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Biomolecules Dec 2021Type-II diabetes mellitus (T2DM) results from a combination of genetic and lifestyle factors, and the prevalence of T2DM is increasing worldwide. Clinically, both... (Review)
Review
Type-II diabetes mellitus (T2DM) results from a combination of genetic and lifestyle factors, and the prevalence of T2DM is increasing worldwide. Clinically, both α-glucosidase and α-amylase enzymes inhibitors can suppress peaks of postprandial glucose with surplus adverse effects, leading to efforts devoted to urgently seeking new anti-diabetes drugs from natural sources for delayed starch digestion. This review attempts to explore 10 families e.g., , , , , , , , and as medicinal plants, and folk and herb medicines for lowering blood glucose level, or alternative anti-diabetic natural products. Many natural products have been studied in silico, in vitro, and in vivo assays to restrain hyperglycemia. In addition, natural products, and particularly polyphenols, possess diverse structures for exploring them as inhibitors of α-glucosidase and α-amylase. Interestingly, an in silico discovery approach using natural compounds via virtual screening could directly target α-glucosidase and α-amylase enzymes through molecular modeling. , , Studio, and have been used to discover new candidates as inhibitors or activators. While docking score, binding energy (Kcal/mol), the number of hydrogen bonds, or interactions with critical amino acid residues have been taken into concerning the reliability of software for validation of enzymatic analysis, in vitro cell assay and in vivo animal tests are required to obtain leads, hits, and candidates in drug discovery and development.
Topics: Computer Simulation; Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2; Drug Evaluation, Preclinical; Gene Expression Regulation, Enzymologic; Glycoside Hydrolase Inhibitors; Humans; Hydrogen Bonding; Hypoglycemic Agents; Molecular Docking Simulation; Plants, Medicinal; Polyphenols; alpha-Amylases; alpha-Glucosidases
PubMed: 34944521
DOI: 10.3390/biom11121877 -
Gut Microbes 2022Severe acute pancreatitis (SAP) is a critical illness characterized by a severe systemic inflammatory response resulting in persistent multiple organ failure and sepsis....
Severe acute pancreatitis (SAP) is a critical illness characterized by a severe systemic inflammatory response resulting in persistent multiple organ failure and sepsis. The intestinal microbiome is increasingly appreciated to play a crucial role in modulation of AP disease outcome, but limited information is available about the identity and mechanism of action for specific commensal bacteria involved in AP-associated inflammation. Here we show that , particularly , can protect against AP by regulating pancreatic and systemic inflammation in germ-free (GF) and oral antibiotic-treated (Abx) mouse models. Colonization by and administration of its metabolite lactate protected Abx and GF mice from AP by reducing serum amylase concentration, ameliorating pancreatic lesions and improving survival rate after retrograde injection of sodium taurocholate. relieved macrophage-associated local and systemic inflammation of AP in a TLR4/MyD88- and NLRP3/Caspase1-dependent manner through its metabolite lactate. Supporting our findings from the mouse study, clinical AP patients exhibited a decreased fecal abundance of that was inversely correlated with the severity of systemic inflammatory responses. These results may shed light on the heterogeneity of clinical outcomes and drive the development of more efficacious therapeutic interventions for AP, and potentially for other inflammatory disorders.
Topics: Acute Disease; Amylases; Animals; Anti-Bacterial Agents; Bifidobacterium; Gastrointestinal Microbiome; Inflammation; Lactic Acid; Mice; Myeloid Differentiation Factor 88; NLR Family, Pyrin Domain-Containing 3 Protein; Pancreatitis; Taurocholic Acid; Toll-Like Receptor 4
PubMed: 36195972
DOI: 10.1080/19490976.2022.2127456 -
Molecules (Basel, Switzerland) Apr 2023Maltooligosaccharides (MOS) are homooligosaccharides that consist of 3-10 glucose molecules linked by α-1,4 glycosidic bonds. As they have physiological functions, they... (Review)
Review
Maltooligosaccharides (MOS) are homooligosaccharides that consist of 3-10 glucose molecules linked by α-1,4 glycosidic bonds. As they have physiological functions, they are commonly used as ingredients in nutritional products and functional foods. Many researchers have investigated the potential applications of MOS and their derivatives in the pharmaceutical industry. In this review, we summarized the properties and methods of fabricating MOS and their derivatives, including sulfated and non-sulfated alkylMOS. For preparing MOS, different enzymatic strategies have been proposed by various researchers, using α-amylases, maltooligosaccharide-forming amylases, or glycosyltransferases as effective biocatalysts. Many researchers have focused on using immobilized biocatalysts and downstream processes for MOS production. This review also provides an overview of the current challenges and future trends of MOS production.
Topics: Amylases; Oligosaccharides; alpha-Amylases; Glucose; Biocatalysis
PubMed: 37050044
DOI: 10.3390/molecules28073281 -
Biotechnology Progress Sep 2022Biofilm has been a point of concern in hospitals and various industries. They not only cause various chronic infections but are also responsible for the degradation of... (Review)
Review
Biofilm has been a point of concern in hospitals and various industries. They not only cause various chronic infections but are also responsible for the degradation of various medical appliances. Since the last decade, various alternate strategies are being adopted to combat the biofilm formed on various biotic and abiotic surfaces. The use of enzymes as a potent anti-fouling agent is proved to be of utmost importance as the enzymes can inhibit biofilm formation in an eco-friendly and cost-effective way. The physical and chemical immobilization of the enzyme not only leads to the improvement of thermostability and reusability of the enzyme, but also gains better efficiency of biofilm removal. Immobilization of amylase, cellobiohydrolase, pectinase, subtilisin A and β-N-acetyl-glucosaminidase (DspB) are proved to be most effective in inhibition of biofilm formation and removal of matured biofilm than their free forms. Hence, these immobilized enzymes provide greater eradication of biofilm formed on various surfaces and are coming up to be the potent antibiofilm agent.
Topics: Amylases; Biofilms; Cellulose 1,4-beta-Cellobiosidase; Enzymes, Immobilized; Hexosaminidases; Polygalacturonase; Subtilisins
PubMed: 35690881
DOI: 10.1002/btpr.3281 -
Frontiers in Cellular and Infection... 2021Biofilm is a syntrophic association of sessile groups of microbial cells that adhere to biotic and abiotic surfaces with the help of pili and extracellular polymeric... (Review)
Review
Biofilm is a syntrophic association of sessile groups of microbial cells that adhere to biotic and abiotic surfaces with the help of pili and extracellular polymeric substances (EPS). EPSs also prevent penetration of antimicrobials/antibiotics into the sessile groups of cells. Hence, methods and agents to avoid or remove biofilms are urgently needed. Enzymes play important roles in the removal of biofilm in natural environments and may be promising agents for this purpose. As the major component of the EPS is polysaccharide, amylase has inhibited EPS by preventing the adherence of the microbial cells, thus making amylase a suitable antimicrobial agent. On the other hand, salivary amylase binds to amylase-binding protein of plaque-forming and initiates the formation of biofilm. This review investigates the contradictory actions and microbe-associated genes of amylases, with emphasis on their structural and functional characteristics.
Topics: Amylases; Anti-Bacterial Agents; Biofilms; Fimbriae, Bacterial; Streptococcus
PubMed: 33987107
DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2021.660048 -
Psychological Medicine Apr 2023Dysfunction in major stress response systems during the acute aftermath of trauma may contribute to risk for developing posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD). The current...
BACKGROUND
Dysfunction in major stress response systems during the acute aftermath of trauma may contribute to risk for developing posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD). The current study investigated how PTSD diagnosis and symptom severity, depressive symptoms, and childhood trauma uniquely relate to diurnal neuroendocrine secretion (cortisol and alpha-amylase rhythms) in women who recently experienced interpersonal trauma compared to non-traumatized controls (NTCs).
METHOD
Using a longitudinal design, we examined diurnal cortisol and alpha-amylase rhythms in 98 young women ( = 57 exposed to recent interpersonal trauma, = 41 NTCs). Participants provided saliva samples and completed symptom measures at baseline and 1-, 3-, and 6-month follow-up.
RESULTS
Multilevel models (MLMs) revealed lower waking cortisol predicted the development of PTSD in trauma survivors and distinguished at-risk women from NTCs. Women with greater childhood trauma exposure exhibited flatter diurnal cortisol slopes. Among trauma-exposed individuals, lower waking cortisol levels were associated with higher concurrent PTSD symptom severity. Regarding alpha-amylase, MLMs revealed women with greater childhood trauma exposure exhibited higher waking alpha-amylase and slower diurnal alpha-amylase increase.
CONCLUSIONS
Results suggest lower waking cortisol in the acute aftermath of trauma may be implicated in PTSD onset and maintenance. Findings also suggest childhood trauma may predict a different pattern of dysfunction in stress response systems following subsequent trauma exposure than the stress system dynamics associated with PTSD risk; childhood trauma appears to be associated with flattened diurnal cortisol and alpha-amylase slopes, as well as higher waking alpha-amylase.
Topics: Female; Humans; alpha-Amylases; Hydrocortisone; Stress Disorders, Post-Traumatic; Adverse Childhood Experiences; Survivors
PubMed: 37310311
DOI: 10.1017/S0033291721004050 -
Molecules (Basel, Switzerland) Dec 2023Amylase is an indispensable hydrolase in insect growth and development. Its varied enzymatic parameters cause insects to have strong stress resistance. Amylase gene... (Review)
Review
Amylase is an indispensable hydrolase in insect growth and development. Its varied enzymatic parameters cause insects to have strong stress resistance. Amylase gene replication is a very common phenomenon in insects, and different copies of amylase genes enable changes in its location and function. In addition, the classification, structure, and interaction between insect amylase inhibitors and amylases have also invoked the attention of researchers. Some plant-derived amylase inhibitors have inhibitory activities against insect amylases and even mammalian amylases. In recent years, an increasing number of studies have clarified the effects of pesticides on the amylase activity of target and non-target pests, which provides a theoretical basis for exploring safe and efficient pesticides, while the exact lethal mechanisms and safety in field applications remain unclear. Here, we summarize the most recent advances in insect amylase studies, including its sequence and characteristics and the regulation of amylase inhibitors (α-AIs). Importantly, the application of amylases as the nanocide trigger, RNAi, or other kinds of pesticide targets will be discussed. A comprehensive foundation will be provided for applying insect amylases to the development of new-generation insect management tools and improving the specificity, stability, and safety of pesticides.
Topics: Animals; alpha-Amylases; Amylases; Enzyme Inhibitors; Insecta; Pest Control; Pesticides
PubMed: 38067617
DOI: 10.3390/molecules28237888 -
International Journal of Clinical... Oct 2021We aimed to evaluate the elevation of amylase and lipase enzymes in coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) patients and their relationship with the severity of COVID-19.
OBJECT
We aimed to evaluate the elevation of amylase and lipase enzymes in coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) patients and their relationship with the severity of COVID-19.
METHOD
In this study, 1378 patients with COVID-19 infection were included. Relation of elevated amylase and lipase levels and comorbidities with the severity of COVID-19 was analysed. The effects of haemodynamic parameters and organ failure on pancreatic enzymes and their relations with prognosis were statistically analysed.
RESULTS
The 1378 patients comprised of 700 (51.8%) men and 678 (%49.2) women. Of all patients, 687 (49.9%) had mild and 691 (50.1%) patients had severe COVID-19 infection. Amylase elevation at different levels occurred in 316 (%23) out of 1378 patients. In these patients, the amylase levels increased one to three times in 261 and three times in 55 patients. Pancreatitis was detected in only six (%1.89) of these patients according to the Atlanta criteria. According to univariate and multivariate analyses, elevated amylase levels were significantly associated with the severity of COVID-19 (odds ratio [OR]: 4.37; P < .001). Moreover, diabetes mellitus (DM; OR: 1.82; P = .001), kidney failure (OR: 5.18; P < .001), liver damage (OR: 6.63; P < .001), hypotension (OR: 6.86; P < .001) and sepsis (OR: 6.20; P = .008) were found to be associated with mortality from COVID-19.
CONCLUSION
Elevated pancreatic enzyme levels in COVID-19 infections are related to the severity of COVID-19 infection and haemodynamic instability. In a similar way to other organs, the pancreas can be affected by severe COVID-19 infection.
Topics: Acute Disease; Amylases; COVID-19; Female; Humans; Male; Pancreas; Pancreatitis
PubMed: 34331821
DOI: 10.1111/ijcp.14692 -
Frontiers in Cellular and Infection... 2022Acute pancreatitis (AP) is an inflammatory disease with very poor outcomes. However, the order of induction and coordinated interactions of systemic inflammatory...
INTRODUCTION
Acute pancreatitis (AP) is an inflammatory disease with very poor outcomes. However, the order of induction and coordinated interactions of systemic inflammatory response syndrome (SIRS) and compensatory anti-inflammatory response syndrome (CARS) and the potential mechanisms in AP are still unclear.
METHODS
An integrative analysis was performed based on transcripts of blood from patients with different severity levels of AP (GSE194331), as well as impaired lung (GSE151572), liver (GSE151927) and pancreas (GSE65146) samples from an AP experimental model to identify inflammatory signals and immune response-associated susceptibility genes. An AP animal model was established in wild-type (WT) mice and Tlr2-deficient mice by repeated intraperitoneal injection of cerulein. Serum lipase and amylase, pancreas impairment and neutrophil infiltration were evaluated to assess the effects of .
RESULTS
The numbers of anti-inflammatory response-related cells, such as M2 macrophages ( = 3.2 × 10), were increased with worsening AP progression, while the numbers of pro-inflammatory response-related cells, such as neutrophils ( = 3.0 × 10), also increased. Then, 10 immune-related AP susceptibility genes (SOSC3, ITGAM, CAMP, FPR1, IL1R1, TLR2, S100A8/9, HK3 and MMP9) were identified. Finally, compared with WT mice, Tlr2-deficient mice exhibited not only significantly reduced serum lipase and amylase levels after cerulein induction but also alleviated pancreatic inflammation and neutrophil accumulation.
DISCUSSION
In summary, we discovered SIRS and CARS were stimulated in parallel, not activated consecutively. In addition, among the novel susceptibility genes, might be a novel therapeutic target that mediates dysregulation of inflammatory responses during AP progression.
Topics: Animals; Mice; Pancreatitis; Toll-Like Receptor 2; Ceruletide; Acute Disease; Systemic Inflammatory Response Syndrome; Anti-Inflammatory Agents; Amylases; Lipase; Disease Progression; Disease Models, Animal; Mice, Inbred C57BL
PubMed: 36590588
DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2022.1052466 -
Dermatologie (Heidelberg, Germany) Dec 2022Wheat sensitivity is a collective term for several, especially gastrointestinal, diseases that occur as part of a hypersensitivity reaction after wheat consumption.... (Review)
Review
BACKGROUND
Wheat sensitivity is a collective term for several, especially gastrointestinal, diseases that occur as part of a hypersensitivity reaction after wheat consumption. The symptoms, which are mostly similar to those of irritable bowel syndrome, are often accompanied by skin lesions. In addition to celiac disease and dermatitis herpetiformis, the cutaneous manifestation of celiac disease, wheat sensitivity also includes nonceliac gluten sensitivity (NCGS), allergic nickel contact mucositis, wheat allergy, amylase-trypsin inhibitor intolerance, and fermentable oligosaccharides, disaccharides, monosaccharides, and polyols (FODMAP) intolerance.
OBJECTIVES
This review article aims to provide an overview of the clinical, especially dermatological and gastrointestinal features of the different forms of wheat sensitivity. Diagnosis and therapeutic management are also discussed.
MATERIALS AND METHODS
A selective literature search was carried out with evaluation of our own clinical data.
RESULTS
The skin lesions in dermatitis herpetiformis are very disease-specific. In contrast, wheat allergy often shares signs and symptoms with many other diseases. Other forms of wheat sensitivity cause primarily gastrointestinal abnormalities, but extra-intestinal manifestations can also occur. Their diagnosis is often complex and requires cross-disciplinary collaboration with experts in gastroenterology. The therapy consists of a wheat- or gluten-free diet.
CONCLUSIONS
Knowledge of the different and frequently occurring dermatological signs of wheat sensitivity is of great importance, because dermatological manifestations associated with gastrointestinal pathology, intolerance reactions, and allergies appear more and more frequently.
Topics: Humans; Celiac Disease; Glutens; Wheat Hypersensitivity; Dermatitis Herpetiformis; Diet, Gluten-Free; Amylases
PubMed: 37882829
DOI: 10.1007/s00105-023-05243-1