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Development (Cambridge, England) Nov 2022Morphogenesis is extremely diverse, but its systematic quantification to determine the physical mechanisms that produce different phenotypes is possible by quantifying...
Morphogenesis is extremely diverse, but its systematic quantification to determine the physical mechanisms that produce different phenotypes is possible by quantifying the underlying cell behaviours. These are limited and definable: they consist of cell proliferation, orientation of cell division, cell rearrangement, directional matrix production, cell addition/subtraction and cell size/shape change. Although minor variations in these categories are possible, in sum they capture all possible morphogenetic behaviours. This article summarises these processes, discusses their measurement, and highlights some salient examples.
Topics: Morphogenesis; Cell Shape; Cell Division; Cell Proliferation
PubMed: 36373721
DOI: 10.1242/dev.199794 -
Frontiers in Cellular and Infection... 2021The close-knit group of apicomplexan parasites displays a wide variety of cell division modes, which differ between parasites as well as between different life stages... (Review)
Review
The close-knit group of apicomplexan parasites displays a wide variety of cell division modes, which differ between parasites as well as between different life stages within a single parasite species. The beginning and endpoint of the asexual replication cycles is a 'zoite' harboring the defining apical organelles required for host cell invasion. However, the number of zoites produced per division round varies dramatically and can unfold in several different ways. This plasticity of the cell division cycle originates from a combination of hard-wired developmental programs modulated by environmental triggers. Although the environmental triggers and sensors differ between species and developmental stages, widely conserved secondary messengers mediate the signal transduction pathways. These environmental and genetic input integrate in division-mode specific chromosome organization and chromatin modifications that set the stage for each division mode. Cell cycle progression is conveyed by a smorgasbord of positively and negatively acting transcription factors, often acting in concert with epigenetic reader complexes, that can vary dramatically between species as well as division modes. A unique set of cell cycle regulators with spatially distinct localization patterns insert discrete check points which permit individual control and can uncouple general cell cycle progression from nuclear amplification. Clusters of expressed genes are grouped into four functional modules seen in all division modes: 1. mother cytoskeleton disassembly; 2. DNA replication and segregation (D&S); 3. karyokinesis; 4. zoite assembly. A plug-and-play strategy results in the variety of extant division modes. The timing of mother cytoskeleton disassembly is hard-wired at the species level for asexual division modes: it is either the first step, or it is the last step. In the former scenario zoite assembly occurs at the plasma membrane (external budding), and in the latter scenario zoites are assembled in the cytoplasm (internal budding). The number of times each other module is repeated can vary regardless of this first decision, and defines the modes of cell division: schizogony, binary fission, endodyogeny, endopolygeny.
Topics: Cell Cycle; Cell Division; Cell Nucleus; DNA Replication; Toxoplasma
PubMed: 33912479
DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2021.670049 -
Nature Cell Biology Apr 2021The transition of endothelial cells between quiescence and proliferation is essential for regulating the extent of the vasculature that supplies oxygen and nutrients to...
The transition of endothelial cells between quiescence and proliferation is essential for regulating the extent of the vasculature that supplies oxygen and nutrients to tissues. A study now shows that the FOXO1 transcription factor regulates endothelial cell proliferation by controlling levels of the metabolite 2-hydroxyglutarate.
Topics: Cell Division
PubMed: 33795872
DOI: 10.1038/s41556-021-00640-x -
Zhongguo Yi Xue Ke Xue Yuan Xue Bao.... Feb 2022Aurora kinase A (AURKA),a family member of aurora kinases,is involved in mitotic entry,maturation and separation of centrosome,assembly and stabilization of bipolar... (Review)
Review
Aurora kinase A (AURKA),a family member of aurora kinases,is involved in mitotic entry,maturation and separation of centrosome,assembly and stabilization of bipolar spindle,and condensation and separation of chromosome.Studies have demonstrated that AURKA plays a similar role in meiosis,while the specific mechanism and the similarities and differences in its role between meiosis and mitosis remain unclear.Therefore,we reviewed the studies about the localization and activation of AURKA in oocyte meiosis,and compared the role of AURKA in regulating spindle formation,activating spindle assembly checkpoint,and correcting the kinetochore-microtubule attachment between the meiosis of oocytes and the mitosis of somatic cells.This review will lay a theoretical foundation for revealing the mechanism of AURKA in the regulation of cell division and for the clinical research related to cancer and reproduction.
Topics: Aurora Kinase A; Cell Cycle Proteins; Chromosome Segregation; Humans; Meiosis; Oocytes
PubMed: 35300777
DOI: 10.3881/j.issn.1000-503X.13811 -
Journal of the Royal Society, Interface May 2022Although the polygonal shape of epithelial cells has been drawing the attention of scientists for several centuries, only a decade and a half ago it was demonstrated...
Although the polygonal shape of epithelial cells has been drawing the attention of scientists for several centuries, only a decade and a half ago it was demonstrated that distributions of polygon types (DOPTs) are similar in proliferative epithelia of many different plant and animal species. In this study, we show that hyper-proliferation of cancer cells disrupts this universal paradigm and results in randomly organized epithelial structures. Examining non-synchronized and synchronized HeLa cervix cells, we suppose that the spread of cell sizes is the main parameter controlling the DOPT in the cancer cell monolayers. To test this hypothesis, we develop a theory of morphologically similar random polygonal packings. By analysing differences between tumoural and normal epithelial cell monolayers, we conclude that the latter have more ordered structures because of their lower proliferation rates and, consequently, more effective relaxation of mechanical stress associated with cell division and growth. To explain the structural features of normal proliferative epithelium, we take into account the spread of cell sizes in the monolayer. The proposed theory also rationalizes some highly ordered unconventional post-mitotic epithelia.
Topics: Animals; Cell Division; Cell Size; Epithelial Cells; Epithelium; Neoplasms; Stress, Mechanical
PubMed: 35537474
DOI: 10.1098/rsif.2022.0026 -
Theranostics 2023Overexpression of NAD(P)H:quinone oxidoreductase 1 (NQO1) is associated with tumor cell proliferation and growth in several human cancer types. However, the molecular...
Overexpression of NAD(P)H:quinone oxidoreductase 1 (NQO1) is associated with tumor cell proliferation and growth in several human cancer types. However, the molecular mechanisms underlying the activity of NQO1 in cell cycle progression are currently unclear. Here, we report a novel function of NQO1 in modulation of the cell cycle regulator, cyclin-dependent kinase subunit-1 (CKS1), at the G2/M phase through effects on the stability of c‑Fos. The roles of the NQO1/c-Fos/CKS1 signaling pathway in cell cycle progression were analyzed in cancer cells using synchronization of the cell cycle and flow cytometry. The mechanisms underlying NQO1/c-Fos/CKS1-mediated regulation of cell cycle progression in cancer cells were studied using siRNA approaches, overexpression systems, reporter assays, co-immunoprecipitation, pull-down assays, microarray analysis, and CDK1 kinase assays. In addition, publicly available data sets and immunohistochemistry were used to investigate the correlation between NQO1 expression levels and clinicopathological features in cancer patients. Our results suggest that NQO1 directly interacts with the unstructured DNA-binding domain of c-Fos, which has been implicated in cancer proliferation, differentiation, and development as well as patient survival, and inhibits its proteasome-mediated degradation, thereby inducing CKS1 expression and regulation of cell cycle progression at the G2/M phase. Notably, a NQO1 deficiency in human cancer cell lines led to suppression of c-Fos-mediated CKS1 expression and cell cycle progression. Consistent with this, high NQO1 expression was correlated with increased CKS1 and poor prognosis in cancer patients. Collectively, our results support a novel regulatory role of NQO1 in the mechanism of cell cycle progression at the G2/M phase in cancer through effects on c‑Fos/CKS1 signaling.
Topics: Humans; Cell Cycle; Cell Division; Cell Line, Tumor; G2 Phase; NAD(P)H Dehydrogenase (Quinone); Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-fos; Neoplasms
PubMed: 36793872
DOI: 10.7150/thno.77444 -
MicrobiologyOpen Feb 2023As bacteria proliferate, DNA replication, chromosome segregation, cell wall synthesis, and cytokinesis occur concomitantly and need to be tightly regulated and... (Review)
Review
As bacteria proliferate, DNA replication, chromosome segregation, cell wall synthesis, and cytokinesis occur concomitantly and need to be tightly regulated and coordinated. Although these cell cycle processes have been studied for decades, several mechanisms remain elusive, specifically in coccus-shaped cells such as Staphylococcus aureus. In recent years, major progress has been made in our understanding of how staphylococci divide, including new, fundamental insights into the mechanisms of cell wall synthesis and division site selection. Furthermore, several novel proteins and mechanisms involved in the regulation of replication initiation or progression of the cell cycle have been identified and partially characterized. In this review, we will summarize our current understanding of the cell cycle processes in the spheroid model bacterium S. aureus, with a focus on recent advances in the understanding of how these processes are regulated.
Topics: Bacterial Proteins; Cell Cycle; Cell Division; Chromosome Segregation; Cytokinesis; DNA Replication; Staphylococcus aureus
PubMed: 36825883
DOI: 10.1002/mbo3.1338 -
Current Biology : CB May 2020In this Primer, Nabais et al. discuss the evolution of the structure and function of centrioles and basal bodies, describe conserved centriole assembly features and the...
In this Primer, Nabais et al. discuss the evolution of the structure and function of centrioles and basal bodies, describe conserved centriole assembly features and the diversity in centriole architecture across eukaryotes, and highlight important outstanding evolutionary questions concerning centriole assembly.
Topics: Animals; Cell Division; Centrioles; Eukaryota; Evolution, Molecular; Phylogeny
PubMed: 32428489
DOI: 10.1016/j.cub.2020.02.036 -
Microbiology Spectrum Jun 2022Biofilm-immobilized continuous fermentation is a novel fermentation strategy that has been utilized in ethanol fermentation. Continuous fermentation contributes to the...
Biofilm-immobilized continuous fermentation is a novel fermentation strategy that has been utilized in ethanol fermentation. Continuous fermentation contributes to the self-proliferation of Saccharomyces cerevisiae biofilms. Previously, we successfully described the cell cycle differences between biofilm-immobilized fermentation and calcium alginate-immobilized fermentation. In the present study, we investigated the relationship between biofilm formation and the cell cycle. We knocked down , , and and found that Δ and Δ exhibited a predominance of G/M phase cells, increased biofilm formation, and significantly increased extracellular polysaccharide formation and expression of genes in the gene family during immobilisation fermentation. Δ exhibited a contrasting performance. These findings suggest that the increase in the proportion of cells in the G/M phase of the cell cycle facilitates biofilm formation and that the cell cycle influences biofilm formation by regulating cell adhesion and polysaccharide formation. This opens new avenues for basic research and may also help to provide new ideas for biofilm prevention and optimization. Immobilised fermentation can be achieved using biofilm resistance, resulting in improved fermentation efficiency and yield. The link between the cell cycle and biofilms deserves further study since reports are lacking in this area. This study showed that the ability of Saccharomyces cerevisiae to produce biofilm differed when cell cycle progression was altered. Further studies suggested that cell cycle regulatory genes influenced biofilm formation by regulating cell adhesion and polysaccharide formation. Findings related to cell cycle regulation of biofilm formation set the stage for biofilm in Saccharomyces cerevisiae and provide a theoretical basis for the development of a new method to improve biofilm-based industrial fermentation.
Topics: Biofilms; Cell Division; Ethanol; Fermentation; Polysaccharides; Saccharomyces cerevisiae
PubMed: 35670600
DOI: 10.1128/spectrum.02765-21 -
Cell Cycle (Georgetown, Tex.) Jul 2023Tightly controlled fluctuations in kinase and phosphatase activity play important roles in regulating M-phase transitions. Protein Phosphatase 1 (PP1) is one of these...
Tightly controlled fluctuations in kinase and phosphatase activity play important roles in regulating M-phase transitions. Protein Phosphatase 1 (PP1) is one of these phosphatases, with oscillations in PP1 activity driving mitotic M-phase. Evidence from a variety of experimental systems also points to roles in meiosis. Here, we report that PP1 is important for M-phase transitions through mouse oocyte meiosis. We employed a unique small-molecule approach to inhibit or activate PP1 at distinct phases of mouse oocyte meiosis. These studies show that temporal control of PP1 activity is essential for the G2/M transition, metaphase I/anaphase I transition, and the formation of a normal metaphase II oocyte. Our data also reveal that inappropriate activation of PP1 is more deleterious at the G2/M transition than at prometaphase I-to-metaphase I, and that an active pool of PP1 during prometaphase is vital for metaphase I/anaphase I transition and metaphase II chromosome alignment. Taken together, these results establish that loss of oscillations in PP1 activity causes a range of severe meiotic defects, pointing to essential roles for PP1 in female fertility, and more broadly, M-phase regulation.
Topics: Female; Mice; Animals; Meiosis; Oocytes; Metaphase; Anaphase; Mitosis; Protein Phosphatase 1; Mammals
PubMed: 37340734
DOI: 10.1080/15384101.2023.2225924