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The Saudi Dental Journal Nov 2021Endodontic treatment corresponds to a combined chemical and mechanical approach, followed by a three dimensional hermetic obturation, that eliminate the pulpal and... (Review)
Review
Endodontic treatment corresponds to a combined chemical and mechanical approach, followed by a three dimensional hermetic obturation, that eliminate the pulpal and periradiculare disease and boost healing and repair of periradiculare tissue. Despite the advances in the endodontic field, the inter-appointment flare up remains a true nightmare that encounters every dentist. This complication commences a few hours or days after root canal procedures and it is characterized by the development of pain and/or swelling, requiring an unscheduled appointment for emergency treatment. Different studies showed that flare-ups represent a multifactorial phenomenon including mechanical, chemical and microbial factors. In addition, a correlation was found between flare-up and age, gender, tooth type, presence of preoperative pain, tooth condition before treatment, irrigation techniques, number of visits as well as intracanal medication. Moreover, some medicine intake was proved to be efficient in controlling this postoperative pain. However, a clear procedure to avoid its occurrence is yet to be established. In this review, we summarize knowledge about the etiology of flare-up and its related factors. This could be effective in helping dentists to adapt some strategies to prevent it.
PubMed: 34803278
DOI: 10.1016/j.sdentj.2021.05.005 -
European Journal of Paediatric Dentistry Mar 2020Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD) is characterised by impairments in communication and social relationships and by a narrow, repetitive and stereotyped repertoire of... (Review)
Review
AIM
Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD) is characterised by impairments in communication and social relationships and by a narrow, repetitive and stereotyped repertoire of activities, behaviours and interests. The aim of this work is to evaluate how these characteristics have an impact on oral health.
MATERIALS AND METHODS
A search was conducted through MEDLINE/PubMed and Web of Science in order to evaluate the oral health status of children with ASD and the correlation between ASD and dental caries, periodontal disease, dental injuries, oral microbiota, as well as the different strategies, approach and treatments in ASD patients. Forty-six articles were selected.
RESULTS
Children with ASD are at higher risk of caries, alteration of the periodontal status, alterations of the oral microbiota and increased risk of traumatic injuries.
CONCLUSION
Since ASD is a haeterogeneous disease with a wide range of expressions in individuals, adapted and specific strategies are needed. ASD children represent a challenge for the dental community.
Topics: Autism Spectrum Disorder; Child; Dental Caries; Humans; Oral Health; Periodontal Diseases
PubMed: 32183521
DOI: 10.23804/ejpd.2020.21.01.02 -
Pediatric Nephrology (Berlin, Germany) Oct 2022Here, we discuss the management of different forms of rickets, including new therapeutic approaches based on recent guidelines. Management includes close monitoring of...
Here, we discuss the management of different forms of rickets, including new therapeutic approaches based on recent guidelines. Management includes close monitoring of growth, the degree of leg bowing, bone pain, serum phosphate, calcium, alkaline phosphatase as a surrogate marker of osteoblast activity and thus degree of rickets, parathyroid hormone, 25-hydroxyvitamin D, and calciuria. An adequate calcium intake and normal 25-hydroxyvitamin D levels should be assured in all patients. Children with calcipenic rickets require the supplementation or pharmacological treatment with native or active vitamin D depending on the underlying pathophysiology. Treatment of phosphopenic rickets depends on the underlying pathophysiology. Fibroblast-growth factor 23 (FGF23)-associated hypophosphatemic rickets was historically treated with frequent doses of oral phosphate salts in combination with active vitamin D, whereas tumor-induced osteomalacia (TIO) should primarily undergo tumor resection, if possible. Burosumab, a fully humanized FGF23-antibody, was recently approved for treatment of X-linked hypophosphatemia (XLH) and TIO and shown to be superior for treatment of XLH compared to conventional treatment. Forms of hypophosphatemic rickets independent of FGF23 due to genetic defects of renal tubular phosphate reabsorption are treated with oral phosphate only, since they are associated with excessive 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D production. Finally, forms of hypophosphatemic rickets caused by Fanconi syndrome, such as nephropathic cystinosis and Dent disease require disease-specific treatment in addition to phosphate supplements and active vitamin D. Adjustment of medication should be done with consideration of treatment-associated side effects, including diarrhea, gastrointestinal discomfort, hypercalciuria, secondary hyperparathyroidism, and development of nephrocalcinosis or nephrolithiasis.
Topics: Calcium; Child; Familial Hypophosphatemic Rickets; Fanconi Syndrome; Fibroblast Growth Factors; Humans; Osteomalacia; Paraneoplastic Syndromes; Phosphates; Rickets; Rickets, Hypophosphatemic; Vitamin D
PubMed: 35352187
DOI: 10.1007/s00467-022-05505-5 -
International Dental Journal Nov 2023This narrative review describes the oral microbiome, and its role in oral health and disease, before considering the impact of commonly used over-the-counter (OTC)... (Review)
Review
This narrative review describes the oral microbiome, and its role in oral health and disease, before considering the impact of commonly used over-the-counter (OTC) mouthwashes on oral bacteria, viruses, bacteriophages, and fungi that make up these microbial communities in different niches of the mouth. Whilst certain mouthwashes have proven antimicrobial actions and clinical effectiveness supported by robust evidence, this review reports more recent metagenomics evidence, suggesting that mouthwashes such as chlorhexidine may cause "dysbiosis," whereby certain species of bacteria are killed, leaving others, sometimes unwanted, to predominate. There is little known about the effects of mouthwashes on fungi and viruses in the context of the oral microbiome (virome) in vivo, despite evidence that they "kill" certain viral pathogens ex vivo. Evidence for mouthwashes, much like antibiotics, is also emerging with regards to antimicrobial resistance, and this should further be considered in the context of their widespread use by clinicians and patients. Therefore, considering the potential of currently available OTC mouthwashes to alter the oral microbiome, this article finally proposes that the ideal mouthwash, whilst combatting oral disease, should "balance" antimicrobial communities, especially those associated with health. Which antimicrobial mouthwash best fits this ideal remains uncertain.
Topics: Humans; Mouthwashes; Chlorhexidine; Mouth; Anti-Infective Agents; Bacteria; Microbiota
PubMed: 37867065
DOI: 10.1016/j.identj.2023.08.010 -
The Japanese Dental Science Review Nov 2022Primary failure of eruption (PFE) is a rare disorder defined as incomplete tooth eruption despite the presence of a clear eruption pathway. PFE is known to be caused by... (Review)
Review
Primary failure of eruption (PFE) is a rare disorder defined as incomplete tooth eruption despite the presence of a clear eruption pathway. PFE is known to be caused by rare variants in the parathyroid hormone 1 receptor gene (). Although several variants have been reported, the etiology of PFE remains unclear. However, important studies that help elucidate the pathology of PFE have recently been published. The purpose of this review is to summarize current treatment options, clinical symptoms or phenotypes for diagnosis, genetic information including solid evidence in mouse disease models and disease-specific induced pluripotent stem cells, thus approaching the etiology of PFE from the perspective of the latest research.
PubMed: 36159186
DOI: 10.1016/j.jdsr.2022.08.002 -
The Chinese Journal of Dental Research Dec 2021Periodontitis is one of the severe oral diseases that threatens both the oral and general health of humans. It is an inflammatory disease caused by the complex...
Periodontitis is one of the severe oral diseases that threatens both the oral and general health of humans. It is an inflammatory disease caused by the complex interaction between the plaque microorganisms and the host immune system. The innate immune response is activated when pathogens invade the periodontium. An excessive innate immune response leads to inflammation and the destruction of periodontal tissues, which then activates the adaptive immune response. Although systemic initial therapy and guided tissue regeneration (GTR) can control periodontal inflammation to a certain extent and promote periodontal tissue regeneration, their effects are still limited. Periodontal treatment will be significantly improved if it is possible to screen the potential therapeutic targets and regulate the key molecules involved in periodontal disease; however, relevant research on the prevention and treatment of periodontitis remains limited. Thus, with the aim of assisting the immunoregulation of periodontitis, this article summarises the cells and mechanisms involved in the innate immune response and adaptive immune response caused by pathogens in the periodontium.
Topics: Adaptive Immunity; Humans; Inflammation; Periodontal Diseases; Periodontitis; Periodontium
PubMed: 35029093
DOI: 10.3290/j.cjdr.b2440547 -
British Dental Journal Jun 2022
Topics: Disease Outbreaks; Humans; Mpox (monkeypox)
PubMed: 35689039
DOI: 10.1038/s41415-022-4358-8 -
Function (Oxford, England) 2020Dent disease (DD) is a rare kidney disorder caused by mutations in the Cl/H exchanger ClC-5. Extensive physiologic characterization of the transporter has begun to... (Review)
Review
Dent disease (DD) is a rare kidney disorder caused by mutations in the Cl/H exchanger ClC-5. Extensive physiologic characterization of the transporter has begun to illuminate its role in endosomal ion homeostasis. Nevertheless, we have yet to understand how loss of ClC-5 function in the kidney proximal tubule impairs membrane traffic of megalin and cubilin receptors to cause the low molecular weight proteinuria characteristic of DD. This review identifies open questions that remain to be answered, evaluates the current literature addressing these questions, and suggests new testable models that may link loss of ClC-5 function to tubular proteinuria in DD.
Topics: Humans; Dent Disease; Endocytosis; Chloride Channels; Kidney Tubules, Proximal; Proteinuria
PubMed: 33015630
DOI: 10.1093/function/zqaa017 -
International Journal of Dentistry 2022The medical evaluation of patients considering prosthodontic treatment is a vital step in the treatment planning. The prosthodontist should be able to assess the... (Review)
Review
The medical evaluation of patients considering prosthodontic treatment is a vital step in the treatment planning. The prosthodontist should be able to assess the inherent risks associated with the treatment of patients with systemic conditions. Many factors are associated with evaluating the patient's health status and risk including the patient's current and past medical and dental history, current and past use of medications, type of treatment, length of treatment, invasiveness of treatment, and degree of urgency of treatment. In this article, some of the systemic diseases like arthritis, cardiovascular diseases, endocrine disorders, hematologic and oncologic disease, neurologic disorders, bone disorders, pulmonary diseases, liver diseases, and chronic kidney disease that commonly affect aged individuals are reviewed. The prosthodontic considerations that should be taken care of while managing patients with these systemic conditions will also be discussed.
PubMed: 35069742
DOI: 10.1155/2022/7510578 -
The Japanese Dental Science Review Dec 2023(IgG4-RD) is an immune-mediated fibrotic disorder characterized by severe resolution of inflammation and dysregulation of wound healing. IgG4-RD has been considered a... (Review)
Review
(IgG4-RD) is an immune-mediated fibrotic disorder characterized by severe resolution of inflammation and dysregulation of wound healing. IgG4-RD has been considered a unique disease since 2003, and significant progress has been achieved in the understanding of its essential features. The central role of B cells in IgG4-RD has been demonstrated by the robust clinical responsiveness of IgG4-RD to B cell depletion and the identification of multiple self-antigens that promote B cell expansion. Studies have increasingly revealed critical roles of these B cells and T cells in the pathogenesis of IgG4-RD, and we and other authors further identified CD4 cytotoxic T lymphocytes as the main tissue-infiltrating CD4 T cell subset in IgG4-RD tissues. Additionally, T follicular helper cell subsets that play a role in IgG4 isotype switching have been identified. In this review, we discuss research on IgG4-RD and the roles of B cell and T cell subsets, as well as the functions of CD4 cytotoxic T cells in IgG4-RD pathogenesis. We highlight our findings from ongoing research using single-cell analysis of infiltrating CD4 cytotoxic T cells, CD4 follicular helper T cells, and infiltrating B cells in IgG4-RD and propose a model for the pathogenesis of IgG4-RD.
PubMed: 36654676
DOI: 10.1016/j.jdsr.2022.12.002