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Frontiers in Immunology 2021Most multicellular organisms have a major body cavity containing vital organs. This cavity is lined by a mucosa-like serosal surface and filled with serous fluid which... (Review)
Review
Most multicellular organisms have a major body cavity containing vital organs. This cavity is lined by a mucosa-like serosal surface and filled with serous fluid which suspends many immune cells. Injuries affecting the major body cavity are potentially life-threatening. Here we summarize evidence that unique damage detection and repair mechanisms have evolved to ensure immediate and swift repair of injuries at serosal surfaces. Furthermore, thousands of patients undergo surgery within the abdominal and thoracic cavities each day. While these surgeries are potentially lifesaving, some patients will suffer complications due to inappropriate scar formation when wound healing at serosal surfaces defects. These scars called adhesions cause profound challenges for health care systems and patients. Therefore, reviewing the mechanisms of wound repair at serosal surfaces is of clinical importance. Serosal surfaces will be introduced with a short embryological and microanatomical perspective followed by a discussion of the mechanisms of damage recognition and initiation of sterile inflammation at serosal surfaces. Distinct immune cells populations are free floating within the coelomic (peritoneal) cavity and contribute towards damage recognition and initiation of wound repair. We will highlight the emerging role of resident cavity GATA6+ macrophages in repairing serosal injuries and compare serosal (mesothelial) injuries with injuries to the blood vessel walls. This allows to draw some parallels such as the critical role of the mesothelium in regulating fibrin deposition and how peritoneal macrophages can aggregate in a platelet-like fashion in response to sterile injury. Then, we discuss how serosal wound healing can go wrong, causing adhesions. The current pathogenetic understanding of and potential future therapeutic avenues against adhesions are discussed.
Topics: Animals; Ascitic Fluid; Blood Platelets; Cell Aggregation; GATA6 Transcription Factor; Humans; Macrophages, Peritoneal; Peritoneum; Serous Membrane; Tissue Adhesions; Wounds and Injuries
PubMed: 34054877
DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.684967 -
Chirurgia (Bucharest, Romania : 1990) 2021The world of surgery has been concerned with idiopathic retroperitoneal fibrosis (RPF) ever since 1948, when J. K. Ormond published the first case of ureteral stenosis... (Review)
Review
The world of surgery has been concerned with idiopathic retroperitoneal fibrosis (RPF) ever since 1948, when J. K. Ormond published the first case of ureteral stenosis following a retroperitoneal scleroinflammatory process due to unknown reasons. Until 1960, 82 such cases were reported in the literature. The authors present two new cases of RPF, located exclusively in the pelvic (subperitoneal) compartment of the retroperitoneal space. The literature on this subject is reviewed, current etiological theories are mentioned and treatment opportunities are discussed.
Topics: Humans; Pelvis; Retroperitoneal Fibrosis; Retroperitoneal Space
PubMed: 33638333
DOI: 10.21614/chirurgia.116.1.117 -
International Journal of Molecular... Jul 2020Peritoneal dialysis (PD) is an established home care, cost-effective renal replacement therapy (RRT), which offers several advantages over the most used dialysis... (Review)
Review
Peritoneal dialysis (PD) is an established home care, cost-effective renal replacement therapy (RRT), which offers several advantages over the most used dialysis modality, hemodialysis. Despite its potential benefits, however, PD is an under-prescribed method of treating uremic patients. Infectious complications (primarily peritonitis) and bio-incompatibility of PD solutions are the main contributors to PD drop-out, due to their potential for altering the functional and anatomical integrity of the peritoneal membrane. To improve the clinical outcome of PD, there is a need for biomarkers to identify patients at risk of PD-related complications and to guide personalized interventions. Several recent studies have shown that proteomic investigation may be a powerful tool in the prediction, early diagnosis, prognostic assessment, and therapeutic monitoring of patients on PD. Indeed, analysis of the proteome present in PD effluent has uncovered several proteins involved in inflammation and pro-fibrotic insult, in encapsulating peritoneal sclerosis, or even in detecting early changes before any measurable modifications occur in the traditional clinical parameters used to evaluate PD efficacy. We here review the proteomic studies conducted thus far, addressing the potential use of such omics methodology in identifying potential new biomarkers of the peritoneal membrane welfare in relation to dialytic prescription and adequacy.
Topics: Biomarkers; Humans; Peritoneal Dialysis; Peritoneum; Peritonitis; Prognosis; Proteome; Proteomics; Renal Dialysis
PubMed: 32752018
DOI: 10.3390/ijms21155489 -
Journal of Leukocyte Biology Apr 2021The peritoneal cavity is a fluid filled space that holds most of the abdominal organs, including the omentum, a visceral adipose tissue that contains milky spots or... (Review)
Review
The peritoneal cavity is a fluid filled space that holds most of the abdominal organs, including the omentum, a visceral adipose tissue that contains milky spots or clusters of leukocytes that are organized similar to those in conventional lymphoid tissues. A unique assortment of leukocytes patrol the peritoneal cavity and migrate in and out of the milky spots, where they encounter Ags or pathogens from the peritoneal fluid and respond accordingly. The principal role of leukocytes in the peritoneal cavity is to preserve tissue homeostasis and secure tissue repair. However, when peritoneal homeostasis is disturbed by inflammation, infection, obesity, or tumor metastasis, specialized fibroblastic stromal cells and mesothelial cells in the omentum regulate the recruitment of peritoneal leukocytes and steer their activation in unique ways. In this review, the types of cells that reside in the peritoneal cavity, the role of the omentum in their maintenance and activation, and how these processes function in response to pathogens and malignancy will be discussed.
Topics: Adaptive Immunity; Animals; Humans; Immunity; Immunity, Innate; Omentum; Peritoneal Cavity
PubMed: 32881077
DOI: 10.1002/JLB.5MIR0720-271RR -
The Journal of Experimental Medicine Dec 2021Two resident macrophage subsets reside in peritoneal fluid. Macrophages also reside within mesothelial membranes lining the peritoneal cavity, but they remain poorly...
Two resident macrophage subsets reside in peritoneal fluid. Macrophages also reside within mesothelial membranes lining the peritoneal cavity, but they remain poorly characterized. Here, we identified two macrophage populations (LYVE1hi MHC IIlo-hi CX3CR1gfplo/- and LYVE1lo/- MHC IIhi CX3CR1gfphi subsets) in the mesenteric and parietal mesothelial linings of the peritoneum. These macrophages resembled LYVE1+ macrophages within surface membranes of numerous organs. Fate-mapping approaches and analysis of newborn mice showed that LYVE1hi macrophages predominantly originated from embryonic-derived progenitors and were controlled by CSF1 made by Wt1+ stromal cells. Their gene expression profile closely overlapped with ovarian tumor-associated macrophages previously described in the omentum. Indeed, syngeneic epithelial ovarian tumor growth was strongly reduced following in vivo ablation of LYVE1hi macrophages, including in mice that received omentectomy to dissociate the role from omental macrophages. These data reveal that the peritoneal compartment contains at least four resident macrophage populations and that LYVE1hi mesothelial macrophages drive tumor growth independently of the omentum.
Topics: Animals; Epithelial Cells; Female; Macrophage Colony-Stimulating Factor; Macrophages, Peritoneal; Mice, Inbred C57BL; Mice, Transgenic; Omentum; Ovarian Neoplasms; Peritoneum; Stromal Cells; Transcriptome; Vesicular Transport Proteins; WT1 Proteins; Mice
PubMed: 34714329
DOI: 10.1084/jem.20210924 -
Revista Do Colegio Brasileiro de... 2021
Topics: Abdominal Cavity; Humans; Intensive Care Units; Intra-Abdominal Hypertension
PubMed: 33605393
DOI: 10.1590/0100-6991e-20202838 -
Chirurgie (Heidelberg, Germany) Aug 2023Vascular injuries and hemorrhaging are serious potential complications in the management of patients with blunt abdominal trauma. The treatment depends on the extent and... (Review)
Review
Vascular injuries and hemorrhaging are serious potential complications in the management of patients with blunt abdominal trauma. The treatment depends on the extent and localization and can range from surveillance to endovascular treatment up to open surgery. The keys to success include the focused assessment with sonography for trauma (FAST) management and timely decision making. Abdominal vascular trauma continues to be a difficult problem and open and endovascular techniques continue to evolve in order to address this complex disease process.
Topics: Humans; Vascular System Injuries; Abdominal Cavity; Endovascular Procedures; Focused Assessment with Sonography for Trauma; Abdominal Injuries; Wounds, Nonpenetrating
PubMed: 37470862
DOI: 10.1007/s00104-023-01931-9 -
Journal of Feline Medicine and Surgery Sep 2021Abdominal ultrasound plays a vital role in the diagnostic work-up of many cats presenting to general and specialist practitioners. Ultrasound examination of the lymph... (Review)
Review
PRACTICAL RELEVANCE
Abdominal ultrasound plays a vital role in the diagnostic work-up of many cats presenting to general and specialist practitioners. Ultrasound examination of the lymph nodes, peritoneal cavity and abdominal vasculature provides important information useful in the investigation of a number of conditions, including aortic thromboembolism.
CLINICAL CHALLENGES
Despite ultrasonography being a commonly used modality, many practitioners are not comfortable performing an ultrasound examination or interpreting the resulting images. Even for the experienced ultrasonographer, differentiating between incidental findings such as Bates bodies and pathological changes can be challenging.
AIM
This review, the last in an occasional series on feline abdominal ultrasonography, discusses ultrasound examination of the abdominal lymph nodes and peritoneal cavity, and also the role of the technique in identifying thromboembolism of the aorta. Aimed at general practitioners who wish to improve their knowledge of and confidence in feline abdominal ultrasound, this review is accompanied by high-resolution images and videos available online as supplementary material.
EQUIPMENT
Ultrasound facilities are readily available to most practitioners, although the use of ultrasonography as a diagnostic tool is highly dependent on operator experience.
EVIDENCE BASE
Information provided in this article is drawn from the published literature and the author's own clinical experience.
Topics: Abdomen; Animals; Aorta; Cats; Lymph Nodes; Peritoneal Cavity; Ultrasonography
PubMed: 34428939
DOI: 10.1177/1098612X211037874 -
JCI Insight Jun 2023The omentum contains immune cell structures called milky spots that are niches for transcoelomic metastasis. It is difficult to remove the omentum completely, and there...
The omentum contains immune cell structures called milky spots that are niches for transcoelomic metastasis. It is difficult to remove the omentum completely, and there are no effective strategies to minimize the risk of colonization of preserved omental tissues by cancer cells that circulate in the peritoneal fluid. Normal saline is commonly administered into the peritoneal cavity for diagnostic and intraoperative lavage. Here we show that normal saline, when administered into the peritoneal cavity of mice, is prominently absorbed by the omentum, exfoliates its mesothelium, and induces expression of CX3CL1, the ligand for CX3CR1, within and surrounding the omental vasculature. Studies using CX3CR1-competent and CX3CR1-deficient mice showed that the predominant response in the omentum following saline administration is an accumulation of CX3CR1+ monocytes/macrophages that expand milky spots and promote neoangiogenesis within these niches. Moreover, saline administration promoted the implantation of cancer cells of ovarian and colorectal origin onto the omentum. By contrast, these deleterious effects were not observed following i.p. administration of lactated Ringer's solution. Our findings suggest that normal saline stimulates the receptivity of the omentum for cancer cells and that the risk of colonization can be minimized by using a biocompatible crystalloid for lavage procedures.
Topics: Animals; Mice; Saline Solution; Omentum; Ascitic Fluid; Embryo Implantation; Epithelium
PubMed: 37345662
DOI: 10.1172/jci.insight.167336 -
Biomolecules Oct 2022A peritoneal adhesion (PA) is a fibrotic tissue connecting the abdominal or visceral organs to the peritoneum. The formation of PAs can induce a variety of clinical... (Review)
Review
A peritoneal adhesion (PA) is a fibrotic tissue connecting the abdominal or visceral organs to the peritoneum. The formation of PAs can induce a variety of clinical diseases. However, there is currently no effective strategy for the prevention and treatment of PAs. Damage to peritoneal mesothelial cells (PMCs) is believed to cause PAs by promoting inflammation, fibrin deposition, and fibrosis formation. In the early stages of PA formation, PMCs undergo mesothelial-mesenchymal transition and have the ability to produce an extracellular matrix. The PMCs may transdifferentiate into myofibroblasts and accelerate the formation of PAs. Therefore, the aim of this review was to understand the mechanism of action of PMCs in PAs, and to offer a theoretical foundation for the treatment and prevention of PAs.
Topics: Peritoneum; Epithelium; Extracellular Matrix; Myofibroblasts; Fibrin
PubMed: 36291710
DOI: 10.3390/biom12101498