-
The Clinical Respiratory Journal Mar 2021The aim of this work is to present a review on the impact of genetics and altitude on lung function from classic and recent studies. (Review)
Review
OBJECTIVES
The aim of this work is to present a review on the impact of genetics and altitude on lung function from classic and recent studies.
DATA SOURCE
A systematic search has been carried out in different databases of scientific studies, using keywords related to lung volumes, spirometry, altitude and genetics.
RESULTS
The results of this work have been structured into three parts. First, the relationship between genes and lung function. Next, a review of the genetic predispositions related to respiratory adaptation of people who inhabit high-altitude regions for millennia. Finally, temporary effects and long-term acclimatisation on respiratory physiology at high altitude are presented.
CONCLUSIONS
The works focused on the influence of genetics and altitude on lung function are currently of interest in terms of studying the interactions between genetic, epigenetic and environmental factors in the configuration of the pathophysiological adaptation patterns.
Topics: Acclimatization; Adaptation, Physiological; Altitude; Humans; Lung; Respiratory Physiological Phenomena
PubMed: 33112470
DOI: 10.1111/crj.13300 -
Biomolecules Mar 2023Microtubules (MTs) are essential elements of the eukaryotic cytoskeleton and are critical for various cell functions. During cell division, plant MTs form highly ordered... (Review)
Review
Microtubules (MTs) are essential elements of the eukaryotic cytoskeleton and are critical for various cell functions. During cell division, plant MTs form highly ordered structures, and cortical MTs guide the cell wall cellulose patterns and thus control cell size and shape. Both are important for morphological development and for adjusting plant growth and plasticity under environmental challenges for stress adaptation. Various MT regulators control the dynamics and organization of MTs in diverse cellular processes and response to developmental and environmental cues. This article summarizes the recent progress in plant MT studies from morphological development to stress responses, discusses the latest techniques applied, and encourages more research into plant MT regulation.
Topics: Microtubules; Cytoskeleton; Plants; Acclimatization; Adaptation, Physiological
PubMed: 37189374
DOI: 10.3390/biom13040627 -
Sensors (Basel, Switzerland) Feb 2021: Finger pulse oximeters are widely used to monitor physiological responses to high-altitude exposure, the progress of acclimatization, and/or the potential development... (Review)
Review
: Finger pulse oximeters are widely used to monitor physiological responses to high-altitude exposure, the progress of acclimatization, and/or the potential development of high-altitude related diseases. Although there is increasing evidence for its invaluable support at high altitude, some controversy remains, largely due to differences in individual preconditions, evaluation purposes, measurement methods, the use of different devices, and the lacking ability to interpret data correctly. Therefore, this review is aimed at providing information on the functioning of pulse oximeters, appropriate measurement methods and published time courses of pulse oximetry data (peripheral oxygen saturation, (SpO) and heart rate (HR), recorded at rest and submaximal exercise during exposure to various altitudes. : The presented findings from the literature review confirm rather large variations of pulse oximetry measures (SpO and HR) during acute exposure and acclimatization to high altitude, related to the varying conditions between studies mentioned above. It turned out that particularly SpO levels decrease with acute altitude/hypoxia exposure and partly recover during acclimatization, with an opposite trend of HR. Moreover, the development of acute mountain sickness (AMS) was consistently associated with lower SpO values compared to individuals free from AMS. : The use of finger pulse oximetry at high altitude is considered as a valuable tool in the evaluation of individual acclimatization to high altitude but also to monitor AMS progression and treatment efficacy.
Topics: Acclimatization; Altitude; Altitude Sickness; Humans; Male; Oximetry; Oxygen
PubMed: 33578839
DOI: 10.3390/s21041263 -
Methods in Molecular Biology (Clifton,... 2023Biochemical networks are often characterized by tremendous complexity-both in terms of the sheer number of interacting molecules ("nodes") and in terms of the varied and... (Review)
Review
Biochemical networks are often characterized by tremendous complexity-both in terms of the sheer number of interacting molecules ("nodes") and in terms of the varied and incompletely understood interactions among these molecules ("interconnections" or "edges"). Strikingly, the vast and intricate networks of interacting proteins that exist within each living cell have the capacity to perform remarkably robustly, and reproducibly, despite significant variations in concentrations of the interacting components from one cell to the next and despite mutability over time of biochemical parameters. Here we consider the ubiquitously observed and fundamentally important signalling response known as robust perfect adaptation (RPA). We have recently shown that all RPA-capable networks, even the most complex ones, must satisfy an extremely rigid set of design principles, and are modular, being decomposable into just two types of network building-blocks-opposer modules and balancer modules. Here we present an overview of the design principles that characterize all RPA-capable network topologies through a detailed examination of a collection of simple examples. We also introduce a diagrammatic method for studying the potential of a network to exhibit RPA, which may be applied without a detailed knowledge of the complex mathematical principles governing RPA.
Topics: Signal Transduction; Adaptation, Physiological; Acclimatization; Models, Biological
PubMed: 37074572
DOI: 10.1007/978-1-0716-3008-2_1 -
Journal of Sport and Health Science May 2024Immune outcomes are key mediators of many health benefits of exercise and are determined by exercise type, dose (frequency/duration, intensity), and individual... (Review)
Review
Immune outcomes are key mediators of many health benefits of exercise and are determined by exercise type, dose (frequency/duration, intensity), and individual characteristics. Similarly, reduced availability of ambient oxygen (hypoxia) modulates immune functions depending on the hypoxic dose and the individual capacity to respond to hypoxia. How combined exercise and hypoxia (e.g., high-altitude training) sculpts immune responses is not well understood, although such combinations are becoming increasingly popular. Therefore, in this paper, we summarize the impact on immune responses of exercise and of hypoxia, both independently and together, with a focus on specialized cells in the innate and adaptive immune system. We review the regulation of the immune system by tissue oxygen levels and the overlapping and distinct immune responses related to exercise and hypoxia, then we discuss how they may be modulated by nutritional strategies. Mitochondrial, antioxidant, and anti-inflammatory mechanisms underlie many of the adaptations that can lead to improved cellular metabolism, resilience, and overall immune functions by regulating the survival, differentiation, activation, and migration of immune cells. This review shows that exercise and hypoxia can impair or complement/synergize with each other while regulating immune system functions. Appropriate acclimatization, training, and nutritional strategies can be used to avoid risks and tap into the synergistic potentials of the poorly studied immune consequences of exercising in a hypoxic state.
Topics: Humans; Exercise; Hypoxia; Adaptive Immunity; Immunity, Innate; Altitude; Oxygen; Acclimatization; Immune System; Adaptation, Physiological
PubMed: 37734549
DOI: 10.1016/j.jshs.2023.09.007 -
Philosophical Transactions of the Royal... Jul 2022Vulnerable locations, such as coastlines, are at a high risk of loss and damage. Such places will suffer deleterious impacts as climate change impacts are increasingly... (Review)
Review
Vulnerable locations, such as coastlines, are at a high risk of loss and damage. Such places will suffer deleterious impacts as climate change impacts are increasingly realized. As societies try to adapt to these impacts, managed or planned retreat-aimed at moving people and assets away from vulnerable locations-is gaining increased attention. Despite this increased attention, systematic literature reviews of the retreat literature remain scarce. This paper undertakes such review and uncovers a marked increase in retreat scholarly research papers in the past 5 years. An analysis of 135 managed and planned retreat journal articles is completed. Findings include a strong emphasis on regional or local case studies exploring governance, policy or institutional settings and levers across a range of geographies. Property rights and market interventions, such as compensation schemes, evidence the prevalence of neoliberal predilections. This emphasizes the importance of renewed engagement with political economy scholarship vis-à-vis climate change adaptation, also supported by the sharp increase in the evidenced social and environmental justice impacts. This article is part of the theme issue 'Nurturing resilient marine ecosystems'.
Topics: Acclimatization; Adaptation, Physiological; Climate Change; Ecosystem; Humans
PubMed: 35574844
DOI: 10.1098/rstb.2021.0129 -
PloS One 2023In a multicell environment, the half-duplex (HD) relaying is prone to inter-relay interference (IRI) and the full-duplex (FD) relaying is prone to relay...
In a multicell environment, the half-duplex (HD) relaying is prone to inter-relay interference (IRI) and the full-duplex (FD) relaying is prone to relay residual-interference (RSI) and relay-to-destination interference (RDI) due to Next Generation Node B (gNB) traffic adaptation to different backhaul subframe configurations. IRI and RDI occur in the downlink when a relay is transmitting on its access link and interfering with the reception of a backhaul link of another victim relay. While the simultaneous transmission and reception of the FD relay creates the RSI. IRI, RDI, and RSI have detrimental effects on the system performance, leading to lower ergodic capacity and higher outage probability. Some previous contributions only briefly analysed the IRI, RSI, and RDI in a single cell scenario and some assumed that the backhaul and access subframes among the adjacent cells are perfectly aligned for different relays without counting for IRI, RSI and RDI. However, in practise the subframes are not perfectly aligned. In this paper, we eliminate the IRI, RSI, and RDI by using the hybrid zeroforcing and singular value decomposition (ZF-SVD) beamforming technique based on nullspace projection. Furthermore, joint power allocation (joint PA) for the relays and destinations is performed to optimize the capacity. The ergodic capacity and outage probability comparisons of the proposed scheme with comparable baseline schemes corroborate the effectiveness of the proposed scheme.
Topics: Acclimatization; Probability; Projection
PubMed: 37339142
DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0286970 -
International Journal of Molecular... Jun 2023The brain requires over one-fifth of the total body oxygen demand for normal functioning. At high altitude (HA), the lower atmospheric oxygen pressure inevitably... (Review)
Review
The brain requires over one-fifth of the total body oxygen demand for normal functioning. At high altitude (HA), the lower atmospheric oxygen pressure inevitably challenges the brain, affecting voluntary spatial attention, cognitive processing, and attention speed after short-term, long-term, or lifespan exposure. Molecular responses to HA are controlled mainly by hypoxia-inducible factors. This review aims to summarize the cellular, metabolic, and functional alterations in the brain at HA with a focus on the role of hypoxia-inducible factors in controlling the hypoxic ventilatory response, neuronal survival, metabolism, neurogenesis, synaptogenesis, and plasticity.
Topics: Humans; Altitude; Acclimatization; Hypoxia; Oxygen; Brain; Cognition
PubMed: 37373327
DOI: 10.3390/ijms241210179 -
Experimental Physiology Oct 2022What is the topic of this review? This review outlines the history of research on epigenetic adaptations to heat exposure. The perspective taken is that adaptations... (Review)
Review
NEW FINDINGS
What is the topic of this review? This review outlines the history of research on epigenetic adaptations to heat exposure. The perspective taken is that adaptations reflect properties of hormesis, whereby low, repeated doses of heat induce adaptation (acclimation/acclimatization); whereas brief, life-threatening exposures can induce maladaptive responses. What advances does it highlight? The epigenetic mechanisms underlying acclimation/acclimatization comprise specific molecular programmes on histones that regulate heat shock proteins transcriptionally and protect the organism from subsequent heat exposures, even after long delays. The epigenetic signalling underlying maladaptive responses might rely, in part, on extensive changes in DNA methylation that are sustained over time and might contribute to later health challenges.
ABSTRACT
Epigenetics plays a strong role in molecular adaptations to heat by producing a molecular memory of past environmental exposures. Moderate heat, over long periods of time, induces an 'adaptive' epigenetic memory, resulting in a condition of 'resilience' to future heat exposures or cross-tolerance to other forms of toxic stress. In contrast, intense, life-threatening heat exposures, such as severe heat stroke, can result in a 'maladaptive' epigenetic memory that can place an organism at risk of later health complications. These cellular memories are coded by post-translational modifications of histones on the nucleosomes and/or by changes in DNA methylation. They operate by inducing changes in the level of gene transcription and therefore phenotype. The adaptive response to heat acclimation functions, in part, by facilitating transcription of essential heat shock proteins and exhibits a biphasic short programme (maintaining DNA integrity, followed by a long-term consolidation). The latter accelerates acclimation responses after de-acclimation. Although less studied, the maladaptive responses to heat stroke appear to be coded in long-lasting changes in DNA methylation near the promoter region of genes involved with basic cell function. Whether these memories are also encoded in histone modifications is not yet known. There is considerable evidence that both adaptive and maladaptive epigenetic responses to heat can be inherited, although most evidence comes from lower organisms. Future challenges include understanding the signalling mechanisms responsible and discovering new ways to promote adaptive responses while suppressing maladaptive responses to heat, as all life forms adapt to life on a warming planet.
Topics: Acclimatization; Epigenesis, Genetic; Heat Stroke; Heat-Shock Proteins; Histones; Hot Temperature; Humans; Nucleosomes
PubMed: 35413138
DOI: 10.1113/EP090143 -
Physiology (Bethesda, Md.) May 2023This review is focused on the questions of why fish exhibit heat failure at thermal extremes and which physiological mechanisms determine the acute upper thermal... (Review)
Review
This review is focused on the questions of why fish exhibit heat failure at thermal extremes and which physiological mechanisms determine the acute upper thermal tolerance. We propose that rapid direct thermal impacts on fish act through three fundamental molecular mechanisms reaction rates, protein structure, and membrane fluidity. During acute warming, these molecular effects then lead to loss of equilibrium and death through various cellular, organ, and physiological pathways. These pathways include mitochondrial dysfunction, oxygen limitation, and impacted excitability of excitable cells and eventually lead to neural and/or muscular failure. The pathways may also lead to loss of homeostasis and subsequent heat failure. There is strong evidence in some species for oxygen limitation in these processes and strong evidence against it in other species and contexts. The limiting mechanisms during acute warming therefore appear to differ between species, life stages, and recent thermal history. We conclude that a single mechanism underpinning the acute upper thermal tolerance across species and contexts will not be found. Therefore, we propose future avenues of research that can elucidate major patterns of physiological thermal limitations in fish.
Topics: Animals; Acclimatization; Fishes; Hot Temperature; Oxygen; Temperature; Climate Change
PubMed: 36787401
DOI: 10.1152/physiol.00027.2022