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Journal of Infection in Developing... May 2023Early and rapid diagnosis of Mycobacterium tuberculosis in clinical specimen is important for the treatment of patients and control of disease transmission to the... (Review)
Review
Early and rapid diagnosis of Mycobacterium tuberculosis in clinical specimen is important for the treatment of patients and control of disease transmission to the community. The disease is largely preventable and curable, but without rapid, and correct diagnostic tools for tuberculosis (TB) infection and drug resistance, it is unlikely that we can meet the national TB elimination program in Ethiopia by 2035. Moreover, drug resistant TB is becoming more common and is a great challenge for the successful control and eradication of TB. The need for rapid, accurate and affordable methods for TB management should be considered by policy makers to improve TB detection rate and reduction of TB related deaths in line with the stop TB strategy by 2030 in Ethiopia.
Topics: Humans; Ethiopia; Tuberculosis; Tuberculosis, Pulmonary; Mycobacterium tuberculosis; Tuberculosis, Multidrug-Resistant; Latent Tuberculosis; Antitubercular Agents
PubMed: 37279415
DOI: 10.3855/jidc.13169 -
BMJ Global Health May 2021Identifying and treating children with latent tuberculosis infection (TB infection) is critical to prevent progression to TB disease and to eliminate TB globally.... (Review)
Review
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES
Identifying and treating children with latent tuberculosis infection (TB infection) is critical to prevent progression to TB disease and to eliminate TB globally. Diagnosis and treatment of TB infection requires completion of a sequence of steps, collectively termed the TB infection care cascade. There has been no systematic attempt to comprehensively summarise literature on the paediatric TB infection care cascade.
METHODS
We performed a scoping review of the paediatric TB infection care cascade. We systematically searched PubMed, Cumulative Index to Nursing and Allied Health Literature, Cochrane and Embase databases. We reviewed articles and meeting abstracts that included children and adolescents ≤21 years old who were screened for or diagnosed with TB infection, and which described completion of at least one step of the cascade. We synthesised studies to identify facilitators and barriers to retention, interventions to mitigate attrition and knowledge gaps.
RESULTS
We identified 146 studies examining steps in the paediatric TB infection care cascade; 31 included children living in low-income and middle-income countries. Most literature described the final cascade step (treatment initiation to completion). Studies identified an array of patient and caregiver-related factors associated with completion of cascade steps. Few health systems factors were evaluated as potential predictors of completion, and few interventions to improve retention were specifically tested.
CONCLUSIONS
We identified strengths and gaps in the literature describing the paediatric TB infection care cascade. Future research should examine cascade steps upstream of treatment initiation and focus on identification and testing of at-risk paediatric patients. Additionally, future studies should focus on modifiable health systems factors associated with attrition and may benefit from use of behavioural theory and implementation science methods to improve retention.
Topics: Adolescent; Adult; Child; Delivery of Health Care; Humans; Latent Tuberculosis; Tuberculosis; Young Adult
PubMed: 34016576
DOI: 10.1136/bmjgh-2020-004836 -
Emerging Infectious Diseases Jul 2023In 2008, bacilli from 2 Hansen disease (leprosy) cases were identified as a new species, Mycobacterium lepromatosis. We conducted a systematic review of studies...
In 2008, bacilli from 2 Hansen disease (leprosy) cases were identified as a new species, Mycobacterium lepromatosis. We conducted a systematic review of studies investigating M. lepromatosis as a cause of HD. Twenty-one case reports described 27 patients with PCR-confirmed M. lepromatosis infection (6 dual M. leprae/M. lepromatosis): 10 case-patients in the United States (7 originally from Mexico), 6 in Mexico, 3 in the Dominican Republic, 2 each in Singapore and Myanmar, and 1 each in Indonesia, Paraguay, Cuba, and Canada. Twelve specimen surveys reported 1,098 PCR-positive findings from 1,428 specimens, including M. lepromatosis in 44.9% (133/296) from Mexico, 3.8% (5/133) in Colombia, 12.5% (10/80) in Brazil, and 0.9% (2/224) from the Asia-Pacific region. Biases toward investigating M. lepromatosis as an agent in cases of diffuse lepromatous leprosy or from Mesoamerica precluded conclusions about clinicopathologic manifestations and geographic distribution. Current multidrug treatments seem effective for this infection.
Topics: Humans; Mycobacterium; Leprosy; Leprosy, Lepromatous; Mycobacterium leprae
PubMed: 37347507
DOI: 10.3201/eid2907.230024 -
Revista Paulista de Pediatria : Orgao... 2023To conduct a bibliographic review on tuberculosis (TB) disease in children and adolescents with rheumatic diseases, being managed with biologic therapy. (Review)
Review
OBJECTIVE
To conduct a bibliographic review on tuberculosis (TB) disease in children and adolescents with rheumatic diseases, being managed with biologic therapy.
DATA SOURCE
An integrative review with a search in the U.S. National Library of Medicine and the National Institutes of Health (PubMed) using the following descriptors and Boolean operators: (["tuberculosis"] AND (["children"] OR ["adolescent"]) AND ["rheumatic diseases"] AND (["tumor necrosis factor-alpha"] OR ["etanercept"] OR ["adalimumab"] OR ["infliximab"] OR ["biological drugs"] OR ["rituximab"] OR ["belimumab"] OR ["tocilizumab"] OR ["canakinumab"] OR ["golimumab"] OR ["secukinumab"] OR ["ustekinumab"] OR ["tofacitinib"] OR ["baricitinib"] OR ["anakinra"] OR ["rilonacept"] OR ["abatacept"]), between January 2010 and October 2021.
DATA SYNTHESIS
Thirty-seven articles were included, with the total number of 36,198 patients. There were 81 cases of latent tuberculosis infection (LTBI), 80 cases of pulmonary tuberculosis (PTB), and four of extrapulmonary tuberculosis (EPTB). The main rheumatic disease was juvenile idiopathic arthritis. Among LTBI cases, most were diagnosed at screening and none progressed to TB disease during follow-up. Of the TB cases using biologics, most used tumor necrosis factor-alpha inhibitors (anti-TNFα) drugs. There was only one death.
CONCLUSIONS
The study revealed a low rate of active TB in pediatric patients using biologic therapy. Screening for LTBI before initiating biologics should be done in all patients, and treatment, in cases of positive screening, plays a critical role in preventing progression to TB disease.
Topics: United States; Humans; Child; Adolescent; Antirheumatic Agents; Biological Factors; Tuberculosis; Rheumatic Diseases; Latent Tuberculosis; Biological Products; Tumor Necrosis Factors
PubMed: 37436237
DOI: 10.1590/1984-0462/2024/42/2022084 -
Frontiers in Immunology 2020Nocardiosis is an infectious disease caused by the gram-positive bacterium spp. Although it is commonly accepted that exposure to is almost universal, only a small... (Review)
Review
Nocardiosis is an infectious disease caused by the gram-positive bacterium spp. Although it is commonly accepted that exposure to is almost universal, only a small fraction of exposed individuals develop the disease, while the vast majority remain healthy. Nocardiosis has been described as an "opportunistic" disease of immunocompromised patients, suggesting that exposure to the pathogen is necessary, but a host predisposition is also required. Interestingly, increasing numbers of nocardiosis cases in individuals without any detected risk factors, i.e., without overt immunodeficiency, are being reported. Furthermore, a growing body of evidence have shown that selective susceptibility to a specific pathogen can be caused by a primary immunodeficiency (PID). This raises the question of whether an undiagnosed PID may cause nocardiosis affecting otherwise healthy individuals. This review summarizes the specific clinical and microbiological characteristics of patients with isolated nocardiosis published during the past 30 years. Furthermore, it gives an overview of the known human immune mechanisms to fend off spp. obtained from the study of PIDs and patients under immunomodulatory therapies.
Topics: Humans; Nocardia Infections; Primary Immunodeficiency Diseases
PubMed: 33193422
DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2020.590239 -
Frontiers in Immunology 2022Tuberculosis (TB), considered an ancient disease, is still killing one person every 21 seconds. Diagnosis of still has many challenges, especially in low and... (Review)
Review
Tuberculosis (TB), considered an ancient disease, is still killing one person every 21 seconds. Diagnosis of still has many challenges, especially in low and middle-income countries with high burden disease rates. Over the last two decades, the amount of drug-resistant (DR)-TB cases has been increasing, from mono-resistant (mainly for isoniazid or rifampicin resistance) to extremely drug resistant TB. DR-TB is problematic to diagnose and treat, and thus, needs more resources to manage it. Together with+ TB clinical symptoms, phenotypic and genotypic diagnosis of TB includes a series of tests that can be used on different specimens to determine if a person has TB, as well as if the strain+ causing the disease is drug susceptible or resistant. Here, we review and discuss advantages and disadvantages of phenotypic . genotypic drug susceptibility testing for DR-TB, advances in TB immunodiagnostics, and propose a call to improve deployable and low-cost TB diagnostic tests to control the DR-TB burden, especially in light of the increase of the global burden of bacterial antimicrobial resistance, and the potentially long term impact of the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) disruption on TB programs.
Topics: Antitubercular Agents; COVID-19; Humans; Microbial Sensitivity Tests; Mycobacterium tuberculosis; Tuberculosis; Tuberculosis, Multidrug-Resistant
PubMed: 35874762
DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.870768 -
Frontiers in Public Health 2022In this paper, we describe the development of the film, "Under the Mask," which follows the lives of three fictional characters who live on the Thai-Myanmar border as...
In this paper, we describe the development of the film, "Under the Mask," which follows the lives of three fictional characters who live on the Thai-Myanmar border as they journey from diagnosis of tuberculosis (TB) to completion of treatment. Under the Mask was filmed on location on the Thai-Myanmar border by local filmmakers and former refugee populations. Cast members were chosen from communities living along the border. This paper describes the script development process, filming, and screening in the community. We also report the findings from the pre- and post-screening questionnaires and post-film focus group discussions. A total of 77 screening events took place between March 2019 and March 2020 to 9,510 audience members in community venues such as village squares, temples and monasteries ( = 21), schools/migrant learning centers ( = 49), and clinics ( = 4). The pre-and post-screen questionnaires showed a significant gain in self-perceived TB knowledge on prevention, transmission, signs and symptoms, and related discrimination. Our findings from 18 post-screening focus group discussions conducted with 188 participants showed that there were improvements in knowledge and awareness of the disease and treatment, as well as in the awareness of stigma, and the burdens of tuberculosis on patients and their families.
Topics: Humans; Myanmar; Qualitative Research; Thailand; Transients and Migrants; Tuberculosis
PubMed: 35530731
DOI: 10.3389/fpubh.2022.795503 -
Internal Medicine (Tokyo, Japan) May 2022
Topics: Female; Humans; Kidney; Male; Mycobacterium tuberculosis; Renal Dialysis; Tuberculosis; Tuberculosis, Renal; Tuberculosis, Urogenital
PubMed: 34670893
DOI: 10.2169/internalmedicine.8158-21 -
Tuberculosis (Edinburgh, Scotland) Mar 2020Mycobacteria are important causes of disease in human and animal hosts. Diseases caused by mycobacteria include leprosy, tuberculosis (TB), nontuberculous mycobacteria... (Review)
Review
Mycobacteria are important causes of disease in human and animal hosts. Diseases caused by mycobacteria include leprosy, tuberculosis (TB), nontuberculous mycobacteria (NTM) infections and Buruli Ulcer. To better understand and treat mycobacterial disease, clinicians, veterinarians and scientists use a range of discipline-specific approaches to conduct basic and applied research, including conducting epidemiological surveys, patient studies, wildlife sampling, animal models, genetic studies and computational simulations. To foster the exchange of knowledge and collaboration across disciplines, the Many Hosts of Mycobacteria (MHM) conference series brings together clinical, veterinary and basic scientists who are dedicated to advancing mycobacterial disease research. Started in 2007, the MHM series recently held its 8th conference at the Albert Einstein College of Medicine (Bronx, NY). Here, we review the diseases discussed at MHM8 and summarize the presentations on research advances in leprosy, NTM and Buruli Ulcer, human and animal TB, mycobacterial disease comorbidities, mycobacterial genetics and 'omics, and animal models. A mouse models workshop, which was held immediately after MHM8, is also summarized. In addition to being a resource for those who were unable to attend MHM8, we anticipate this review will provide a benchmark to gauge the progress of future research concerning mycobacteria and their many hosts.
Topics: Animals; Bacteriology; Biomedical Research; Congresses as Topic; Diffusion of Innovation; Disease Models, Animal; Host-Pathogen Interactions; Humans; Infectious Disease Medicine; Mycobacterium; Mycobacterium Infections, Nontuberculous; Tuberculosis
PubMed: 32279870
DOI: 10.1016/j.tube.2020.101914 -
International Journal of Infectious... Aug 2020A standard treatment regimen against Mycobacteroides abscessus complex (MABC) infections has not yet been established, making MABC difficult to treat successfully. In...
OBJECTIVES
A standard treatment regimen against Mycobacteroides abscessus complex (MABC) infections has not yet been established, making MABC difficult to treat successfully. In this study, we sought to develop an active ingredient for the clinical treatment of MABC infections.
METHODS
We screened 102 MABC strains isolated from clinical specimens using DNA sequence analysis with the housekeeping genes hsp65 and rpoB. Drug susceptibility testing was performed against two subspecies-Mycobacteroides abscessus subsp. abscessus (M. abscessus) and Mycobacteroides abscessus subsp. massiliense (M. massiliense)-using eight antimicrobial agents (clarithromycin, amikacin, doxycycline, imipenem, linezolid, moxifloxacin, faropenem, and rifampicin). The combined efficacy of the antimicrobial agents was investigated using a checkerboard method.
RESULTS
We identified 51 isolates as M. abscessus, 46 as M. massiliense, and five as others. Most of the M. abscessus isolates (83.0 %) exhibited inducible resistance to clarithromycin via the expression of the erm(41) gene. Combinations of imipenem with linezolid, moxifloxacin, and rifampicin exhibited additive effects against 81.0 %, 40.7 %, and 26.9 % of M. abscessus, respectively, and against 54.5 %, 69.2 %, and 30.8 % of M. massiliense, respectively.
CONCLUSIONS
These results demonstrated the potential efficacy of a regimen containing imipenem against M. abscessus and M. massiliense infections.
Topics: Actinomycetales Infections; Amikacin; Anti-Bacterial Agents; Clarithromycin; Doxycycline; Humans; Imipenem; Linezolid; Microbial Sensitivity Tests; Moxifloxacin; Mycobacteriaceae; Sequence Analysis, DNA; beta-Lactams
PubMed: 32526389
DOI: 10.1016/j.ijid.2020.06.007