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Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy Oct 2020is a genus of nonfermenting Gram-negative bacteria under order Although primarily isolated from respiratory tract of people with cystic fibrosis, spp. can cause a... (Review)
Review
is a genus of nonfermenting Gram-negative bacteria under order Although primarily isolated from respiratory tract of people with cystic fibrosis, spp. can cause a broad range of infections in hosts with other underlying conditions. Their rare occurrence and ever-changing taxonomy hinder defining their clinical features, risk factors for acquisition and adverse outcomes, and optimal treatment. spp. are intrinsically resistant to several antibiotics (e.g., most cephalosporins, aztreonam, and aminoglycosides), and are increasingly acquiring resistance to carbapenems. Carbapenem resistance is mainly caused by multidrug efflux pumps and metallo-β-lactamases, which are not expected to be overcome by new β-lactamase inhibitors. Among the other new antibiotics, cefiderocol, and eravacycline were used as salvage therapy for a limited number of patients with infections. In this article, we aim to give an overview of the antimicrobial resistance in species, highlighting the possible place of new antibiotics in their treatment.
Topics: Achromobacter; Anti-Bacterial Agents; Carbapenems; Drug Resistance, Multiple, Bacterial; Gram-Negative Bacteria; Gram-Negative Bacterial Infections; Humans
PubMed: 32816734
DOI: 10.1128/AAC.01025-20 -
The Journal of Infectious Diseases Sep 2021Pertussis (whooping cough) is a respiratory infection caused by Bordetella pertussis. All ages are susceptible. In the prevaccine era, almost all children became...
Pertussis (whooping cough) is a respiratory infection caused by Bordetella pertussis. All ages are susceptible. In the prevaccine era, almost all children became infected. Pertussis is particularly dangerous in young infants, who account for practically all hospitalizations and deaths, but clinical disease is burdensome at any age. Widespread use of pertussis vaccines dramatically reduced cases, but concern over adverse reactions led to the replacement of standard whole-cell by acellular pertussis vaccines that contain only a few selected pertussis antigens and are far less reactogenic. Routine administration of acellular pertussis vaccines combined with diphtheria and tetanus toxoids is recommended in infancy with toddler and preschool boosters, at age 11, and during pregnancy. Boosting in the second half of every pregancy is critical to protection of the newborn. Waning of vaccine immunity over time has become an increasing concern, and several new pertussis vaccines are being evaluated to address this problem.
Topics: Bordetella pertussis; Child; Child, Preschool; Diphtheria-Tetanus-Pertussis Vaccine; Diphtheria-Tetanus-acellular Pertussis Vaccines; Female; Humans; Immunization, Secondary; Infant; Male; Pertussis Vaccine; Vaccine-Preventable Diseases; Whooping Cough
PubMed: 34590129
DOI: 10.1093/infdis/jiaa469 -
Virulence Dec 2021The highly contagious whooping cough agent has evolved as a human-restricted pathogen from a progenitor which also gave rise to and . While the latter colonizes a... (Review)
Review
The highly contagious whooping cough agent has evolved as a human-restricted pathogen from a progenitor which also gave rise to and . While the latter colonizes a broad range of mammals and is able to survive in the environment, has lost its ability to survive outside its host through massive genome decay. Instead, it has become a highly successful human pathogen by the acquisition of tightly regulated virulence factors and evolutionary adaptation of its metabolism to its particular niche. By the deployment of an arsenal of highly sophisticated virulence factors it overcomes many of the innate immune defenses. It also interferes with vaccine-induced adaptive immunity by various mechanisms. Here, we review data from , human and animal models to illustrate the mechanisms of adaptation to the human respiratory tract and provide evidence of ongoing evolutionary adaptation as a highly successful human pathogen.
Topics: Animals; Bordetella bronchiseptica; Bordetella parapertussis; Bordetella pertussis; Humans; Mammals; Virulence; Virulence Factors
PubMed: 34590541
DOI: 10.1080/21505594.2021.1980987 -
Clinical Microbiology Reviews Sep 2023and belong to the genus , which comprises 14 other species. is responsible for whooping cough in humans, a severe infection in children and less severe or chronic in... (Review)
Review
and belong to the genus , which comprises 14 other species. is responsible for whooping cough in humans, a severe infection in children and less severe or chronic in adults. These infections are restricted to humans and currently increasing worldwide. is involved in diverse respiratory infections in a wide range of mammals. For instance, the canine infectious respiratory disease complex (CIRDC), characterized by a chronic cough in dogs. At the same time, it is increasingly implicated in human infections, while remaining an important pathogen in the veterinary field. Both can evade and modulate host immune responses to support their persistence, although it is more pronounced in infection. The protective immune responses elicited by both pathogens are comparable, while there are important characteristics in the mechanisms that differ. However, pathogenesis is more difficult to decipher in animal models than those of because of its restriction to humans. Nevertheless, the licensed vaccines for each are different in terms of formulation, route of administration and immune responses induced, with no known cross-reaction between them. Moreover, the target of the mucosal tissues and the induction of long-lasting cellular and humoral responses are required to control and eliminate . In addition, the interaction between both veterinary and human fields are essential for the control of this genus, by preventing the infections in animals and the subsequent zoonotic transmission to humans.
Topics: Child; Animals; Dogs; Humans; Bordetella pertussis; Bordetella bronchiseptica; Whooping Cough; Bordetella Infections; Respiratory Tract Infections; Vaccines; Mammals
PubMed: 37306571
DOI: 10.1128/cmr.00164-22 -
Current Opinion in Immunology Oct 2023Whooping cough, caused by Bordetella pertussis, is still a major cause of morbidity and mortality worldwide. Current acellular pertussis (aP) vaccines induce potent... (Review)
Review
Whooping cough, caused by Bordetella pertussis, is still a major cause of morbidity and mortality worldwide. Current acellular pertussis (aP) vaccines induce potent circulating IgG and prevent severe disease in children/adults and in infants born to vaccinated mothers. However, they do not prevent nasal infection, allowing asymptomatic transmission of B. pertussis. Studies in animal models have demonstrated that, unlike natural infection, immunization with aP vaccines fails to induce secretory immunoglobulin A (IgA) or interleukin-17 (IL-17)-secreting tissue-resident memory CD4 T (T) cells, required for sustained sterilizing immunity in the nasal mucosa. Live-attenuated vaccines or aP vaccines formulated with novel adjuvants that induce respiratory IgA and T cells, especially when delivered by the nasal route, are in development and have considerable promise as next-generation vaccines against pertussis.
Topics: Child; Animals; Humans; Whooping Cough; Pertussis Vaccine; Bordetella pertussis; Immunization; Immunoglobulin A
PubMed: 37307651
DOI: 10.1016/j.coi.2023.102355 -
American Family Physician Aug 2021Pertussis, also known as whooping cough, remains a public health concern despite expanded immunization recommendations over the past three decades. The presentation of... (Review)
Review
Pertussis, also known as whooping cough, remains a public health concern despite expanded immunization recommendations over the past three decades. The presentation of pertussis, which is variable and evolves over the course of the disease, includes nonspecific symptoms in the catarrhal stage, coughing with the classic whooping in the paroxysmal stage, and persistent cough in the convalescent stage. When there is clinical suspicion for pertussis, the diagnosis should be confirmed using polymerase chain reaction testing, which has replaced culture as the preferred confirmatory test. Recent evidence has confirmed a waning of acquired immunity following pertussis immunization or infection, leading to changes in tetanus toxoid, reduced diphtheria toxoid, and acellular pertussis (Tdap) immunization recommendations. Patients 11 years or older should receive at least one dose of Tdap, although Tdap may replace any dose of the tetanus and diphtheria toxoids (Td) vaccine. All pregnant patients should receive Tdap between 27 and 36 weeks' gestation with each pregnancy to convey immunity to the newborn. Cocooning (vaccinating close contacts of high-risk individuals) is no longer recommended because immunized patients can still contract and transmit pertussis. A history of seizure or hypotonic-hyporesponsive episodes after a prior pertussis vaccination is no longer a contraindication to immunization. Antibiotic treatment is intended to prevent transmission of pertussis to others and does not shorten the disease course or improve symptoms. Antibiotic prophylaxis is recommended for household contacts of someone with pertussis and for those exposed to pertussis who are at high risk of severe illness (e.g., infants, people who are immunocompromised or in the third trimester of pregnancy) or in close contact with someone at high risk. Azithromycin is the preferred antibiotic for treatment or prophylaxis.
Topics: Bordetella pertussis; Humans; Immunization Schedule; Pertussis Vaccine; Vaccination; Whooping Cough
PubMed: 34383446
DOI: No ID Found -
Annals of Medicine Dec 2024Pertussis (Whooping Cough) is a respiratory infection caused by . Pertussis usually occurs in childhood; severe infections are most common in infants. It can be fatal... (Review)
Review
BACKGROUND
Pertussis (Whooping Cough) is a respiratory infection caused by . Pertussis usually occurs in childhood; severe infections are most common in infants. It can be fatal with severe complications such as pulmonary hypertension, heart failure, and encephalitis.
OBJECTIVES
We sought to synthesize the existing literature on severe pertussis in infants and inform further study.
METHODS
A scoping review was performed based on the methodological framework developed by Arksey & O'Malley. Search in Pubmed and Embase databases, with no restrictions on the language and date of publication.
RESULTS
Of the 1299 articles retrieved, 64 were finally included. The selected articles were published between 1979 and 2022, with 90.6% (58/64) of the studies in the last two decades. The studies covered epidemiology, pathology, clinical characteristics, risk factors, treatments, and burden of disease.
CONCLUSION
The literature reviewed suggests that studies on severe pertussis in infants covered a variety of clinical concerns. However, these studies were observational, and experimental studies are needed to provide high-quality evidence.
Topics: Humans; Whooping Cough; Infant; Bordetella pertussis; Risk Factors; Severity of Illness Index; Pertussis Vaccine
PubMed: 38728617
DOI: 10.1080/07853890.2024.2352606 -
Toxins Mar 2022Pertussis, also known as whooping cough, is a respiratory disease caused by infection with , which releases several virulence factors, including the AB-type pertussis... (Review)
Review
Pertussis, also known as whooping cough, is a respiratory disease caused by infection with , which releases several virulence factors, including the AB-type pertussis toxin (PT). The characteristic symptom is severe, long-lasting paroxysmal coughing. Especially in newborns and infants, pertussis symptoms, such as leukocytosis, can become life-threatening. Despite an available vaccination, increasing case numbers have been reported worldwide, including Western countries such as Germany and the USA. Antibiotic treatment is available and important to prevent further transmission. However, antibiotics only reduce symptoms if administered in early stages, which rarely occurs due to a late diagnosis. Thus, no causative treatments against symptoms of whooping cough are currently available. The AB-type protein toxin PT is a main virulence factor and consists of a binding subunit that facilitates transport of an enzyme subunit into the cytosol of target cells. There, the enzyme subunit ADP-ribosylates inhibitory α-subunits of G-protein coupled receptors resulting in disturbed cAMP signaling. As an important virulence factor associated with severe symptoms, such as leukocytosis, and poor outcomes, PT represents an attractive drug target to develop novel therapeutic strategies. In this review, chaperone inhibitors, human peptides, small molecule inhibitors, and humanized antibodies are discussed as novel strategies to inhibit PT.
Topics: Anti-Bacterial Agents; Bordetella pertussis; Humans; Infant; Infant, Newborn; Leukocytosis; Peptides; Pertussis Toxin; Whooping Cough
PubMed: 35324684
DOI: 10.3390/toxins14030187 -
Bioorganic & Medicinal Chemistry Nov 2022Pertussis is a highly contagious respiratory disease caused by the Gram-negative bacterial pathogen, Bordetella pertussis. Despite high global vaccination rates,... (Review)
Review
Pertussis is a highly contagious respiratory disease caused by the Gram-negative bacterial pathogen, Bordetella pertussis. Despite high global vaccination rates, pertussis is resurging worldwide. Here we discuss the development of current pertussis vaccines and their limitations, which highlight the need for new vaccines that can protect against the disease and prevent development of the carrier state, thereby reducing transmission. The lipo-oligosaccharide of Bp is an attractive antigen for vaccine development as the anti-glycan antibodies could have bactericidal activities. The structure of the lipo-oligosaccharide has been determined and its immunological properties analyzed. Strategies enabling the expression, isolation, and bioconjugation have been presented. However, obtaining the saccharide on a large scale with high purity remains one of the main obstacles. Chemical synthesis provides a complementary approach to accessing the carbohydrate epitopes in a pure and structurally well-defined form. The first total synthesis of the non-reducing end pertussis pentasaccharide is discussed. The conjugate of the synthetic glycan with a powerful immunogenic carrier, bacteriophage Qβ, results in high levels and long-lasting anti-glycan IgG antibodies, paving the way for the development of a new generation of anti-pertussis vaccines with high bactericidal activities and biocompatibilities.
Topics: Humans; Antibodies, Bacterial; Pertussis Vaccine; Bordetella pertussis; Whooping Cough; Oligosaccharides
PubMed: 36283250
DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2022.117066 -
Pathogens and Global Health Jun 2023is the causative agent of a respiratory infection called pertussis (whooping cough) that can be fatal in newborns and infants. The pathogen produces a variety of... (Review)
Review
is the causative agent of a respiratory infection called pertussis (whooping cough) that can be fatal in newborns and infants. The pathogen produces a variety of antigenic compounds which alone or simultaneously can damage various host cells. Despite the availability of pertussis vaccines and high vaccination coverage around the world, a resurgence of the disease has been observed in many countries. Reasons for the increase in pertussis cases may include increased awareness, improved diagnostic techniques, low vaccine efficacy, especially acellular vaccines, and waning immunity. Many efforts have been made to develop more effective strategies to fight against . and one of the strategies is the use of outer membrane vesicles (OMVs) in vaccine formulations. OMVs are attracting great interest as vaccine platforms since they can carry immunogenic structures such as toxins and LPS. Many studies have been carried out with OMVs from different . strains and they revealed promising results in the animal challenge and human preclinical model. However, the composition of OMVs differs in terms of isolation and purification methods, strains, culture, and stress conditions. Although the vesicles from . represent an attractive pertussis vaccine candidate, further studies are needed to advance clinical research for next-generation pertussis vaccines. This review summarizes general information about pertussis, the history of vaccines against the disease, and the immune response to these vaccines, with a focus on OMVs. We discuss progress in developing an OMV-based pertussis vaccine platform and highlight successful applications as well as potential challenges and gaps.
Topics: Infant, Newborn; Animals; Humans; Bordetella pertussis; Whooping Cough; Pertussis Vaccine; Respiratory Tract Infections; Vaccines, Acellular
PubMed: 36047634
DOI: 10.1080/20477724.2022.2117937