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World Journal of Clinical Cases Dec 2022Amebic liver abscesses (ALAs) are the most commonly encountered extraintestinal manifestation of human invasive amebiasis, which results from () spreading... (Review)
Review
Amebic liver abscesses (ALAs) are the most commonly encountered extraintestinal manifestation of human invasive amebiasis, which results from () spreading extraintestinally. Amebiasis can be complicated by liver abscess in 9% of cases, and ALAs led to almost 50000 fatalities worldwide in 2010. Although there have been fewer and fewer cases in the past several years, ALAs remain an important public health problem in endemic areas. causes both amebic colitis and liver abscess by breaching the host's innate defenses and invading the intestinal mucosa. Trophozoites often enter the circulatory system, where they are filtered in the liver and produce abscesses, and develop into severe invasive diseases such as ALAs. The clinical presentation can appear to be colitis, including upper-right abdominal pain accompanied by a fever in ALA cases. Proper diagnosis requires nonspecific liver imaging as well as detecting anti- antibodies; however, these antibodies cannot be used to distinguish between a previous infection and an acute infection. Therefore, diagnostics primarily aim to use PCR or enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay to detect . ALAs can be treated medically, and percutaneous catheter drainage is only necessary in approximately 15% of cases. The indicated treatment is to administer an amebicidal drug (such as tinidazole or metronidazole) and paromomycin or other luminal cysticidal agent for clinical disease. Prognosis is good with almost universal recovery. Establishing which diagnostic methods are most efficacious will necessitate further analysis of similar clinical cases.
PubMed: 36683647
DOI: 10.12998/wjcc.v10.i36.13157 -
International Journal of Molecular... Jul 2023This review of human amoebiasis is based on the most current knowledge of pathogenesis, diagnosis, treatment, and Entamoeba/microbiota interactions. The most relevant... (Review)
Review
This review of human amoebiasis is based on the most current knowledge of pathogenesis, diagnosis, treatment, and Entamoeba/microbiota interactions. The most relevant findings during this last decade about the parasite and the disease are related to the possibility of culturing trophozoites of different isolates from infected individuals that allowed the characterization of the multiple pathogenic mechanisms of the parasite and the understanding of the host-parasite relationship in the human. Second, the considerable advances in molecular biology and genetics help us to analyze the genome of , their genetic diversity, and the association of specific genotypes with the different amoebic forms of human amoebiasis. Based on this knowledge, culture and/or molecular diagnostic strategies are now available to determine the species and genotype responsible for invasive intestinal or extraintestinal amoebiasis cases. Likewise, the extensive knowledge of the immune response in amoebiasis with the appearance of new technologies made it possible to design diagnostic tools now available worldwide. Finally, the understanding of the interaction between the species and the intestinal microbiota aids the understanding of the ecology of this parasite in the human environment. These relevant findings will be discussed in this review.
Topics: Humans; Entamoeba histolytica; Ecosystem; Amebiasis; Dysentery, Amebic; Intestines; Entamoeba
PubMed: 37511519
DOI: 10.3390/ijms241411755 -
International Journal of Medical... Jan 2020Amoebiasis is a parasitic disease caused by Entamoeba histolytica (E. histolytica), an extracellular enteric protozoan. This infection mainly affects people from... (Review)
Review
Amoebiasis is a parasitic disease caused by Entamoeba histolytica (E. histolytica), an extracellular enteric protozoan. This infection mainly affects people from developing countries with limited hygiene conditions, where it is endemic. Infective cysts are transmitted by the fecal-oral route, excysting in the terminal ileum and producing invasive trophozoites (amoebae). E. histolytica mainly lives in the large intestine without causing symptoms; however, possibly as a result of so far unknown signals, the amoebae invade the mucosa and epithelium causing intestinal amoebiasis. E. histolytica possesses different mechanisms of pathogenicity for the adherence to the intestinal epithelium and for degrading extracellular matrix proteins, producing tissue lesions that progress to abscesses and a host acute inflammatory response. Much information has been obtained regarding the virulence factors, metabolism, mechanisms of pathogenicity, and the host immune response against this parasite; in addition, alternative treatments to metronidazole are continually emerging. An accesible and low-cost diagnostic method that can distinguish E. histolytica from the most nonpathogenic amoebae and an effective vaccine are necessary for protecting against amoebiasis. However, research about the disease and its prevention has been a challenge due to the relationship between E. histolytica and the host during the distinct stages of the disease is multifaceted. In this review, we analyze the interaction between the parasite, the human host, and the colon microbiota or pathogenic microorganisms, which together give rise to intestinal amoebiasis.
Topics: Amebiasis; Animals; Antiprotozoal Agents; Developing Countries; Dysentery, Amebic; Entamoeba histolytica; Feces; Gastrointestinal Microbiome; Host-Pathogen Interactions; Humans; Intestines; Metronidazole; Mice; Public Health; Virulence
PubMed: 31587966
DOI: 10.1016/j.ijmm.2019.151358 -
Trends in Parasitology Feb 2021The protozoan parasite Entamoeba histolytica is the causative agent of amebiasis, an infection that manifests as colitis and, in some cases, liver abscess. A better... (Review)
Review
The protozoan parasite Entamoeba histolytica is the causative agent of amebiasis, an infection that manifests as colitis and, in some cases, liver abscess. A better understanding of host protective factors is key to developing an effective remedy. Recently, significant advances have been made in understanding the mechanisms of MUC2 production by goblet cells upon amebic infection, regulation of antimicrobial peptide production by Paneth cells, the interaction of commensal microbiota with immune stimulation, and host genetics in conferring protection from amebiasis. In addition to host pathways that may serve as potential therapeutic targets, significant progress has also been made with respect to development of a vaccine against amebiasis. Here, we aim to highlight the current understanding and knowledge gaps critically.
Topics: Entamoeba histolytica; Entamoebiasis; Goblet Cells; Host-Parasite Interactions; Humans; Mucin-2; Paneth Cells; Pore Forming Cytotoxic Proteins; Protozoan Vaccines
PubMed: 33502317
DOI: 10.1016/j.pt.2020.09.015 -
BMC Gastroenterology Oct 2021The clinical features of amoebic colitis resemble those of inflammatory bowel disease (IBD), and therefore the risk of misdiagnosis is very high. The aim of this study...
BACKGROUND
The clinical features of amoebic colitis resemble those of inflammatory bowel disease (IBD), and therefore the risk of misdiagnosis is very high. The aim of this study was to analyse the characteristics of the endoscopic and pathological findings of amebic colitis and the lessons from our patients, which were useful for diagnosing the amebic colitis timely and avoiding the serious complication.
METHODS
We retrospectively reviewed data of all amebic colitis admitted to Beijing Friendship Hospital from January 2015 to January 2020. Cases were diagnosed by clinical presentation, laboratory examinations, and colonoscopy with biopsy and histological examination, no ELISA stool antigen or PCR tests were used.
RESULTS
16 patients were diagnosed with amebic colitis by the colonoscopy accompanied by biopsy and microscopic examination. At first time, 12 (75%) patients were misdiagnosed as IBD. Cecum was the most common site of amebic colitis (100%), and the caecum and rectum were also involved in many lesions (68.75%). Multiple lesions of erosion and/or ulcer were recognized in all patients (100%).The endoscopic findings included multiple irregular shaped ulcers and erosions with surrounding erythema, and the ulcers and erosions were covered by the white or yellow exudates. The intervening mucosae between the ulcers or erosions were normal. The features of rectums can be divided to 2 types: in 6 patients (54.5%), the irregular ulcer or erosions covered with white or yellow exudates were observed in rectum and cecum, and the bloody exudates in rectum were more severe than those in cecum; in other 5 patients (45.5%), rectal lesions were much less severe than those in cecum, the small superficial erosion or reddened mucosa were observed in the rectal ampulla. All patients were diagnosed as detection of amebic trophozoites from HE-stained biopsy specimens. The number of trophozoites ranged from 1/HPF to > 50/HPF. Among 16 cases, mild architectural alteration of colon crypt were observed in 10 cases (62.5%), and serious architectural alteration of colon crypt was found which had crypt branch in 1 case (16.7%). Cryptitis was observed in 12 cases (75%) and its severity was mild or moderate. No crypts abscess was observed in all cases.
CONCLUSIONS
The colonoscopy with histological examination are very important to diagnose the amebic colitis. Detect the amoebic trophozoites in the exudates by histological examination is the vital. Sometimes a negative biopsy does not rule out amebiasis, repeated biopsies may be needed to make the diagnosis.
Topics: Colonoscopy; Diagnosis, Differential; Dysentery, Amebic; Humans; Inflammatory Bowel Diseases; Retrospective Studies
PubMed: 34627159
DOI: 10.1186/s12876-021-01941-z -
Frontiers in Cellular and Infection... 2019
Topics: Amebicides; Anisomycin; Asymptomatic Diseases; Drug Discovery; Dysentery, Amebic; Entamoeba histolytica; Flavonoids; Gene Expression Regulation; Humans; Life Cycle Stages; Metabolic Networks and Pathways; Metronidazole; Piperidines; Prodigiosin; Protozoan Proteins; Pyridines; Severity of Illness Index
PubMed: 31338336
DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2019.00247 -
JMIR Public Health and Surveillance Apr 2023China is the most populous country globally and has made significant achievements in the control of infectious diseases over the last decades. The 2003 SARS epidemic...
BACKGROUND
China is the most populous country globally and has made significant achievements in the control of infectious diseases over the last decades. The 2003 SARS epidemic triggered the initiation of the China Information System for Disease Control and Prevention (CISDCP). Since then, numerous studies have investigated the epidemiological features and trends of individual infectious diseases in China; however, few considered the changing spatiotemporal trends and seasonality of these infectious diseases over time.
OBJECTIVE
This study aims to systematically review the spatiotemporal trends and seasonal characteristics of class A and class B notifiable infectious diseases in China during 2005-2020.
METHODS
We extracted the incidence and mortality data of 8 types (27 diseases) of notifiable infectious diseases from the CISDCP. We used the Mann-Kendall and Sen's methods to investigate the diseases' temporal trends, Moran I statistic for their geographical distribution, and circular distribution analysis for their seasonality.
RESULTS
Between January 2005 and December 2020, 51,028,733 incident cases and 261,851 attributable deaths were recorded. Pertussis (P=.03), dengue fever (P=.01), brucellosis (P=.001), scarlet fever (P=.02), AIDS (P<.001), syphilis (P<.001), hepatitis C (P<.001) and hepatitis E (P=.04) exhibited significant upward trends. Furthermore, measles (P<.001), bacillary and amebic dysentery (P<.001), malaria (P=.04), dengue fever (P=.006), brucellosis (P=.03), and tuberculosis (P=.003) exhibited significant seasonal patterns. We observed marked disease burden-related geographic disparities and heterogeneities. Notably, high-risk areas for various infectious diseases have remained relatively unchanged since 2005. In particular, hemorrhagic fever and brucellosis were largely concentrated in Northeast China; neonatal tetanus, typhoid and paratyphoid, Japanese encephalitis, leptospirosis, and AIDS in Southwest China; BAD in North China; schistosomiasis in Central China; anthrax, tuberculosis, and hepatitis A in Northwest China; rabies in South China; and gonorrhea in East China. However, the geographical distribution of syphilis, scarlet fever, and hepatitis E drifted from coastal to inland provinces during 2005-2020.
CONCLUSIONS
The overall infectious disease burden in China is declining; however, hepatitis C and E, bacterial infections, and sexually transmitted infections continue to multiply, many of which have spread from coastal to inland provinces.
Topics: Infant, Newborn; Humans; Scarlet Fever; Syphilis; Hepatitis E; Retrospective Studies; Seasons; Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome; Communicable Diseases; Tuberculosis; Brucellosis; Dengue; Hepatitis C
PubMed: 37103994
DOI: 10.2196/42820 -
Mucosal Immunology Jan 2022Entamoeba histolytica is a pathogenic protozoan parasite that causes intestinal colitis, diarrhea, and in some cases, liver abscess. Through transcriptomics analysis, we...
Entamoeba histolytica is a pathogenic protozoan parasite that causes intestinal colitis, diarrhea, and in some cases, liver abscess. Through transcriptomics analysis, we observed that E. histolytica infection was associated with increased expression of IL-33 mRNA in both the human and murine colon. IL-33, the IL-1 family cytokine, is released after cell injury to alert the immune system of tissue damage. Treatment with recombinant IL-33 protected mice from amebic infection and intestinal tissue damage; moreover, blocking IL-33 signaling made mice more susceptible to amebiasis. IL-33 limited the recruitment of inflammatory immune cells and decreased the pro-inflammatory cytokine IL-6 in the cecum. Type 2 immune responses were upregulated by IL-33 treatment during amebic infection. Interestingly, administration of IL-33 protected RAG2 mice but not RAG2γc mice, demonstrating that IL-33-mediated protection required the presence of innate lymphoid cells (ILCs). IL-33 induced recruitment of ILC2 but not ILC1 and ILC3 in RAG2 mice. At baseline and after amebic infection, there was a significantly higher IL13+ILC2s in C57BL/J mice, which are naturally resistant to amebiasis, than CBA/J mice. Adoptive transfer of ILC2s to RAG2γc mice restored IL-33-mediated protection. These data reveal that the IL-33-ILC2 pathway is an important host defense mechanism against amebic colitis.
Topics: Animals; Cell Movement; Colon; DNA-Binding Proteins; Disease Resistance; Dysentery, Amebic; Entamoeba histolytica; Entamoebiasis; Gene Expression Profiling; Genetic Background; Humans; Immunity, Innate; Interleukin-33; Lymphocytes; Mice; Mice, Inbred C57BL; Mice, Inbred CBA; RNA, Messenger; Signal Transduction; Th1 Cells; Th2 Cells
PubMed: 34400793
DOI: 10.1038/s41385-021-00442-2