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American Journal of Veterinary Research Aug 2023To compare the analgesia provided by incisional (Incisional), transverse abdominis plane (TAP), and rectus sheath (RS) blocks in dogs submitted for ovariohysterectomy...
OBJECTIVE
To compare the analgesia provided by incisional (Incisional), transverse abdominis plane (TAP), and rectus sheath (RS) blocks in dogs submitted for ovariohysterectomy (OHE).
ANIMALS
22 female mixed-breed dogs were allocated into 3 treatments of Incisional (n = 7), TAP (n = 7), and RS (n = 8) and underwent OHE from April 4 to December 6, 2022.
PROCEDURES
After premedication with acepromazine (0.05 mg/kg) and morphine (0.5 mg/kg), anesthesia was induced (6 mg/kg) and maintained (0.4 mg/kg/min) with propofol. Each dog randomly received either an incisional (blind technique), TAP, or RS (ultrasound-guided) block. Intraoperative analgesia was assessed using cardiorespiratory variables. Postoperative analgesia was evaluated up to 6 hours after the operation with a Short Form of Glasgow Pain Scale (SF-GCPS) and Visual Analog Scale (VAS). Fentanyl was administered as a rescue analgesic when needed.
RESULT
During surgery, all data remained within normal limits without any significant differences. Fentanyl was administered to 1 dog in the Incisional and 1 in the TAP. Post-operatively, a single dose of fentanyl was given to 1 dog in the TAP and 1 in the RS. Four dogs in the Incisional and 3 in the RS received both doses of fentanyl. There was no significant difference regarding postoperative rescue analgesia among treatments.
CLINICAL RELEVANCE
All 3 techniques demonstrated acceptable intra- and post-operative analgesia efficacy in dogs undergoing OHE. Further studies are warranted to confirm these findings.
Topics: Dogs; Female; Animals; Pain, Postoperative; Nerve Block; Hysterectomy; Analgesia; Fentanyl; Dog Diseases
PubMed: 37385601
DOI: 10.2460/ajvr.23.02.0040 -
American Journal of Veterinary Research May 2022To compare ketamine-butorphanol-azaperone-medetomidine (KBAM) to detomidine-etorphine-acepromazine (DEA) for field anesthesia in captive Przewalski horses (Equus...
A randomized clinical trial to compare ketamine-butorphanol-azaperone-medetomidine and detomidine-etorphine-acepromazine for anesthesia of captive Przewalski horses (Equus przewalskii).
OBJECTIVE
To compare ketamine-butorphanol-azaperone-medetomidine (KBAM) to detomidine-etorphine-acepromazine (DEA) for field anesthesia in captive Przewalski horses (Equus przewalskii).
ANIMALS
10 adult Przewalski horses.
PROCEDURES
A prospective randomized crossover trial was conducted. Each horse was immobilized once with KBAM (200 mg ketamine, 109.2 mg butorphanol, 36.4 mg azaperone, and 43.6 mg medetomidine) and once with DEA (40 mg detomidine premedication, followed 20 minutes later by 3.9 to 4.4 mg etorphine and 16 to 18 mg acepromazine). Both protocols were administered by IM remote dart injection with a washout period of 6 months between treatments. Selected cardiorespiratory variables and quality of anesthesia were recorded. Antagonists were administered IM (KBAM, 215 mg atipamezole and 50 mg naltrexone; DEA, 4 mg RX821002 and 100 mg naltrexone).
RESULTS
All horses were anesthetized and recovered uneventfully. Inductions (DEA, 6.8 min; KBAM, 11.6 min; P = 0.04) and recoveries (DEA, 3.2 min; KBAM, 19.6 min; P < 0.01) were faster with DEA compared with KBAM. Quality scores for induction and recovery did not differ between protocols, but maintenance quality was poorer for DEA (P < 0.01). Clinical concerns during DEA immobilizations included apnea, severe hypoxemia (arterial partial pressure of oxygen < 60 mm Hg), muscle rigidity, and tremors. Horses treated with KBAM were moderately hypoxemic, but arterial partial pressures of oxygen were higher compared with DEA (P < 0.01).
CLINICAL RELEVANCE
Captive Przewalski horses are effectively immobilized with KBAM, and this protocol results in superior muscle relaxation and less marked hypoxemia during the maintenance phase, but slower inductions and recoveries, compared with DEA.
Topics: Acepromazine; Anesthesia; Animals; Azaperone; Butorphanol; Etorphine; Heart Rate; Horses; Hypnotics and Sedatives; Hypoxia; Imidazoles; Immobilization; Ketamine; Medetomidine; Naltrexone; Oxygen; Prospective Studies
PubMed: 35524961
DOI: 10.2460/ajvr.21.10.0165 -
Tropical Medicine and Infectious Disease Mar 2021Dengue, a mosquito-borne zoonotic disease, is the most common vector-borne disease in tropical and subtropical areas. In this study, we aim to demonstrate biological...
Dengue, a mosquito-borne zoonotic disease, is the most common vector-borne disease in tropical and subtropical areas. In this study, we aim to demonstrate biological evidence of dengue virus infection in bats. A cross-sectional study was carried out in the departments of Cordoba and Sucre, Colombia. A total of 286 bats were captured following the ethical protocols of animal experimentation. The specimens were identified and euthanized using a pharmacological treatment with atropine, acepromazine and sodium pentobarbital. Duplicate samples of brain, heart, lung, spleen, liver, and kidney were collected with one set stored in Trizol and the other stored in 10% buffered formalin for histopathological and immunohistochemical analysis using polyclonal antibodies. Brain samples from lactating mice with an intracranial inoculation of DENV-2 were used as a positive control. As a negative control, lactating mouse brains without inoculation and bats brains negative for RT-PCR were included. Tissue sections from each specimen of bat without conjugate were used as staining control. In a specimen of captured in Ayapel (Cordoba) and captured in San Carlos (Cordoba), dengue virus was detected, and sequences were matched to DENV serotype 2. In bats RT-PCR positive for dengue, lesions compatible with viral infections, and the presence of antigens in tissues were observed. Molecular findings, pathological lesions, and detection of antigens in tissues could demonstrate viral DENV-2 replication and may correspond to natural infection in bats. Additional studies are needed to elucidate the exact role of these species in dengue epidemics.
PubMed: 33809400
DOI: 10.3390/tropicalmed6010035 -
STAR Protocols Dec 2021Enzymatic digestion of the extracellular matrix with chondroitinase-ABC reinstates juvenile-like plasticity in the adult cortex as it also disassembles the perineuronal...
Enzymatic digestion of the extracellular matrix with chondroitinase-ABC reinstates juvenile-like plasticity in the adult cortex as it also disassembles the perineuronal nets (PNNs). The disadvantage of the enzyme is that it must be applied intracerebrally and it degrades the ECM for several weeks. Here, we provide two minimally invasive and transient protocols for microglia-enabled PNN disassembly in mouse cortex: repeated treatment with ketamine-xylazine-acepromazine (KXA) anesthesia and 60-Hz light entrainment. We also discuss how to analyze PNNs within microglial endosomes-lysosomes. For complete details on the use and execution of this protocol, please refer to Venturino et al. (2021).
Topics: Acepromazine; Anesthetics, Dissociative; Animals; Cerebral Cortex; Female; Ketamine; Light; Lysosomes; Male; Mice; Mice, Inbred C57BL; Microglia; Nerve Net; Xylazine
PubMed: 34950889
DOI: 10.1016/j.xpro.2021.101012 -
Frontiers in Veterinary Science 2022To define factors associated with survival in dogs with tetanus and to evaluate the prognostic significance of an established severity classification scheme.
OBJECTIVE
To define factors associated with survival in dogs with tetanus and to evaluate the prognostic significance of an established severity classification scheme.
METHODS
Medical records of dogs with the clinical diagnosis of tetanus were retrospectively reviewed with regard to signalment, clinical signs, clinicopathological findings on admission, wound characteristics, complications, therapeutic measures, and survival to discharge. Based on the extracted data, dogs were graded according to a previously published 4-class severity scheme. Non-parametric tests were applied for comparisons between survival categories.
RESULTS
Forty-two dogs fulfilled inclusion criteria, of which 32 survived. Of 10 non-survivors, 4 died and 6 were euthanised. Non-survivors were more often younger than 2 years of age (6/10 vs. 7/32 dogs, = 0.023), had shorter duration of specific signs of tetanus (time from onset of typical signs to presentation) (2 vs. 4 days, = 0.016), were prescribed less often antibiotics prior to presentation ( = 0.006), had higher tetanus severity grade (10/12 dogs in Class III or IV died, < 0.001), more often received acepromazine ( = 0.009) and atropine ( = 0.012), and more often had hyperthermia ( = 0.005) and respiratory complications (pneumonia, laryngeal spasm; = 0.008). Wound characteristics, the use of tube feeding, metronidazole, methocarbamol, magnesium and antitoxin were not significantly different between non-survivors and survivors.
CLINICAL SIGNIFICANCE AND CONCLUSION
Young dogs with a rapid course of severe generalized tetanus have a guarded prognosis. The previously described severity classification scheme proved valuable in predicting survival. Prospective multi-center studies are needed to clarify the prognostic significance of age, sedative usage and modified versions of an established classification scheme, including the presence of respiratory complications.
PubMed: 36590798
DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2022.1015569 -
Animals : An Open Access Journal From... Dec 2021(1) Objective: To investigate the analgesic effects of intravenous acetaminophen after intravenous administration in dogs presenting for ovariohysterectomy. (2) Methods:...
(1) Objective: To investigate the analgesic effects of intravenous acetaminophen after intravenous administration in dogs presenting for ovariohysterectomy. (2) Methods: 14 ASA I client-owned female entire dogs. In this randomized, blinded, clinical study, dogs were given meperidine and acepromazine intramuscularly before induction of anesthesia with intravenous propofol. Anesthesia was maintained with isoflurane in oxygen. Intravenous acetaminophen 20 mg/kg or 0.9% NaCl was administered postoperatively. Pain assessments were conducted using the Glasgow Pain Scale short form before premedication and at 10, 20, 60, 120, and 180 min post-extubation or until rescue analgesia was given. The pain scores, times, and incidences of rescue analgesia between the groups was compared. Blood was collected before and 2, 5, 10, 20, 40, and 80 min after acetaminophen administration. Acetaminophen plasma concentration was quantified by liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry. The acetaminophen plasma concentration at the time of each pain score evaluation was subsequently calculated. (3) Results: There was no significant difference in pain scores at 10 min, highest pain scores, or time of rescue analgesia between groups. In each group, 3 dogs (43%) received rescue analgesia within 20 min. (4) Conclusions: Following ovariohysterectomy in dogs, there was no detectable analgesic effect of a 20 mg/kg dosage of intravenous acetaminophen administered at the end of surgery.
PubMed: 34944384
DOI: 10.3390/ani11123609 -
Animals : An Open Access Journal From... Dec 2021This study aimed to investigate the effect of three different preoperative fasting regimens on the incidence of gastro-oesophageal reflux (GOR) in dogs under general...
This study aimed to investigate the effect of three different preoperative fasting regimens on the incidence of gastro-oesophageal reflux (GOR) in dogs under general anaesthesia. Ninety dogs undergoing non-abdominal and non-thoracic elective surgery were included in the study and equally allocated to three groups. Dogs received canned food providing half the daily resting energy requirements (RER) 3 h prior to premedication (group 3H), a quarter of the daily RER 3 h before premedication (group 3Q), and half the daily RER 12 h before premedication (group 12H). The animals were premedicated with acepromazine and pethidine, anaesthesia was induced with propofol and maintained with isoflurane vaporised in oxygen. Oesophageal pH was monitored throughout anaesthesia. Demographic and surgery-related parameters were not different among groups. The incidence of GOR was 11/30 in group 3H (36.7%), 9/30 in group 3Q (30.0%) and 5/30 in group 12H (16.7%), which was not statistically different ( = 0.262). Reduction of the amount of the preoperative meal from half to a quarter of the daily RER did not reduce the incidence of GOR but resulted in a lower oesophageal pH ( = 0.003). The results of this study suggest that the administration of a meal 3 h before anaesthesia does not have any beneficial effect in the reduction of GOR incidence in dogs compared to the administration of a meal 12 h before anaesthesia.
PubMed: 35011170
DOI: 10.3390/ani12010064 -
American Journal of Veterinary Research May 2021To determine whether isoflurane-anesthetized cats with demonstrated resistance to the immobilizing effects of fentanyl would exhibit naltrexone-reversible sparing of the...
OBJECTIVE
To determine whether isoflurane-anesthetized cats with demonstrated resistance to the immobilizing effects of fentanyl would exhibit naltrexone-reversible sparing of the minimum alveolar concentration (MAC) of isoflurane when fentanyl was coadministered with the centrally acting catecholamine receptor antagonist acepromazine.
ANIMALS
5 healthy male purpose-bred cats.
PROCEDURES
Anesthesia was induced and maintained with isoflurane in oxygen. Baseline isoflurane MAC was measured by use of a standard tail clamp stimulus and bracketing study design. Afterward, fentanyl was administered IV to achieve a plasma concentration of 100 ng/mL by means of target-controlled infusion, and isoflurane MAC was remeasured. Next, acepromazine maleate (0.1 mg/kg) was administered IV, and isoflurane MAC was remeasured. Finally, isoflurane concentration was equilibrated at 70% of the baseline MAC. Movement of cats in response to tail clamping was tested before and after IV bolus administration of naltrexone. Physiologic responses were compared among treatment conditions.
RESULTS
Isoflurane MAC did not differ significantly between baseline and fentanyl infusion (mean ± SD, 1.944 ± 0.111% and 1.982 ± 0.126%, respectively). Acepromazine with fentanyl significantly decreased isoflurane MAC to 1.002 ± 0.056% of 1 atm pressure. When isoflurane was increased to 70% of the baseline MAC, no cats moved in response to tail clamping before naltrexone administration, but all cats moved after naltrexone administration.
CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE
Acepromazine caused fentanyl to decrease the isoflurane MAC in cats that otherwise did not exhibit altered isoflurane requirements with fentanyl alone. Results suggested that opioid-mediated increases in brain catecholamine concentrations in cats counteract the opioid MAC-sparing effect.
Topics: Acepromazine; Anesthetics, Inhalation; Animals; Fentanyl; Isoflurane; Male; Pulmonary Alveoli
PubMed: 33904805
DOI: 10.2460/ajvr.82.5.352 -
Respiratory response to finger clamping in dogs under general anesthesia: A descriptive pilot study.Frontiers in Veterinary Science 2022The aim of this study was to assess the effects of a nociceptive stimulus on respiratory variables in anesthetized dogs.
AIM OF THE STUDY
The aim of this study was to assess the effects of a nociceptive stimulus on respiratory variables in anesthetized dogs.
MATERIAL AND METHOD
Eleven dogs received acepromazine administered intramuscularly (IM) at a dose of 0.04 mg kg 45 mins before induction of anesthesia. Loss of consciousness was obtained with midazolam at 0.2 mg kg and propofol administered at a dose of 2 mg kg intravenously (IV). Orotracheal intubation was performed and anesthesia was maintained with isoflurane in 100% oxygen. Inspired (V) and expired (V) tidal volume (V), minute volume (V), inspiratory and expiratory time (Ti; Te) were measured and recorded twice a second by a spirometer. The Drive (V/T) and Timing [Ti/(Ti+ Te)] were calculated.After stabilizing the depth of anesthesia the variables measured by the spirometer were recorded for 5 mins [T-T]. Then (T) interdigital clamping of the hind leg was performed until a withdrawal movement was observed. If no reaction occurred, the clamp was left in place for 60s. After removal of the clamp, respiratory variables were measured continuously for another 5 mins [T-T]. At T morphine (0.2 mg kg IV) was administered. Five minutes later (T), a second clamp test was performed, using the same procedure. At T the data recording was stopped.
RESULT
The results showed a large variation in the individual values of Drive and Timing and are presented in a descriptive manner. The observation of Drive values over time showed variations following nociceptive stimuli. Drive appears to have increased only for those dogs that did not move during the stimulus, and were therefore pinched for a full 60 s. In contrast, the study of the Timing values revealed no difference between the data before and after nociceptive stimulation. However Timing seems to increase after morphine administration.
CONCLUSION
Drive remains a parameter that needs to be studied in depth to determine its sensitivity and precocity to monitor acute nociception.
PubMed: 35928110
DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2022.843956 -
PloS One 2020To evaluate the effects of intravenous maropitant on arterial blood pressure in healthy dogs while awake and under general anesthesia.
OBJECTIVE
To evaluate the effects of intravenous maropitant on arterial blood pressure in healthy dogs while awake and under general anesthesia.
DESIGN
Experimental crossover study.
ANIMALS
Eight healthy adult Beagle dogs.
PROCEDURE
All dogs received maropitant (1 mg kg-1) intravenously under the following conditions: 1) awake with non-invasive blood pressure monitoring (AwNIBP), 2) awake with invasive blood pressure monitoring (AwIBP), 3) premedication with acepromazine (0.005 mg kg-1) and butorphanol (0.2 mg kg-1) intramuscularly followed by propofol induction and isoflurane anesthesia (GaAB), and 4) premedication with dexmedetomidine (0.005 mg kg-1) and butorphanol (0.2 mg kg-1) intramuscularly followed by propofol induction and isoflurane anesthesia (GaDB). Heart rate (HR), systolic (SAP), diastolic (DAP), and mean blood pressures (MAP) were recorded before injection of maropitant (baseline), during the first 60 seconds of injection, during the second 60 seconds of injection, at the completion of injection and every 2 minutes post injection for 18 minutes. The data were compared over time using a Generalized Linear Model with mixed effects and then with simple effect comparison with Bonferroni adjustments (p <0.05).
RESULTS
There were significant decreases from baseline in SAP in the GaAB group (p < 0.01) and in MAP and DAP in the AwIBP and GaAB (p < 0.001) groups during injection. A significant decrease in SAP (p < 0.05), DAP (p < 0.05), and MAP (p < 0.05) occurred at 16 minutes post injection in GaDB group. There was also a significant increase in HR in the AwIBP group (p < 0.01) during injection. Clinically significant hypotension occurred in the GaAB group with a mean MAP at 54 ± 6 mmHg during injection.
CONCLUSION
Intravenous maropitant administration significantly decreases arterial blood pressure during inhalant anesthesia. Patients premedicated with acepromazine prior to isoflurane anesthesia may develop clinically significant hypotension.
Topics: Acepromazine; Anesthesia, Inhalation; Animals; Antiemetics; Blood Pressure; Dog Diseases; Dogs; Female; Heart Rate; Humans; Hypotension; Injections, Intravenous; Linear Models; Models, Animal; Premedication; Quinuclidines; Wakefulness
PubMed: 32108177
DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0229736