp and are the first viruses known to infect mesophilic ammonia-oxidizing archaea of the phylum Thaumarchaeota. The spindle-shaped virions of Nitrosopumilus spindle-shaped virus 1 possess short tails at one pole and measure 64±3 nm in diameter and 112±6 nm in length. This morphology is similar to that of members of the families and . Virus replication is not lytic but leads to growth inhibition of the host. This is a summary of the International Committee on Taxonomy of Viruses (ICTV) Report on the family which is available at ictv.global/report/thaspiviridae.
Topics: Archaea; Archaeal Viruses; DNA Viruses; Genome, Viral; Host Specificity; Virion; Virus Replication
PubMed: 34328827
DOI: 10.1099/jgv.0.001631 -
Epigenomics Feb 2020Exosomes are secreted nanovesicles that are able to transfer their cargo (such as miRNAs) between cells. To determine to what extent exosomes and exosomal miRNAs are... (Review)
Review
Exosomes are secreted nanovesicles that are able to transfer their cargo (such as miRNAs) between cells. To determine to what extent exosomes and exosomal miRNAs are involved in the pathogenesis, progression and diagnosis of viral infections. The scientific literature (PubMed and Google Scholar) was searched from 1970 to 2019. The complex biogenesis of exosomes and miRNAs was reviewed. Exosomes contain both viral and host miRNAs that can be used as diagnostic biomarkers for viral diseases. Viral proteins can alter miRNAs, and conversely miRNAs can alter the host response to viral infections in a positive or negative manner. It is expected that exosomal miRNAs will be increasingly used for diagnosis, monitoring and even treatment of viral infections.
Topics: DNA Viruses; Exosomes; Membrane Lipids; MicroRNAs; RNA Viruses; Virus Diseases
PubMed: 32093516
DOI: 10.2217/epi-2019-0192 -
Viruses May 2021To initiate infection, a virus enters a host cell typically via receptor-dependent endocytosis. It then penetrates a subcellular membrane, reaching a destination that... (Review)
Review
To initiate infection, a virus enters a host cell typically via receptor-dependent endocytosis. It then penetrates a subcellular membrane, reaching a destination that supports transcription, translation, and replication of the viral genome. These steps lead to assembly and morphogenesis of the new viral progeny. The mature virus finally exits the host cell to begin the next infection cycle. Strikingly, viruses hijack host molecular chaperones to accomplish these distinct entry steps. Here we highlight how DNA viruses, including polyomavirus and the human papillomavirus, exploit soluble and membrane-associated chaperones to enter a cell, penetrating and escaping an intracellular membrane en route for infection. We also describe the mechanism by which RNA viruses-including flavivirus and coronavirus-co-opt cytosolic and organelle-selective chaperones to promote viral endocytosis, protein biosynthesis, replication, and assembly. These examples underscore the importance of host chaperones during virus infection, potentially revealing novel antiviral strategies to combat virus-induced diseases.
Topics: Cytosol; DNA Viruses; Endoplasmic Reticulum; Endosomes; Host-Pathogen Interactions; Intracellular Membranes; Molecular Chaperones; RNA Viruses; Virus Internalization; Virus Replication
PubMed: 34064125
DOI: 10.3390/v13060958 -
Viruses Jun 2023Metagenomic next-generation sequencing (mNGS) is receiving increased attention for the detection of new viruses and infections occurring at the human-animal interface....
Metagenomic next-generation sequencing (mNGS) is receiving increased attention for the detection of new viruses and infections occurring at the human-animal interface. The ability to actively transport and relocate this technology enables in situ virus identification, which could reduce response time and enhance disease management. In a previous study, we developed a straightforward mNGS procedure that greatly enhances the detection of RNA and DNA viruses in human clinical samples. In this study, we improved the mNGS protocol with transportable battery-driven equipment for the portable, non-targeted detection of RNA and DNA viruses in animals from a large zoological facility, to simulate a field setting for point-of-incidence virus detection. From the resulting metagenomic data, we detected 13 vertebrate viruses from four major virus groups: (+)ssRNA, (+)ssRNA-RT, dsDNA and (+)ssDNA, including avian leukosis virus in domestic chickens (), enzootic nasal tumour virus in goats () and several small, circular, Rep-encoding, ssDNA (CRESS DNA) viruses in several mammal species. More significantly, we demonstrate that the mNGS method is able to detect potentially lethal animal viruses, such as elephant endotheliotropic herpesvirus in Asian elephants () and the newly described human-associated gemykibivirus 2, a human-to-animal cross-species virus, in a Linnaeus two-toed sloth () and its enclosure, for the first time.
Topics: Animals; Humans; Chickens; Herpesviridae; DNA Viruses; High-Throughput Nucleotide Sequencing; RNA; Denmark; Metagenomics; Mammals
PubMed: 37376698
DOI: 10.3390/v15061399 -
Viruses Jun 2022Porcine circoviruses (PCVs), including PCV1 to PCV4, are non-enveloped DNA viruses with a diameter of about 20 nm, belonging to the genus in the family . PCV2 is an... (Review)
Review
Porcine circoviruses (PCVs), including PCV1 to PCV4, are non-enveloped DNA viruses with a diameter of about 20 nm, belonging to the genus in the family . PCV2 is an important causative agent of porcine circovirus disease or porcine circovirus-associated disease (PCVD/PCVAD), which is highly prevalent in pigs and seriously affects the swine industry globally. Furthermore, PCV2 mainly causes subclinical symptoms and immunosuppression, and PCV3 and PCV4 were detected in healthy pigs, sick pigs, and other animals. Although the pathogenicity of PCV3 and PCV4 in the field is still controversial, the infection rates of PCV3 and PCV4 in pigs are increasing. Moreover, PCV3 and PCV4 rescued from infected clones were pathogenic in vivo. It is worth noting that the interaction between virus and host is crucial to the infection and pathogenicity of the virus. This review discusses the latest research progress on the molecular mechanism of PCVs-host interaction, which may provide a scientific basis for disease prevention and control.
Topics: Animals; Circoviridae Infections; Circovirus; Cross Reactions; Swine; Swine Diseases
PubMed: 35891399
DOI: 10.3390/v14071419