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ACS Omega May 2020Massa Medicata Fermentata (MMF) has been used for a long time by the Chinese. MMF is used widely in feed additives and human medicinal applications throughout the world;...
Massa Medicata Fermentata (MMF) has been used for a long time by the Chinese. MMF is used widely in feed additives and human medicinal applications throughout the world; however, there have only been a few reports about the biostudy of its fermentation mechanism and medicinal ingredients. To safely use MMF, we observed the changes in the ingredients and amylase activity for several raw materials during the fermentation process of MMF. We are going to explore the basis of pharmacodynamic substances and the purpose of MMF to provide support for safe use in clinics. This biostudy data demonstrated that the ingredients such as amygdalin, benzaldehyde, and rutin were gradually degraded during the process of fermentation, and the fermented MMF did not contain amygdalin and benzaldehyde. The HPLC fingerprint of fermented MMF for 7 days is similar to the chemical composition of the original unfermented MMF with a similarity of only 0.106. Meanwhile, the activities of amylase in fermented MMF had gradually increased, and the content of organic acids also had increased. According to our biostudy, we found that the raw material chemical composition of MMF in the process of fermentation was affected by microorganisms and various substances. The conclusions of our study determined that the initial components of MMF are not identical to the pharmacodynamic components. We also conclude that amylase activity explains the pharmacological activity of MMF to a certain extent, but it is likely not the only factor. The implication not only provides the initial knowledge of MMF but also implies the further exploration of this popular traditional medicine.
PubMed: 32455219
DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.0c00816 -
Molecular Biology Reports Nov 2023A gastric ulcer is a painful lesion of the gastric mucosa that can be debilitating or even fatal. The effectiveness of several plant extracts in the therapy of this...
BACKGROUND
A gastric ulcer is a painful lesion of the gastric mucosa that can be debilitating or even fatal. The effectiveness of several plant extracts in the therapy of this illness has been demonstrated in traditional pharmacopoeias.
AIM
this study was aimed to see if propolis, ginseng in normal or nano form, and amygdalin might help in preventing the ulcerative effects of absolute ethanol.
METHODS
Gastroprotective properties of pretreatments before ethanol gavage in rats were compared to omeprazole. The ulcer and stomach parameters (ulcerated regions) were measured (mm), ulcer inhibition percentage, the stomachs were assessed macroscopically with gastric biopsy histological examinations.
RESULTS
Amygdalin, normal and nano ginseng, nano propolis followed by propolis all showed great efficacy in protecting the cyto-architecture and function of the gastric mucosa. The number of ulcerated sites was greatly reduced, and the percentage of stomach protection was increased. Histopathological examination had confirmed great protective effects of the nanoformulations followed by amygdalin. The protection and healing rate was completed to about 100% in all tested materials while ulcer areas were still partially unhealed in normal propolis and omeprazole. Quantitative assay of the m-RNA levels Enothelin 1(ET-1), leukotriene4 (LT-4), and caspase 3(Cas-3) genes and Histamine were done and revealed significant up-regulations in ethanol group and the maximum protective effect was reported with ginseng nano, moreover the histamine content was significantly decreased with nano- formulated extracts.
CONCLUSION
Amygdalin and the nanoformulated ginseng and propolis had exhibited a marked protective effect against the ulcerative toxic effects of ethanol.
Topics: Rats; Animals; Stomach Ulcer; Ulcer; Propolis; Amygdalin; Histamine; Plant Extracts; Anti-Ulcer Agents; Gastric Mucosa; Omeprazole; Ethanol
PubMed: 37741810
DOI: 10.1007/s11033-023-08776-9 -
BMC Infectious Diseases Jan 2021Hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection is a high-risk factor of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). Cellular immune responses are essential for HCC development, and the CD4+ and...
BACKGROUND
Hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection is a high-risk factor of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). Cellular immune responses are essential for HCC development, and the CD4+ and CD8+ T subtypes are identified as the primary anti-tumor immune cells. In the study, we investigated the effect and mechanism of amygdalin in the cellular immune response in HBV-related HCC and HCC progression.
METHODS
The cell proliferation was examined by MTT analysis. Cells metastasis ability was detected by Invasion and migration assays. Quantification of apoptotic cells was performed with Flow cytometer assay. The protein levels of p-STAT3, STAT3, p-JAK2, JAK2, caspase-3, cleaved caspase-3 were detected by performing immunoblotting assays.
RESULTS
We demonstrate that amygdalin treatment could rescue the HBV-T cell viability and IFN-γ and TNF-αproduction. In HBV-T cells, the MFI levels of CD8 are lower than that in NC-T cells. Moreover, the phosphorylation levels of STAT3 and JAK2 are higher in HBV-T cells, compared to those in NC-T cells, and then reduced by amygdalin treatment. Co-culture with HBV-T cells could reduce IFN-γ and TNF-α, production while increase IL-6 and IL-10 production in HepG2.2.15 cells; these alterations could be partially reversed by amygdalin pretreatment. Finally, co-culture with HBV-T cells significantly promoted the cell viability, inhibited the apoptosis, and promoted the migration of HepG2.2.15 cells, and these alterations could be partially reversed by amygdalin treatment.
CONCLUSION
Our findings provide a rationale for further studies on the functions and mechanism of amygdalin inhibiting HBV-related HCC cell proliferation, invasion, and migration via T cell-mediated tumor immunity.
Topics: Aged; Amygdalin; Apoptosis; Carcinoma, Hepatocellular; Cell Proliferation; Coculture Techniques; Cytokines; Disease Progression; Female; Hep G2 Cells; Hepatitis B; Hepatitis B virus; Humans; Janus Kinase 2; Liver Neoplasms; Male; Middle Aged; STAT3 Transcription Factor; Signal Transduction; T-Lymphocytes
PubMed: 33435880
DOI: 10.1186/s12879-020-05713-0 -
Plant Disease Apr 2021Banxia [Pinellia ternata (Thunb.) Breit., Araceae] is a perennial herbaceous plant, where the tuber is commonly used in traditional Chinese herbal medicine. In the...
Banxia [Pinellia ternata (Thunb.) Breit., Araceae] is a perennial herbaceous plant, where the tuber is commonly used in traditional Chinese herbal medicine. In the summer of 2020, an outbreak of soft rot of Banxia was observed in Zhugentan Town (30°50'N, 112°91'E), Qianjiang City, Hubei Province, with about 56% percentage of infected plants. Symptomatic plants initially appeared with small water-soaked spots on leaves that progressed into extensive translucent spots when facing a light source. The bacteria further spread to the stems and tubers. Infected tubers appeared normal, but inner macerated inclusions exuded when touched. The whole plant was macerated and collapsed within a few days. Ten leaves with typical symptoms were obtained from a diseased field, by surface sterilizing in 75% ethanol for 30 s and 0.3% NaClO for 5 min, washing the tissue sections three times in sterile water. Small pieces of tissue (5 × 5 mm) were removed from lesion borders, plated on nutrient ager medium, and cultivated at 37 ℃ for 48 h. Five representative isolates were selected for further identification. Colonies were all smooth and transparent. In addition, these strains were Gram-negative, and had the ability to reduce D-arabinose, melibiose, galactose, raffinose, rhamnose, inositol, and mannitol, but not reduce 5-keto-D-gluconate, L-xylose, amygdalin, and sorbitol. Genomic DNA was extracted from isolate stain ZG5. The 16S rDNA gene, recombinase A (recA) gene, and DNA polymerase III subunits gamma and tau (dnaX) were amplified by PCR with the primers 27f/1492r (Weisburg et al. 1991), recF/recR (Waleron et al. 2002), and dnaXf/dnaXr (Sławiak et al. 2009), respectively. The PCR products were sequenced, then submitted to GenBank (GenBank MW332472, MW349833, MW349834, respectively). BLAST search showed that the sequences of 16S rDNA, recA, and dnaX respectively matched ≥99% with D. fangzhongdai strains DSM 101947 (CP025003), QZH3 (CP031507), and PA1 (CP020872). Pathogenicity tests were performed on 10 healthy, 3-month-old P. ternate plants. Five plants were injected with 20 μl of bacterial suspension (108 CFU/ml) of isolate ZG5, and other plants were injected with sterile water as a negative control. All tested plants were incubated at 28 ℃ and individually covered with a plastic bag. After 24 h, soft rot symptoms all appeared on the pathogen-inoculated leaves, whereas no symptoms on the control leaves. The pathogenicity test was repeated three times and obtained same results. Koch's postulates were fulfilled by reisolating D. fangzhongdai from inoculated plants. Meanwhile, PCR were performed on the reisolated bacteria as above described, and the pathogen was identified and confirmed as D. fangzhongdai. Here we report that D. fangzhongdai causes soft rot of P. ternata in China. The disease progressed very rapidly, and reduced the yield and quality of tubers. Thus, more research is needed to implement effective strategies to manage this disease.
PubMed: 33819104
DOI: 10.1094/PDIS-01-21-0030-PDN -
PeerJ 2023L. (mahlab cherry) is a deciduous plant that is native to the Mediterranean region and central Europe with a myriad of medicinal, culinary and cosmetic uses. The...
Profiling of primary and phytonutrients in edible mahlab cherry ( L.) seeds in the context of its different cultivars and roasting as analyzed using molecular networking and chemometric tools.
L. (mahlab cherry) is a deciduous plant that is native to the Mediterranean region and central Europe with a myriad of medicinal, culinary and cosmetic uses. The present study explored different cultivars of mahlab (white from Egypt and Greece, red from Egypt and post roasting). UPLC-MS led to the detection of 110 primary and secondary metabolites belonging to different classes including phenylpropanoids (hydroxy cinnamates, coumaroyl derivatives), organic acids, coumarins, cyanogenic glycosides, flavonoids, nitrogenous compounds, amino acids and fatty acids, of which 39 are first time to be detected in L. A holistic assessment of metabolites was performed for further analysis of dataset using principal component analysis (PCA) among mahlab cultivars to assess variance within seeds. The results revealed that phenolic acids (coumaric acid--hexoside, ferulic acid--hexoside, ferulic acid--hexoside dimer, dihydrocoumaroyl--hexoside dimer and ferulic acid), coumarins (coumarin and herniarin) and amino acids (pyroglutamic acid) were abundant in white mahlab cultivars (cvs.) from different locations. In contrast, red mahlab and its roasted seeds were more rich in organic acids (citric and malic acids), amygdalin derivative and sphingolipids. Orthogonal projections to latent structures discriminant analysis (OPLS-DA) revealed for markers in red mahlab and in response to roasting, where red mahlab was rich in nitrogenous compounds viz. nonamide, deoxy fructosyl leucine, glutaryl carnitine and isoleucine, while roasted product (REM) was found to be enriched in choline.
Topics: Prunus; Chemometrics; Chromatography, Liquid; Tandem Mass Spectrometry; Seeds; Prunus avium; Amino Acids; Phytochemicals; Antifibrinolytic Agents
PubMed: 37663279
DOI: 10.7717/peerj.15908 -
Journal of Traditional Chinese Medicine... Oct 2023To evaluate the effects of Sanren Tang (SRT, ) on a high-fat diet (HFD)-induced non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) in mice and to investigate the hepatic...
OBJECTIVE
To evaluate the effects of Sanren Tang (SRT, ) on a high-fat diet (HFD)-induced non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) in mice and to investigate the hepatic transcriptome regulated by SRT.
METHODS
The primary SRT components were identified using ultra-high-performance liquid chromatography-high-resolution accurate mass spectrometry. The SRT-induced pharmacological effects on HFD-induced NAFLD were evaluated in mice for 16 weeks. Obeticholic acid was used as a control drug. Body weight, food intake, and homeostatic model assessment for insulin resistance (HOMA-IR) index were analysed. Hepatic histological changes were observed in haematoxylin and eosin-stained sections and quantified using the NAFLD activity score (NAS). Serum alanine aminotransferase (ALT) and hepatic triglyceride (TG) levels were measured. Lipids in hepatocytes were visualised by Oil red staining. RNA-sequencing was performed to determine the transcriptome profile of the liver tissue. The differentially expressed genes were validated using real-time polymerase chain reaction and Western blotting.
RESULTS
Four principal compounds were identified in the SRT: adenosine, amygdalin, luteoloside, and magnolol. SRT ameliorated hepatic histology and lipid deposition in the NAFLD mice, and decreased HOMA-IR, NAS and ALT, and hepatic TG levels. Hepatic transcriptome analysis revealed 232 HFD-regulated genes that were reversed by SRT simultaneously. Retinol metabolism, cytokine-cytokine receptor interaction, and peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor (PPAR) γ signalling were the top three SRT-regulated pathways in NAFLD.
CONCLUSIONS
SRT significantly ameliorated HFD-induced NAFLD, which was correlated with the regulation of genes enriched in the retinol metabolism, cytokine-cytokine receptor interaction, and PPARγ signalling pathways.
Topics: Mice; Animals; Non-alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease; Transcriptome; Diet, High-Fat; Vitamin A; Liver; Lipid Metabolism; Insulin Resistance; Cytokines; Receptors, Cytokine; Mice, Inbred C57BL
PubMed: 37946471
DOI: 10.19852/j.cnki.jtcm.2023.06.004 -
BMC Complementary Medicine and Therapies May 2023Breast cancer (BC) cells often develop multiple mechanisms of chemo- and radio-resistance during tumor progression, which is the major reason for the failure of breast...
Amygdalin-folic acid-nanoparticles inhibit the proliferation of breast cancer and enhance the effect of radiotherapy through the modulation of tumor-promoting factors/ immunosuppressive modulators in vitro.
INTRODUCTION
Breast cancer (BC) cells often develop multiple mechanisms of chemo- and radio-resistance during tumor progression, which is the major reason for the failure of breast cancer therapy. Targeted nanomedicines have tremendous therapeutic potential in BC treatment over their free drug counterparts. Searching for chemo- and radio-sensitizers to overcome such resistance is therefore urgently required. The goal of this study is to evaluate and compare the radio-sensitizer efficacy of amygdalin-folic acid nanoparticles (Amy-F) on MCF-7 and MDA-MB-231 cells.
MATERIALS AND METHODS
The effects of Amy-F on MCF-7 and MDA-MB-231 cell proliferation and IC50 were assessed using MTT assay. The expression of proteins involved in several mechanisms induced by Amy-F in MCF-7 and MDA-MB-231 cells, including growth inhibition, apoptosis, tumor growth regulators, immuno-modulators, and radio-sensitizing activities were evaluated via flow cytometry and ELISA assay.
RESULTS
Nanoparticles demonstrated sustained Amy-F release properties and apparent selectivity towards BC cells. Cell-based assays revealed that Amy-F markedly suppresses cancer cell growth and improves radiotherapy (RT) through inducing cell cycle arrest (G1 and sub-G1), and increases apoptosis as well as reduces the proliferation of BC by down-regulating mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPK/P38), iron level (Fe), nitric oxide (NO), and up-regulating the reactive oxygen species level (ROS). Amy-F has also been shown to suppress the expression of the cluster of differentiation (CD4 and CD80), and interfere with the Transforming growth factor beta (TGF- β)/Interferon-gamma (INF-g)/Interleukin-2 (IL-2)/Interleukin-6 (IL-6)/Vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) induced suppression in its signaling hub, while up-regulating natural killer group 2D receptor (NKG2D) and CD8 expression.
CONCLUSIONS
Collectively, the novel Amy-F either alone or in combination with RT abrogated BC proliferation.
Topics: Humans; Female; Breast Neoplasms; Amygdalin; Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor A; Cell Proliferation; Nanoparticles
PubMed: 37210478
DOI: 10.1186/s12906-023-03986-x -
Ultrasonics Sonochemistry Nov 2019Ultrasound has been regarded as an efficient novel technique for debitterizing of the apricot kernels, but its influence is severely concerned on the possible...
Ultrasound has been regarded as an efficient novel technique for debitterizing of the apricot kernels, but its influence is severely concerned on the possible epimerization of d-amygdalin to the l-amygdalin, a more potentially toxigenic compound. Considering this, the experiments were conducted to investigate the epimerization of d-amygdalin and the volatile components in the debitterizing water, which were separated and identified by the high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) and gas chromatography with a mass spectrometer (GC-MS), respectively. The results indicate that the ultrasonically-debitterizing did not cause the epimerization of d-amygdalin to the l-amygdalin, while the procedure can be greatly accelerated due to the rapid mass transfer and degradation of d-amygdalin induced by ultrasound irradiation. In addition, the water from the ultrasonically-debitterizing of apricot kernels exerted more aromas compared with that of the conventional debitterizing, which might have more applications about this kind of water. In a word, ultrasound can be safely applied in the debitterizing industry of apricot kernels.
Topics: Amygdalin; Food Handling; Food Industry; Prunus armeniaca; Stereoisomerism; Taste; Ultrasonic Waves; Volatile Organic Compounds; Water; beta-Glucosidase
PubMed: 31450302
DOI: 10.1016/j.ultsonch.2019.104614 -
Naunyn-Schmiedeberg's Archives of... May 2024The male reproductive system is negatively influenced by Al exposure. Al represented a considerable hazard to men's reproduction capabilities. Amygdalin (AMG) and...
Repro-protective activity of amygdalin and spirulina platensis in niosomes and conventional forms against aluminum chloride-induced testicular challenge in adult rats: role of CYP11A1, StAR, and HSD-3B expressions.
The male reproductive system is negatively influenced by Al exposure. Al represented a considerable hazard to men's reproduction capabilities. Amygdalin (AMG) and spirulina platensis (SP) have been considered to have a strong antioxidant and repro-protective activity; also, targeted drug delivery systems called niosomes improve the distribution of water-soluble medications like amygdalin and spirulina. Current study targeted to determine the effectiveness of AMG and SP against negative reproductive impact resulted by aluminum chloride (AlCl) toxicity. Sixty adult male albino rats were separated into 6 groups, including the control group, which received distilled water; AlCl group, which received AlCl; AMG+AlCl group, which received AlCl+AMG; AMGLN+AlCl group, which received AlCl+amygdalin-loaded niosomes; SP+AlCl group, which received AlCl+SP; and SPLN+AlCl group, which received AlCl+spirulina-loaded niosomes. All treatments were orally gavaged daily for 5 weeks, and rats were weighed weekly. At the termination of the experiment, some males (three from each group) were used for fertility traits via mating thirty virgin rat females (in a ratio of 1:2 and 2:3 male:female, respectively) followed by recording of birth weights and litter size (number of pups per each female) at birth to assess males' reproductive capability. Other males were euthanized for collection of serum, epididymal semen samples, and tissue samples for biochemical, sperm evaluation, gene expression, and histopathological measurements. There are a considerable number of negative impacts of AlCl on male fertility clarified by declined serum testosterone levels; an increased oxidative stress (MDA, TAC); deteriorated semen quality; down-regulation of CYP11A1, StAR, and HSD-3b gene expressions; and testicular tissue degenerative changes. In addition, litter size (number of pups per each female) and birth weights of pups obtained from mated females were affected. AMG and SP treatments, either in niosomal or conventional form, alleviated the AlCl negative effects by reducing oxidative stress; increasing testosterone levels; improving semen quality; upregulating of CYP11A1, StAR, and HSD-3b gene expressions; and reducing degenerative changes of testicular tissue. Besides, negative reproductive effect was diminished as observed by changes in the litter size (number of pups per each female) and birth weights of pups obtained from mated females. AMG and SP treatments (either in niosomal or conventional form), ameliorated the AlCl negative effects as they possess powerful antioxidant activity, as well as they have the ability to improve the reproductive activity of affected males.
Topics: Animals; Male; Aluminum Chloride; Spirulina; Liposomes; Testis; Rats; Amygdalin; Reproduction; Female; Aluminum Compounds; Antioxidants
PubMed: 37910183
DOI: 10.1007/s00210-023-02788-9 -
Revista Brasileira de Parasitologia... 2021Trichinellosis is a zoonosis results from eating raw or semi-cooked meat of infected animals. Medicinal plants have been used lately as alternatives and/or combined...
Trichinellosis is a zoonosis results from eating raw or semi-cooked meat of infected animals. Medicinal plants have been used lately as alternatives and/or combined therapies to resolve some drawbacks of the current regimens. This work analyzed the effect of albendazole monotherapy on Trichinella spiralis experimental infection (group A), in comparison to P. granatum and amygdalin extracts +cobalamin (group B), plus its combination with albendazole (group C). The study revealed that the extracts alone or combined with albendazole had an inferior effect to albendazole monotherapy regarding number of adult worms (40.83 ±3.82, 18.67 ±1.86 and 16.83 ±2.32, respectively). However, their effect was more obvious in muscle phase combined with albendazole, achieving the lower number of larvae/mL tissue homogenate (22.33 ±3.27 in comparison to 39.67 ±2.58 achieved by albendazole monotherapy). The extracts exerted a significant immunomodulatory effect by reducing the local CD4+ expression in the intestine as well as in muscle phase (1.15 ±0.25 and 3.80 ±0.65 in comparison to 4.97 ±0.37 and 12.20 ±0.87 with albendazole monotherapy, respectively). So, these extracts improved the therapeutic efficacy of albendazole, specifically in muscle phase and counteracted the inflammatory reaction caused by albendazole monotherapy, thus extensively alleviating the resulting myositis.
Topics: Albendazole; Amygdalin; Animals; Disease Models, Animal; Larva; Myositis; Plant Extracts; Pomegranate; Trichinella spiralis; Trichinellosis; Vitamin B 12
PubMed: 34730610
DOI: 10.1590/S1984-29612021084